碳离子辐射对人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721细胞周期和P53、MDM2及P21表达的影响

研究^12C^6＋离子辐照对体外培养人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721细胞周期和P53、MDM2及P21表达的影响。采用0、1．0、2．0、4．0、6．0Gy^12C^6＋离子束辐照细胞,用克隆形成法观察细胞存活情况;同时在辐照24h后用流式细胞仪检测细胞周期的变化,Western-blot检测细胞中P53、MDM2及P21蛋白表达情况。结果发现,重离子辐照后细胞存活率显著下降;1．0Gy、4．0Gy和6．0Gy照射组发生G0／G1期阻滞,而2．0Gy照射组出现G2／M期阻滞;Western-blot结果显示细胞辐照后MDM2的57kD蛋白表达水平无明显变化,而76kD蛋白表达水平随辐照剂量逐渐上升;P53和P21蛋白表达水平随辐照剂量增高。以上结果提示不同剂量的^12C^6＋离子束照射可激活SMMC-7721细胞不同的细胞周期检测点,其中G0／G1期阻滞与P53和P21蛋白以及MDM2截短体76kD蛋白的表达水平升高有关。     

125I籽源持续低剂量率照射诱导人肺癌细胞的旁效应

观察125I籽源持续低剂量率照射诱导人肺癌细胞损伤的旁效应.选择对高剂量率外照射敏感性不同的A549人肺腺癌细胞和NCI-H446人小细胞肺癌细胞,采用125I籽源离体照射细胞模式,将直接受照细胞与未受照细胞共培养24h,应用CB微核法和γH2AX荧光免疫分析法,检测2Gy和4Gy125I籽源持续低剂量率照射诱导人肺癌细胞的微核形成和DNA双链断裂水平.结果表明,125I籽源照射能显著诱导A549和NCI-H446细胞的微核形成率和γH2AX位点形成率增加的旁效应,显示增强对肿瘤细胞的杀伤作用.旁效应强弱与累积照射剂量、肿瘤细胞的辐射敏感性相关:对高剂量率外照射敏感的NCI-H446细胞对低剂量率照射及其旁效应的敏感性高于A549细胞,但与直接辐射效应相比,125I籽源照射诱导A549细胞旁效应高于NCI-H446细胞,这两种细胞的辐射旁效应均随累积照射剂量增加而降低,提示介导旁效应的信号因子水平可能随细胞损伤程度的增加而下降.     

Bystander effect in human hepatoma HepG2 cells caused by medium transfers at different times after high-LET carbon ion irradiation

Although radiation-induced bystander effects have been well documented in a variety of biological systems, whether irradiated cells have the ability to generate bystander signaling persistently is still unclear and the clinical relevance of bystander effects in radiotherapy remains to be elucidated. This study examines tumor cellular bystander response to autologous medium from cell culture irradiated with high-linear energy transfer (LET) heavy ions at a therapeutically relevant dose in terms of clonogenic cell survival. In vitro experiments were performed using human hepatoma HepG2 cell line exposed to 100 keV/μm carbon ions at a dose of 2 Gy. Two different periods (2 and 12 h) after irradiation, irradiated cell conditioned medium (ICCM) and replenished fresh medium were harvested and then transferred to unirradiated bystander cells. Cellular bystander responses were measured with the different medium transfer protocols. Significant higher survival fractions of unirradiated cells receiving the media from the irradiated cultures at the different times post-irradiation than those of the control were observed. Even replenishing fresh medium for unirradiated cells which had been exposed to the ICCM for 12 h could not prevent the bystander cells from the increased survival fraction. These results suggest that the irradiated cells could release unidentified signal factor(s), which induced the increase in survival fraction for the unirradiated bystander cells, into the media sustainedly and the carbon ions triggered a cascade of signaling events in the irradiated cells rather than secreting the soluble signal factor(s) just at a short period after irradiation. Based on the observations in this study, the importance of bystander effect in clinical radiotherapy was discussed and incorporating the bystander effect into the current radiobiological models, which are applicable to heavy ion radiotherapy, is needed urgently.     

H1299旁效应细胞对X-射线辐射的适应性与TGF-β1通路相关

本研究探索辐射诱导人非小细胞肺癌H1299旁效应细胞的适应性反应及TGF-β1通路在其中的作用。采用培养液转移法得到辐射诱导的旁效应细胞,用克隆形成实验检测旁效应细胞受照射后的适应性反应,用Western Blotting检测旁效应细胞中SOD2的表达变化。结果发现:用条件培养液培养H1299旁效应细胞,并不影响细胞的克隆存活率;但是细胞经1 h和18 h未照射条件培养液培养后再接受2Gy的X-射线照射,其细胞存活率较培养于新鲜培养液的细胞受照后的存活率分别增加了12%和38%,经1 h和18 h照射条件培养液培养后的细胞再接受2Gy的X-射线照射,其细胞存活力在此基础上又分别增加了10%;当在照前用TGF-βR1抑制剂SB431542处理信号细胞后,旁效应细胞的适应性反应不再发生;而将SB431542直接加入条件培养液中,并未影响1 h条件培养液诱导的适应性,但是用含有SB431542的18 h未照射和照射条件培养液培养过的旁效应细胞经2 Gy照射后,其克隆存活率较未加SB431542组分别降低了28%和18%,18 h未照射和照射条件培养液组间差异却增大至24%;旁效应细胞经照射条件培养液培养3 h或5 h后其SOD2表达下降。以上结果表明经条件培养液培养后旁效应细胞对X-射线照射产生了适应性反应,照射条件培养液与未照射条件培养液相比,进一步增加了这种适应性,并且TGF-β1信号通路对该适应性有重要调控作用,而SOD2可能未参与这个过程。     

X射线辐照后人肝细胞、肝癌细胞存活与端粒酶活性关系的研究

利用X射线对体外培养的人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721和正常人肝细胞HL-7702进行辐照,以细胞克隆形成法测定细胞存活率,多聚酶链式反应银染端粒重复序列扩增法(Telomeric repeat amplification protocol,TRAP-PCR)检测细胞中端粒酶活性变化,探讨辐照后细胞存活与细胞中端粒酶活性变化的关系。结果表明,SMMC-7721和HL-7702细胞的存活率都随辐照剂量的增加而相应降低。在1-4Gy剂量范围内,两种细胞的端粒酶活性变化均呈剂量依赖性增强。但在1Gy、2Gy、3Gy剂量下,SMMC-7721其端粒酶活性较对照(0Gy)细胞低;当辐照剂量达4Gy时,端粒酶活性略高于对照细胞。在1-4Gy剂量范围内,HL-7702和SMMC-7721的细胞存活与端粒酶活性在变化趋势上呈负的关系。     

沉默乏氧诱导因子-1α和生存素基因联合X射线照射对乏氧细胞的体外抑瘤效应

为探讨RNA干扰（RNA interference,RNAi）沉默乏氧诱导因子-1α（Hypoxia induced factor -1α,HIF-1α）和生存素（Survivin）基因联合X射线照射对乏氧人肝癌细胞SMMC-7721的体外抑瘤效应,利用双靶向HIF-1α和Survivin基因载体,采用阳离子脂质体介导法转染SMMC-7721细胞,经乏氧培养36h后,分别以RT-PCR和Western blot法检测HIF-1α和Survivin基因的mRNA及其蛋白表达,分别以四甲基偶氮唑盐（MTT）法和流式细胞术检测细胞存活分数及细胞凋亡。结果表明,转染质粒pGenesil-Survivin-HIF的SMMC-7721细胞中,HIF-1α和Survivin基因mRNA表达水平与对照和阴性干扰组相比明显降低（p〈0．05）,也未检测到HIF-1α和Survivin蛋白的表达。单、双干扰联合放疗组存活分数较照射组明显降低（p〈0．01）,双干扰联合放疗组存活分数较其它组也明显降低（p〈0．01）。单、双干扰联合放疗组凋亡细胞百分数较对照组明显升高（p〈0．01）,双干扰联合放疗组凋亡细胞百分数较其它组也明显升高（p〈0．01）。结果提示,质粒pGenesil—Survivin—HIF可有效地干扰乏氧SMMC-7721细胞HIF-1α和Survivin基因的mRNA及其蛋白表达。双干扰联合放疗组对乏氧SMMC-7721细胞的体外抑瘤效应明显优于单干扰联合放疗组。     

Differential modulation of a radiation-induced bystander effect in glioblastoma cells by pifithrin-α and wortmannin

The implication of radiation-induced bystander effect (RIBE) for both radiation protection and radiotherapy has attracted significant attention, but a key question is how to modulate the RIBE. The present study found that, when a fraction of glioblastoma cells in T98G population were individually targeted with precise helium particles through their nucleus, micronucleus (MN) were induced and its yield increased non-linearly with radiation dose. After co-culturing with irradiated cells, additional MN could be induced in the non-irradiated bystander cells and its yield was independent of irradiation dose, giving direct evidence of a RIBE. Further results showed that the RIBE could be eliminated by pifithrin-α (p53 inhibitor) but enhanced by wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor). Moreover, it was found that nitric oxide (NO) contributed to this RIBE, and the levels of NO of both irradiated cells and bystander cells could be extensively diminished by pifithrin-α but insignificantly reduced by wortmannin. Our results indicate that RIBE can be modulated by p53 and PI3K through a NO-dependent and NO-independent pathway, respectively.     

辐射诱导靶向基因治疗与α粒子联合抗肿瘤作用的旁效应

为探索辐射诱导(Egr-1)靶向基因治疗与α粒子照射联合作用对靶区周围肿瘤及正常细胞的影响,将经辐射诱导腺病毒(Ad-ET)处理后的辐照与未受辐照细胞通过共培养体系进行培养,观察受体肿瘤细胞A549和正常细胞MRC-5的生存率和凋亡情况。结果显示,辐射诱导腺病毒Ad-ET联合剂量为0.5 Gy的粒子照射可以对肿瘤细胞A549产生显著的协同抗肿瘤作用,且辐射联合处理组中受体肿瘤细胞的存活率比单独病毒处理组的下降6%,凋亡率显著上升4.9%,而正常细胞中没有此现象发生。结果说明Ad-ET与α粒子照射联合可显著抑制旁区肿瘤细胞生长并引起凋亡,而对正常细胞几乎无影响。证明了辐射诱导的靶向TRAIL基因治疗与辐射联合,可通过特异性增强对靶区周围肿瘤细胞的杀伤进一步提高放射治疗疗效。     

碳离子辐照哺乳动物细胞引起的旁观者效应

用经过碳离子辐照V79细胞的条件培养基(Irradiated conditionedmedium,简称ICM)和与受照射细胞共同培养两种方法,研究了未受照射细胞的旁观者效应。结果表明,ICM法可以明显降低未受照射细胞的克隆形成率;受照射细胞与未受照射细胞共同培养一段时间后,细胞克隆形成率比假定没有旁观者效应时的预期值低,细胞微核率和hprt(次黄嘌呤磷酸核糖基转移酶)基因位点突变率与预期值基本相同。推测受照射细胞可能释放出了能对未受照射细胞生长产生毒性的因子,这种因子对未受照射细胞没有明显的致微核和致突变作用。     

Relationship between cellular radio-sensitivity and naked DNA damage in mammalian cells exposed to heavy ions

The relationship between deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage and the cell death induced by ~(12)C ions irradiation was examined in four kinds of cells, Melanoma B16, cervical squamous carcinoma HeLa, Chinese hamster V79 and hepatoma SMMC-7721. Cell survival was determined by a colonogenic assay, and the sensitivity was described by D_(50)(the dose of radiation necessary to reduce the survival to 50%). For all cell lines, D_(50) ranged from 0.74 Gy to 3.85 Gy, among them B16 was the most radiosensitive to ~(12)C ions, and V79 and HeLa cells had almost the same radio-sensitivity, SMMC-7721 was the last. The induction of deproteinized DNA double-strand breaks induced by ~(12)C ions were measured by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and the initial yield of the deproteinized DNA dsbs per unit dose was expressed as the DNA double break level (L). A linear dose-response curve was seen for initial DNA dsbs for all cell lines (slopes range from 0.40-0.98 (DSBs/100Mbp/Gy)). V79 was the steepest, B16 was the last.There was an inverse relationship between the initial DNA dsb and D_(50) if the B16 cell line was not considered, but there was no relativity even excludes the B16 cell line. The present results indicate that there is no relationship between cellular sensitivity and initial DNA dsb, even exclude the effects of chromatin structure.     

过钒酸钠不同时间给药对受照NFS-60细胞增殖的影响

为了解酪氨酸磷酸酶抑制剂过钒酸钠用于辐射损伤治疗的可行性,并探讨酪氨酸磷酸酶在造血细胞辐射损伤中的作用,应用四甲基氮唑蓝(MTT)法观察了过钒酸钠不同给药方式对不同剂量照射NFS-60细胞增殖的影响。结果显示,过钒酸钠可特异地促进照射细胞的增殖,其促增殖作用随着照射剂量的增加而显著;;并因过钒酸钠给药方式的不同而各异。对于3Gy照射NFS-60细胞,过钒酸钠以照射后24h给药效果最好,照射前给药与照射后即刻给药差异不明显,而对于5Gy照射细胞,过钒酸钠的最佳给药时间为照射后24和48h,照射前给药优于照射后即刻给药。酪氨酸磷酸酶可能参与造血细胞辐射损伤的进程,应用其抑制剂增强受体信号转导有希望成为放射病治疗研究的新方向。     

α粒子照射诱发细胞存活的旁效应及机理研究

以人－中国仓鼠卵巢杂交细胞（AL细胞）为靶，通过在照射源与受照射细胞间插入网络对细胞进行定比照射，以及用受照射细胞培养液培养未受照射细胞两种方式，检测未受照射细胞存活率变化，研究α粒子照射细胞时对未受照射细胞存活的影响。通过观察自由基清除剂二甲基亚砜（DMSO）和细胞间通讯阻断剂Lindane对α粒子照射诱发的细胞存活旁效应的抑制作用探讨其可能的机理。研究结果表明，α粒子照射细胞时的未受照射细胞，以及受α粒子照射细胞的培养液培养的未受照射细胞，其存活率均明显低于预期值或正常细胞水平；而DMSO和Lindane均能明显提高细胞存活率。这提示α粒子照射细胞存在旁效应，活性氧和细胞间通讯在α粒子诱发细胞存活旁效应中可能起着重要作用。     

Microarray screening of differentially expressed genes in DCX transfected U87 cells before and after irradiation

Radiation therapy plays a critical role in the treatment of neurogliocytoma and it is known that doublecortin (DCX)-transfected U87 cells can inhibit tumor cell growth. Microarray analysis to screen for differentially expressed genes in DCX-transfected U87 cells before and after radiation uncovered DCX-related genes, the functions of DCX, and downstream genes in radiation therapy of neurogliocytoma. Stably transfected U87 cells were constructed (DCX-U87) and the differentially expressed genes were screened by microarray analysis to compare U87 cells with DCX-U87 cells in both non-irradiated and irradiated conditions. Cells were irradiated using 60Co γ-ray at a dose rate of 1.0 Gy/min. Mean values were subject to paired comparison analysis and genes with a p-value of less than 0.05 were analyzed. Differentially expressed genes can correlate with radiation sensitivity and DCX transfection. DCX and SPN proteins in DCX-U87 cells were detected by two groups of 0 and 10 Gy, but not the U87 cells, and their expression levels were higher in the 10 Gy group than in the 0 Gy group. The differential gene expression in DCX-U87 cells before and after radiation is helpful for future investigations into the mechanisms of radiation therapy in neurogliocytoma cells.     

人肝癌细胞受重离子照射后的微核及存活的动态观察

研究了２５ＭｅＶ／ｕ＾４０Ａｒ＾１４＋辐照人肝癌细胞ＳＭＭＣ－７７２１的微核及存活的动态变化，结果表明：单次照射与分次照射的微核率随时间的变化规律没有明显区别。受辐照肝癌细胞的生长明显低于对照，而且随培养时间的延长，癌细胞的存活数表现出衰减趋势，微核率与细胞存活数关系的动态变化为负相关性。０．６８、６．８和６８Ｇｙ辐照的细胞，培养２４ｈ的微核率比培养９６ｈ的微核率低，培养２４ｈ和４８ｈ的肝癌细胞的     

30%TBP-煤油-HNO3体系的α辐解行为Ⅱ.溶剂辐解生成羰基化合物的规律

以分光光度法研究了²³⁸Pu 为α源的30%TBP-煤油-HNO₃体系辐解产物羰基化合物的生成规律,考察了还原反萃、酸碱洗涤、钚浓度等工艺条件对羰基化合物分析的影响。研究表明：羰基化合物生成量随着α辐照剂量率以及吸收剂量的增加而增大,在剂量率73.7 Gy/min、吸收剂量5×10⁵ Gy时,羰基化合物浓度达到0.039 mol/L;吸收剂量在10⁵ Gy以上时,α辐照产生的羰基化合物生产量明显高于γ辐照;不同稀释剂对羰基化合物生成量影响不明显。     

γ射线诱导人肿瘤细胞B7.1分子表达的研究

为研究电离辐射与人肿瘤细胞B7．1分子表达之间的关系，探讨肿瘤细胞在照射后免疫原性增强的机理。采用间接免疫荧光－流式细胞仪测定技术，用30、40、50、60Gyγ射线照射5种肿瘤细胞和一种非肿瘤细胞后，观察不同培养时间（24、48、72、96h）内这些细胞B7．1分子的表达水平。用^3H－TdR释放试验测定肿瘤细胞和淋巴细胞共反应后细胞毒活性。结果表明，未经熙射的肿瘤细胞不表达B7．1分子。经40Gy照射后，SMMC－7721肝癌细胞、PC－12嗜铬神经瘤细胞、A－549肺癌细胞表达B7．1共刺激分子，与对照组相比有非常显著性差异，但SHG胶质瘤 细胞和HOS骨肉瘤细胞经60Gy照射后仍未B7．1分子的表达。淋马细胞与表达B7．1分子的肿瘤细胞共反应后细毒胞活性明显高于未照射组（p＜0．01）。实验提示，γ射线能诱导人肿瘤细胞表达B7．1分子，增强肿瘤细胞的免疫原性。     

辐射后NFS-60细胞G-CSF受体特性的研究

为深化造血细胞辐射损伤分子机制的认识，应用受体放射分析法观察不同剂量照射的NFS—60细胞照射后不同时间粒细胞集落刺激因子(G—CSF)受体特性的变化。结果表明，NF5—60细胞照射后30min G—CSF受体的Kd值和Bmax值随着照射剂量的增大而增加，其中Kd值增加更为显著；照射后24h，1Gy照射细胞的Kd值及Bmax值已有恢复，3、5Gy照射细胞的Kd值未见下降，其Bmax值反而较照射后30min增加更为显著。提示照射后G—CSF受体Kd值的增加可能是造血细胞辐射损伤的原因之一。     

[Ca2+]i在低剂量辐射诱导脾细胞免疫适应性反应中的作用

为探讨胞浆内游离钙离子浓度 ( [Ca2 +]i)在低剂量辐射诱导脾细胞免疫适应性反应中的作用 ,本文采用 Fura- 2 /AM双波长荧光测定法观察了不同剂量 X射线全身照射后小鼠脾细胞内 [Ca2 +]i的变化及低剂量辐射诱导的适应性反应。结果表明 ,小鼠接受 1.0～ 6.0 Gy X射线全身照射后 2 4 h,脾细胞内[Ca2 +]i呈剂量依赖性下降 ( p <0 .0 5～ p <0 .0 1) ,而小鼠接受 0 .0 75～ 0 .2 Gy较低剂量 X射线全身照射后 2 4 h,脾细胞内 [Ca2 +]i却明显高于假照射组 ( p<0 .0 1)。同时证实 ,预先给予 0 .0 75Gy低剂量 X射线全身照射可减轻其后 2 .0 Gy X射线全身照射对脾细胞内 [Ca2 +]i的抑制作用。提示低剂量辐射诱导脾细胞内 [Ca2 +]i的升高可能在低剂量辐射诱导脾细胞免疫适应性反应中起重要作用。     

高能中子辐射对线虫的剂量效应研究

本文研究了高能中子辐射对秀丽隐杆线虫(Caenorhabditis elegans)剂量效应并讨论了高能中子辐射的相对生物学效应。雌雄同体的线虫随机分为对照组和10个不同剂量梯度的照射组,分别为1 047、476、199、89、18.2、8.4、1.83、0.351、0.171和0.087 Gy。不同剂量梯度的线虫距离中子源的距离不同,但是照射时间相同。线虫经过单次高能中子全身照射后,分别于当天将线虫转入新皿进行产卵率、寿命的后续检测以及24小时后将线虫转入新皿进行生殖细胞凋亡的检测。结果表明,随着剂量的增加,产卵量呈现总体下降的趋势,特别是1.83 Gy对线虫子代数的影响很大,大于89 Gy照射后线虫停止产卵;寿命呈现随辐射剂量上升而下降的趋势,尤其是1.83 Gy对线虫寿命的缩短效应明显;大于8.4 Gy剂量中子照射时,生殖细胞凋亡随剂量的升高而显著上升。以上结果说明,高能中子辐射对线虫具有剂量效应,但是在低剂量辐射时可能有更强的损伤效应,为中子低剂量辐射防护提供了科学依据。本文同时讨论了以中子照射数据与前人γ射线照射实验结果相对比的结果,计算得出HINEG高能中子辐射的相对生物效应是1.25,表明在相近吸收剂量的γ射线与中子照射下两者生物学效应差异,提示了品质因数(Q值)与ICRP出版物的差异以及完善参考动物数据库的必要性。     

一氧化氮在亚细胞结构精确照射诱导旁效应中的作用

研究了肿瘤细胞的亚结构在荷能离子照射下所诱导的旁效应及其信号分子.以氦离子微束装置所产生的精确数量离子定位照射神经胶质瘤细胞T98G细胞核或细胞质,检测细胞染色体损伤和胞内一氧化氮(Nitric Oxide,NO)自由基的产额,探索NO清除剂对它们的影响,并以(Diethylamine nitric oxide,DEANO)研究NO的细胞效应.结果表明,无论是细胞核照射还是细胞质照射,只要1个细胞受到1个离子的照射,就可通过损伤的级联放大形成辐射旁效应,引起周围数十个细胞的损伤.对比核、质照射的生物效应,细胞核照射比细胞质照射具有更加显著的直接作用,但这两种照射所诱导的旁效应程度却相当.而NO自由基清除剂c-PTIO(2-(4-carboxyphenyl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazoline-1-oxyl-3-oxide)可抑制旁效应的产生.NO分子探针DAF-FM(4-amino-5-methylamino-2',7'-difluorofluorescein diacetate)原位检测表明,即使只有1%的细胞核或细胞质受到单离子照射,具有NO阴性表达的细胞百分数增加了30%,使NO引起的细胞荧光密度增加15%.DEANO实验表明,NO可引起细胞微核的产生.因此,NO是亚细胞结构照射引起旁效应的一个重要信号因子.