^60Coγ射线在Au／Al界面剂量分布测量及其蒙特卡罗模拟

研究了高原子序数材料金与铝交界时^60Coγ射线入射产生的剂量深度分布。用电离室测量了Au/Al界面剂量梯度分布，并且用蒙特卡罗方法对界面附近的剂量梯度分布进行了计算，得到了与实验符合较好的结果。采用的实验覆试及理论模拟方法为研究γ射线剂量增强提供了手段。     

γ射线在硅界面附近的剂量分布

研究了金、钨等多种材料与硅交界时＾６０Ｃｏγ射线在界面硅一侧产生的深度剂量分布。将该分布与均匀硅材料中的平衡剂量比较，发现在界面附近具有明显的剂量梯度分布。特别在金等高原子序数与硅交界的情况下，硅界面的剂量有显著增强现象，以康普顿散射，光电、俄歇效应和次级电子的输运机制为基础，用半径验电子输运方程对界面附近的剂量梯度分布进行了计算，得到了与实验符合较好的结果。     

X射线对金硅界面剂量增强效应的模拟研究

本文以光子与物质的相互作用机制为基础,论述了剂量增强效应的基本原理。用蒙特卡罗方法研究了金和硅交界时X射线入射产生的剂量梯度分布,通过MCNP5程序建立了一个三维的金硅界面结构模型,计算了不同厚度的金在金硅界面的剂量增强因子。计算结果表明:当X射线为30–300 keV时,界面附近硅一侧存在较大的剂量增强效应。金的厚度影响界面附近的剂量增强效果,当金的厚度为0–10 m时,剂量增强因子随金的厚度增大;当金的厚度超过10 m后,剂量增强因子随金厚度的增加而减少。     

剂量增强效应的半经验理论计算

采用一种半经验电子输运模型，改进了部分参数计算方法，编制了能够快速计算光子剂量增强效应的计算程序，计算了＾６０Ｃｏγ射线辐照Ａｕ／Ａｌ界面时Ａｌ中的剂量分布，与实验结果进行了比较，并分析了各种组分的次级电子对剂量增强因子贡献。     

双层膜结构测量CMOS器件X射线相对剂量增强因子及其理论模拟

首次在国内提出了一种双层膜结构相对测量法，用该方法测量了CMOS器件X射线的相对剂量增强因子RDEF（Relative Dose Enhancement Factor)，同时用Monte-Carlo粒子输运方法计算了实验条件下Al/Au/Si,Au/Al/Si 结果界面过渡区剂量分布，理论模拟与实验验证，符合较好。     

用LiF热释光探测器诊断γ射线能谱

给出了一种用LiF热释光探测器诊断γ射线能谱的方法。该方法是用滤片(如：铜)逐级衰减γ射线．用LiF热释光探测器记录衰减后的γ射线的总剂量．解出了射线的能谱。由于LiF热释光探测器是绝对标定的．所以该方法给出的能谱是绝对注量与能量的关系,并在标准γ射线源上和强场物理实验中得到了验证。     

^60Coγ射线在界面附近金中的剂量分布

设计了一种多层平行板金电离室，应用测量法测量了＾６０Ｃｏγ射线在金与低原子序数材料交界时界面及金中的剂量分布。     

基于模糊c均值聚类的液体闪烁体探测器n-γ射线甄别方法

提出一种基于模糊c均值聚类的液体闪烁体探测器n-γ射线甄别方法。使用便携式实时n-γ射线甄别器在环境中采集中子和γ射线,分别运用模糊c均值聚类和脉冲梯度法进行n-γ射线甄别,并将二者的结果进行比较。实验结果表明,基于模糊c均值聚类的n-γ射线甄别方法取得了与脉冲梯度法相近的结果,同时降低了不确定度,提高了甄别性能。     

运算放大器X和γ辐射损伤的比较

比较了运算放大器在Ｘ和γ辐射环境下性能的变化，并对Ｘ射线对运算放大器产生的剂量效应作了研究。实验测量Ｘ射线对几种典型运放的相对剂量增强系数的范围为３．４＝１２．３。ＳｉＯ２／Ｓｉ界面产生的俘获空穴电荷和界面态是运算放大器在Ｘ和γ辐射环境下的主要失效模式。     

非真空坩埚下降法生长CsI(Tl)晶体的闪烁性能

研究了用非真空铂坩埚下降法生长的CsI(Tl)晶体的在紫外和γ射线激发下的光致发光和光衰减特征,探索了CsI(Tl)晶体的发光强度和发光不均匀性与Tl离子含量和分布之间的关系以及改善晶体发光均匀性的措施.并对CsI(Tl)晶体在γ射线辐照下光输出随积分时间和辐照剂量的变化做了分析和讨论.实验表明,用这种方法所生长的CsI(Tl)晶体的发射波长、衰减时间和辐照硬度与其他方法生长的同类晶体相同.     

Sorption methods of separating barium and radium,aluminum and gallum,and zirconium and hafnium

Chromatographic methods of separating elements with very similar properties have now been developed. However, a number of these methods are difficult to use industrially as their throughput is low. The efficiency of chromatographic separation methods could be increased considerably by using appropriate complex formers, which decrease the effective concentration of the ions being separated, and,in the first approximation, this is equivalent to a decrease in the amount of elements being separated. The difference in the formation constants of the complex compounds increases the separation coefficient. By investigating chromatographic separation with the use of various complex formers, we found the optimal conditions for separating barium and radium, zirconium and hafnium, and aluminum and gallium. The throughput of these methods, with respect to the macroelement was 15–60 kg/hr per m² of column cross section.     

医源性电离辐射损伤及其生物医学防护

随着核与辐射技术在医学检查、诊断和治疗领域运用的增加,世界范围受照人群不断增多,医源性辐射已成为人类最主要的人工辐射来源之一。医疗机构和个人在选择利用放射手段获取诊断和治疗利益的同时,需要注意和防护伴随的辐射损伤效应。本文介绍了医源性辐射及其危害、机体组织的辐射损伤特性和类型、辐射生物效应分子及效应调节研究的进展,简要概述目前临床已经使用或最具应用潜力的辐射防护策略。     

Distribution and Fixation of Cesium and Strontium in Zeolite A and Chabazite

The selective removal and fixation of Cs and Sr have been studied in zeolite A and chabazite. Cesium ion was preferentially distributed into chabazite with a high distribution coefficient (K _Cs>10³ cm³·g^?1) in the presence of NaCl (10^?1 mol·dm^?3). The K _Sr values for zeolite A attained about 10³ cm³·g^?1 in the pH range of 8～10, and they gradually decreased with an decrease in pH.

The initial rate of Cs adsorption was fairly fast in chabazite, and the adsorption ratio reached almost 100% within a few hours. The adsorption ratio of Sr in binderless A zeolite reached almost 100% after 15 h. The adsorption of Cs and Sr on these zeolites was followed by Langmuir-type isotherm. Cesium forms of these zeolites recrystallized to pollucite (CsAlSi₂O₆) above 900°C for zeolite A and above 1,200°C for chabazite. As for Sr forms, these zeolites changed to SrAl₂Si₂O₆ above 900°C.

These recrystallized phases were suitable hosts for the immobilization of Cs and Sr in the nuclear waste solutions.     

Plastic and dissipated work and stored energy

This paper depicts one theoretical and experimental method to take into account the energy phenomena, associated with the elasto—plastic deformation process, during the elaboration of behaviour laws. The energy balance definition is examined in order to relate the stored energy of cold work to the hardening state variables. Two experimental approaches are used to study the evolution of the energy balance. The first one uses microcalorimetric technique and the second infrared technique. Several industrial metallic materials are studied by both approaches. Energy data are used to control the validity domain of the classical behaviour laws and to elaborate new more appropriate ones. Therefore, the hardening parameters cannot be identified with the thermodynamical forces. The use of energy considerations allows the definition of new thermodynamical forces and state variables, in the case of isotropic or kinematical hardening.     

清洁解控和退役若干动向与新发展

对国际辐射防护协会第 1 0届大会 ( IRPA-1 0 )涉及的清洁解控和退役问题作了论述 ,包括排除、豁免、清洁解控和废物最少化 ;退役工程技术的发展 ,包括去污技术、切割解体技术、探测技术 ;介绍了一个研究堆退役例子和加速器退役 ;最后 ,还论及了退役中受关注的一些问题 ,如 :石墨废物、混凝土废物、重水堆退役的氚防护、退役时间和退役废物量等。     

Development and diversity and defense-in-depth application of ABWR feedwater pump and controller model

This work developed an advanced boiling water reactor (ABWR) feedwater pump and controller model, which was incorporated into Personal Computer Transient Analyzer (PCTran)-ABWR, a nuclear power plant simulation code. The feedwater pump model includes three turbine-driven feedwater pumps and one motor-driven feedwater pump. The feedwater controller includes a one-element/three-element water level controller and a specific feedwater speed controller for each feedwater pump. The performance tests, including step change of dome pressure, feedwater pumps transfer, inadvertent closure of all turbine control valves, and one feedwater pump trip at 100% power, demonstrate the feasibility of dynamic response of stand-alone model and incorporated model. Furthermore, a diversity and defense-in-depth analysis is performed to demonstrate the feasibility for motor-driven feedwater pump as an emergency core cooling system (ECCS) automatic diverse back-up. In Lungmen nuclear power plant (NPP), a diverse manual initiation means for the high pressure core flooder (HPCF) loop C is designed as the back-up of digitalized engineered safety features actuation system (ESFAS). If the motor-driven feedwater pump (MDFWP) can be an automatic digital diverse back-up for ESFAS, Lungmen NPP would be more robust to defend against software common-cause failure (CCF).     

全国核与辐射安全监管信息系统的研究和建议

文章简要介绍了全国核与辐射安全监管信息系统的前期规划建设情况,包括基本建设内容、系统总体架构、以及工作中发现的影响和制约工作开展的主要问题,并提出了建议。     

Construction and operational experience with small and medium power reactors and expected improvements

Past experience with small and medium power reactors (SMPRs) in the areas of construction and operation is examined in this paper. Current development of SMPRs focuses on passive safety features; larger design and safety margins; reduction of construction periods through simplification, modularization and increased shop fabrication.