Study on design and construction method for the New Tomei–Meishin expressway tunnels

The New Tomei–Meishin expressway has a high-speed highway facility with six lanes (three lanes for each direction) throughout its total length of 502 km. The expressway is planned to form a new transportation backbone for Japan in the 21st century by connecting between Tokyo and Kobe. This expressway plays a supplemental expressway of the existing Tomei and Meishin expressways. The tunnels on the New Tomei–Meishin expressway have a very large, flattened cross-section of approximately 190 m² excavation area, while the excavation width is approximately 18 m. There is no previous example of such a huge cross-section in the world. Thus, there are various problems regarding the technical configuration and the support structure in terms of construction such as how to excavate a large group of tunnels safely and efficiently. This paper describes the study and investigation related to design and construction method for large cross-section tunnels located in various ground conditions.     

盾构井开挖及暗挖法施工对既有地下隧道安全分析

盾构隧道下穿既有隧道或构筑物时,为降低对其地基、桩基础等产生不利影响,可采用先行暗挖施工,然后盾构空推的方案。依托穗莞深城际深圳机场至前海段区间隧道下穿桂湾一路地下市政隧道安全评估项目,通过Midas GTS NX有限元分析软件模拟注浆加固、PHC桩基切除、暗挖隧道施工等工序,得出了隧道施工监控数据要求等。结果表明:该方案施工地下隧道结构安全、位移指标选取合理。同时可为隧道开挖、桩基切除、二衬施工中的结构受力模型转换等工况提供建议和指导。     

软土地区盾构上穿越既有隧道的离心模拟研究

随着地铁网络不断完善,新建盾构隧道近距离穿越既有隧道的现象越来越多。盾构近距离穿越既有隧道的影响问题,比常规盾构施工的研究更为复杂。结合上海外滩通道盾构上穿越地铁 2 号线工程,采用离心模型试验与现场实测相结合的方法对盾构上穿越对周围地层及既有隧道的影响进行了研究。文中选用排液法在离心场中模拟盾构施工,在国内首次实现了在不停机状态下模拟隧道开挖卸载、地层损失和注浆过程,并分析了盾构上穿越施工引起的地层、新建隧道与既有隧道的纵向位移变化规律。通过现场实测数据分析了既有隧道在盾构上穿越过程中纵向变形与时程曲线的变化规律。     

Assessing the deformation response of double-track overlapped tunnels using numerical simulation and field monitoring

The unprecedented rate of metro construction has led to a highly complex network of metro lines. Tunnels are being overlapped to an ever-increasing degree. This paper investigates the deformation response of double-track overlapped tunnels in Tianjin, China using finite element analysis (FEA) and field monitoring, considering the attributes of different tunneling forms. With respect to the upper tunneling, the results of the FEA and field monitoring showed that the maximum vertical displacements of the ground surface during the tail passage were 2.06 mm, 2.25 mm and 2.39 mm obtained by the FEA, field monitoring and Peck calculation, respectively; the heaves on the vertical displacement curve were observed at 8 m (1.25D, where D is the diameter of the tunnel) away from the center of the tunnel and the curve at both sides was asymmetrical. Furthermore, the crown and bottom produce approximately 0.38 mm and 1.26 mm of contraction, respectively. The results of the FEA of the upper and lower sections demonstrated that the tunneling form has an obvious influence on the deformation response of the double-track overlapped tunnel. Compared with the upper tunneling, the lower tunneling exerted significantly less influence on the deformation response, which manifested as a smaller displacement of the strata and deformation of the existing tunnel. The results of this study on overlapped tunnels can provide a reference for similar projects in the future.     

Use of compact shield tunneling method in urban underground construction

In Tokyo Metropolis, the rehabilitation and renewal of sewer systems is an urgent issue due to the aged sewers and increases in wastewater and stormwater runoff. In such urban area, shield tunneling confronts various problems, such as high construction costs, adverse effects on living environments, and densely used surface and underground spaces. To solve these problems, the authors developed a new shield tunneling method, which is called the “compact shield” method. This paper describes the concepts used for the construction of shield sewer tunnels without inner linings and an overview of the segments and a shield machine that were newly developed.     

Construction of large cross-section double-tier Metropolitan Inter-city Highway (Ken-O-Do) Ome Tunnel by NATM

Ome Tunnel is a double-tier highway tunnel with large cross-section of 220–260 m² excavated at a shallow depth in unconsolidated ground. The tunnel was excavated by NATM. Since the tunnel passes under a road in dense residential area, surface settlement due to tunneling was restricted. Therefore, various auxiliary construction method such as long span steel pipe fore-piling with injection was adopted based on monitoring and analyzing ground behavior during construction. A total of 1060 m of tunneling work was successfully completed without major interruption of work excessive damage on surface residents and other facilities.     

地面出入式盾构隧道施工对周边地层扰动研究

传统盾构法隧道施工前需进行工作井的开挖,在人口密集的都市区开挖工作井对地面交通和周边建筑物有较大影响。地面出入式盾构法(GPST)避开了工作井大开挖施工,从理论上可以有效减小隧道施工的地层扰动,但由于该工法施工工艺特点,在盾构机穿越土层过程中需经过不同覆土厚度的地层,因此对控制施工参数有很大要求。本文以南京南站—禄口机场站GPST盾构隧道示范工程为背景,基于非线性有限元方法分析隧道穿越负覆土、零覆土、浅覆土段几种不同工况下地层位移以及孔隙水压力的变化,并与监测数据进行对比分析。基于Peck公式与双线叠加原理基础之上探究施工参数对双线隧道地表沉降的影响。研究成果对未来该工法的推广应用具有一定的借鉴意义。     

小净距隧道群下穿既有运营隧道离心模型试验研究

以深圳地铁7号线、9号线四条小净距隧道近距离下穿既有地铁1号线工程为研究背景,通过离心模型试验方法,分析了小净距隧道群施工对周围土体应力影响规律,揭示了盾构多次近距离穿越施工引起既有线变形及受力变化机理。研究表明:(1)小净距四线隧道开挖具有明显的"群洞效应",隧道群的形成会导致松动区扩大、土拱向上扩展,从而引起新建隧道承受竖向土压力增加;(2)既有隧道沉降随穿越次数的增多而增大,最终沉降为4次穿越叠加的结果,峰值位置基本位于4条隧道中心线正上方,盾构隧道每次穿越引起沉降增幅为13%~48%,穿越区域横向影响范围可达60 m以上;(3)新建隧道的开挖对既有隧道环向弯矩的影响不大,弯矩变化不超过10%,而对既有隧道纵向弯矩影响较大,随着穿越次数增加纵向弯矩明显增大,这也是隧道下穿施工引起纵向裂缝和渗漏水的主要原因。结合数值模拟计算进行对比分析,得到规律与试验相一致,进一步验证了试验结果对实际工程的可靠性。     

浅埋暗挖隧道施工引起的地表塌陷分析及其控制

 防控地表塌陷特别是海床塌陷是浅埋暗挖海底隧道施工的关键问题之一，一旦发生海床塌陷，海水可能大量涌入隧道，将造成灾难性后果。因此，明确地表塌陷的发生机制、诱发因素和相应的控制措施是浅埋暗挖隧道包括海底隧道安全施工的重要保证。以深圳地铁一隧道施工引起的两次地表塌陷事故为工程背景，根据普氏平衡拱理论，对浅埋暗挖隧道施工引起的地表塌陷进行深入的分析，明确地表塌陷的发生机制，并结合地层条件和施工情况给出了诱发地表塌陷的原因，在此基础上提出相应的控制技术，并在隧道后续施工中得到应用，取得了理想的控制效果。研究结果表明，严格按照浅埋暗挖法的基本原理和技术要点进行隧道施工，可以有效地避免地表塌陷事故的发生。研究成果对浅埋暗挖城市地铁隧道和海底隧道等类似工程施工预防地表塌陷具有一定的指导意义。     

小浪底上中导流洞施工中的收敛变形安全监测

隧洞施工安全监测是新奥法施工中必不可少的一环.中国的许多大型水工隧洞在开挖过程中发生过大塌方事故,根据施工监测数据的分析结果,加强对不良洞段的支护,可以有效避免大塌方的发生.以小浪底施工安全监测实录,阐述了小浪底上中导洞开挖期间(1993年1月～1994年9月),收敛变形监测对小浪底上中导洞开挖中安全施工的重要指导作用.     

Homogeneity of self-compacting concretes used in tunnel strengthening – A case study

This work presents the results of an experimental study carried out to evaluate the homogeneity of the self-compacting concrete (SCC) used for the strengthening of the Montblanc tunnels, in Spain. These tunnels are part of the new high-speed railway line Madrid–Zaragoza–Barcelona–French border, partly under construction. The experimental program involved non- and semi-destructive techniques; georadar scanning combined with the extraction and laboratory testing of core samples. The results indicate that the great filling ability capacity of SCC allows obtaining an adequate material homogeneity in this type of applications, characterised by very high reinforcement ratios and difficult casting conditions.     

复杂环境下地铁隧道盾构施工诱发地表土体变形的智能预测

在复杂地质环境下,地铁盾构施工参数会有较大不同,使得施工过程中的地表沉降难以控制.常规的监测手段具有滞后性,难以应对突发情况.基于此,本文提出基于BP神经网络地铁隧道盾构施工诱发地表土体变形智能预测模型,通过与杭富城际铁路11标段盾构施工时的地表沉降、右线沉降和左线沉降的实测数据对比发现,BP神经网络能够准确预测复杂环...     

Effects of steel fiber reinforced high-strength shotcrete in a squeezing tunnel

In order to quantitatively clarify the effects of steel fiber reinforced high-strength shotcrete (SFRS) applied to a squeezing tunnel, a non-linear numerical analysis is carried out, in which the stress–strain–time constitutive relationships of SFRS and the time-dependent movement of the ground surrounding the tunnel are taken into account. Through a comparison of field measurement and analytical results, it is recognized that SFRS can be applied as a reasonable primary lining for tunnels excavated in grounds with severe geological conditions. In particular, high strength during the early stages of the execution and ductility after its peak strength both contribute to the safe construction of squeezing tunnels.     

浅埋大断面大跨度连拱隧道支护体系现场监测试验研究

浅埋大断面大跨度连拱隧道跨度大、埋深浅、围岩稳定性差,地质条件复杂,为保证施工顺利进行,需加强隧道施工监测,根据监测调整后续施工方法。对浅埋大断面大跨度连拱隧道支护体系的现场监测试验方案及不同开挖工序下隧道支护体系受力特点进行了分析与研究。研究结果表明:①左右洞上台阶开挖引起支护体系应力分布较大变化,是隧道支护主要监测控制点;②右洞上、下台阶开挖引起中墙内力较大变化,是中墙稳定主要监测控制点;③右洞上、下台阶开挖对支护应力的纵向影响范围约为隧道跨度的1/3和1/2;④对于浅埋大断面大跨度连拱隧道,应及早施作二衬,封闭成环,以改善结构受力。研究成果可为日后类似工程的设计、施工和研究提供有益的借鉴和参考。     

某省道1级公路熊渡1号隧道右线施工监测

本文以某省道1级公路（陆渔公路）熊渡1号隧道右线施工为例,介绍了隧道施工监控量测的方法,以及如何通过对检测数据的分析,实时指导隧道掘进施工。     

Planning level tunnel cost estimation based on statistical analysis of historical data

Estimating the construction cost of a tunnel with certain diameter and length during the planning stage of a project is essential and a “must do” to justify the project, but it is a very difficult task. Numerous variables influence the cost of tunnel construction and limited information is available at early stages of design when the possible use of tunnels is being studied. Therefore, there is limited number of models at engineers’ disposal for development of a proper cost estimate in tunneling projects. The focus of this study was to offer a model for estimation of the construction cost of tunnels for various applications in the preliminary stage of a project. The work is based on study of nearly 270 projects and statistical analysis of the recoded construction costs, tunnel size, ground conditions, and tunnel applications. Several cost estimation models are introduced for various tunnel types including waste water, water, and transportation tunnels in soft ground and rock. The model uses commonly available cost indices (CCI and BCI) to adjust the estimated costs for the time and location of the project. The proposed cost models presented in this study can included in a simple program to help users make more accurate and quick cost estimates for their future projects. The models do not deal with construction risk which is an essential part of the study of various methods and should be done through developing a risk registry with related cost of each case before final selection, design, and cost estimation of any tunneling project.     

新奥法在高速公路隧道施工中的应用

简要介绍了"新奥法"隧道施工的特点,通过对柳树营隧道各施工阶段的监测与分析,结合应用"新奥法"施工的实践,详细介绍了隧道围岩新奥法施工和现场监控量测工作,以积累施工技术经验和取得良好的经济效益。     

上海软土深埋盾构施工引起的土压时效规律分析

针对上海软土地区深埋盾构开挖所引起的土压力时效性发展规律,选取4倍直径埋深盾构,布设土压力全断面长期监测点,获取盾构开挖阶段及后期固结蠕变阶段的土压力数据,以得到深部地层的土压时效变化规律.通过现场试验可得,盾构开挖所采取的土仓压力按照理论静止土压力取值时,刀盘周围会形成半径为1～1.5D的被动土拱效应作用区域,土拱范...     

多条重叠与近间距盾构隧道施工控制及效果分析

本文以武汉地铁二号线及四号线洪中区间隧道为背景,针对多条重叠隧道小间距的特点,提出盾构隧道“先下后上”的总体施工原则,重点阐述了盾构掘进控制、夹层土注浆加固和洞内临时支撑隧道加固等关键措施,通过监测结果有效验证了其成功,可为今后的重叠隧道设计、施工管理提供经验借鉴。     

Effect of large excavation on deformation of adjacent MRT tunnels

A large excavation of approximately 140 m wide, 200 m long and 15 m deep was made close to two Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) tunnels of 6 m diameter with invert depth of 15–27 m. In view of the scale and distance of excavation, significant effects on the MRT tunnels were expected. The paper presents the monitoring of the tunnel deformations during the excavation. A sophisticated monitoring system using a motorised total station was installed in the MRT tunnels to monitor their displacements and to ensure that the stringent requirements for safeguarding the tunnels were not violated during any part of the excavation works. The paper also presents the modelling of the excavation using a finite element program. The results obtained were reasonably close to the monitoring results. It was found that the stiffness of the tunnel lining has significant influence on the displacement and distortion of tunnels caused by an adjacent excavation. A stiffer lining undergoes less displacement and distortion but is likely to experience significantly greater bending moments.