燃料设计改善发动机燃烧和排放的研究(2)--对柴油机燃烧与排放影响的分析

根据本文第一部分提出的含氧燃料设计思想与方法，以碳酸二甲脂(DMC)为例，研究了较宽比例范围内的DMC柴油混合燃料对柴油机的燃烧与排放特性的影响。在一台高速柴油机上测量了各种混合燃料在最高转速下的负荷特性和速度特性，以及主要工况下的示功图，并对燃烧特性进行了分析。试验结果发现：在柴油中加入一定比例的DMC后，由于物性参数的变化和喷雾特性的改善，混合燃料能够改善柴油机的燃烧与排放——热效率得到明显的提高，尤其在低转速下改善显著；烟度和氮氧化物排放同时降低，外特性线上的一氧化碳降低，碳氢排放仍然很低。对燃烧特性的分析发现：DMC柴油混合燃料的着火延迟延长，燃烧速率加快，燃烧持续期缩短。     

基于VGT的EGR对电控柴油机影响的试验研究

在一台电控共轨柴油机上,进行了基于可变涡轮截面增压器(VGT)控制的废气再循环(EGR)对柴油机燃烧、性能和排放影响的试验研究.系统研究了VGT开度、EGR率和喷油参数对柴油机性能和排放的影响.研究表明,采用基于VGT控制的EGR系统,调整VGT叶片位置,可以改变EGR率,实现最高43.2%的EGR率,从而有效地降低NOx;在调整优化喷油参数后,柴油机的排放有了很大的改善,烟度有较大幅度的降低,经过优化,气体排放可满足国Ⅳ排放法规的要求,十三工况加权当量比油耗比原国Ⅲ柴油机降低了4.2%,但是,采用EGR方案缸内最大爆发压力明显增大.     

柴油机变海拔燃烧特性研究

基于SC7H涡轮增压柴油机试验台架,开展了变海拔典型工况下的稳态试验,研究了最大扭矩点(1 400 r/min)和标定转速点(2 300 r/min)分别在循环喷油量25 mg和75 mg工况下,缸内压力、燃烧放热率和燃烧特征参数随海拔的变化规律。研究结果显示:随着海拔的升高,各工况下的最高燃烧压力均呈现下降趋势,最高燃烧压力相位、燃烧始点和燃烧重心推迟,燃烧持续期延长,且低负荷工况受海拔的影响更明显;当海拔升高时,最大压力升高率和最大瞬时放热率在低负荷工况下随之上升,而在高负荷工况下呈下降趋势。     

甲醇缸内直喷热氛围燃烧的试验研究

在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了二甲醚(dimethyl ether,DME)气道喷射和甲醇缸内直喷的甲醇热氛围燃烧试验研究．结果表明,该燃烧方式呈现分布式放热规律,燃烧过程可分为DME低温放热、高温放热和甲醇扩散燃烧 3个阶段．随负荷的增加,实现稳定燃烧的最小DME比例减小．随DME比例减小,DME高温放热和甲醇燃烧滞后．在稳定燃烧的情况下,随DME比例的增大,燃烧效率和热效率降低,HC和NOx排放呈上升趋势,而CO排放先升高后降低．综合考虑,采用最小比例DME有利于提高其热效率、降低排放．此时热效率、HC排放与原柴油机相当, NOx降低约50％,但CO排放相对原柴油机有较大幅度的增加．     

自然吸气柴油机高海拔(低气压)热平衡试验研究

基于内燃机高海拔(低气压)热平衡模拟试验台,对某型内燃叉车自然吸气柴油机进行了热平衡高原模拟试验,研究了柴油机燃烧放热量分配、冷却液温度以及排气温度等随海拔高度(大气压力)的变化规律.结果表明:随着海拔的升高,转化为有效功的热量、冷却水散热量以及排气带走的热量均不断下降,柴油机不完全燃烧造成的热损失、机体散失的热量以及...     

不同海拔下VGT对含氧燃料柴油机性能的影响

利用大气压力模拟装置,试验研究了可变几何截面涡轮增压器(VGT)对高压共轨柴油机分别燃用纯柴油和生物柴油-乙醇-柴油(BED)含氧燃料的经济性、排放特性及燃烧特性的影响。结果表明:随着海拔的升高,柴油机经济性恶化,氮氧化物(NO_x)排放降低,而一氧化碳(CO)和碳氢化合物(HC)排放及烟度升高。燃用纯柴油与含氧燃料,随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大,柴油机的经济性均有不同程度的恶化,而CO、HC排放及排气烟度也都有不同程度的升高。在高海拔地区,燃用纯柴油的经济性优于含氧燃料,但使用含氧燃料有助于改善柴油机的CO、HC排放及烟度。在中等负荷工况下,NO_x排放随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大呈现先减小后增大的趋势;在高负荷工况下,放热率峰值和最高气缸压力均随着VGT喷嘴环开度的增大而降低,从而降低了NO_x排放。     

Performance,emission and combustion characteristics of a variable compression ratio engine using methyl esters of waste cooking oil and diesel blends

The performance, emission and combustion characteristics of a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio multi fuel engine when fueled with waste cooking oil methyl ester and its 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% blends with diesel (on a volume basis) are investigated and compared with standard diesel. The suitability of waste cooking oil methyl ester as a biofuel has been established in this study. Bio diesel produced from waste sun flower oil by transesterification process has been used in this study. Experiment has been conducted at a fixed engine speed of 1500 rpm, 50% load and at compression ratios of 18:1, 19:1, 20:1, 21:1 and 22:1. The impact of compression ratio on fuel consumption, combustion pressures and exhaust gas emissions has been investigated and presented. Optimum compression ratio which gives best performance has been identified. The results indicate longer ignition delay, maximum rate of pressure rise, lower heat release rate and higher mass fraction burnt at higher compression ratio for waste cooking oil methyl ester when compared to that of diesel. The brake thermal efficiency at 50% load for waste cooking oil methyl ester blends and diesel has been calculated and the blend B40 is found to give maximum thermal efficiency. The blends when used as fuel results in reduction of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and increase in nitrogen oxides emissions.     

柴油/丙烷混合燃料发动机燃烧和排放特性研究

比较了柴油和丙烷的主要理化性能;在一台单缸直喷式柴油机上开展了燃用柴油和柴油/丙烷混合燃料时的发动机燃烧和排放特性研究.研究结果表明：在相同工况下,与燃用柴油相比,燃用柴油/丙烷混合燃料时的有效热效率增加,柴油/丙烷混合燃料的有效热效率随丙烷比例的增加而稍有增加,混合燃料的滞燃期和燃烧持续期随丙烷比例的增加而缩短;缸内最大压力,最大燃烧放热率,最高平均燃烧温度随丙烷比例的增加而增加.燃用丙烷柴油混合燃料可同时降低CO、HC和碳烟排放,但NOx排放有所增加.     

LPG/柴油双燃料发动机压缩比优化研究

采用燃料复合供给方式 ,在单缸直喷式柴油机上进行了LPG/柴油双燃料发动机压缩比的优化试验研究 ,对比分析了使用纯柴油和LPG/柴油双燃料的燃烧特性 ,着重研究分析了双燃料发动机在不同压缩比下的最高燃烧压力、最大压力升高率、压力循环波动及燃烧放热率 ,并以此为依据优选了双燃料发动机的压缩比。试验结果表明 :降低压缩比后 ,双燃料发动机的最高燃烧压力及最大压力升高率均有较大降低 ,同时压力循环波动变小 ,但滞燃期、燃烧持续期都会有所增加。经过优化 ,压缩比确定为 14.5时 ,ZH110 5W柴油机改燃LPG/柴油双燃料后在高负荷工况下无严重爆震现象 ,压力循环波动较小 ,且经济性较好 ,热效率损失不大     

基于Simulink在不同排气背压下VGT增压系统控制策略

为了改善柴油机在高背压环境条件下进排气流速降低、涡前排温、缸内最高燃烧压力和油耗升高等问题,采用Simulink软件,基于柴油机数学模型建立某型号柴油机零维仿真模型和可变截面涡轮(variable geometry turbine,VGT)增压系统仿真模型,并根据试验结果对模型进行校核.利用所建立的仿真模型模拟在不同排...     

高压共轨柴油机高海拔全负荷标定

高原标定是高压共轨柴油机开发过程中的重要环节.利用高海拔(低气压)标定试验系统进行了高压共轨柴油机不同海拔下的全负荷标定试验,研究了最佳喷油参数随海拔的变化,并进行了高压共轨柴油机不同海拔下的功率试验.研究结果表明,最佳循环喷油量随海拔的增加而减小,海拔每升高1 000,m,循环喷油量下降2%～4%;中高转速下最佳喷油提前角和轨压随海拔的增加而增大.海拔每升高1 000,m,最大转矩降低2.8%,标定功率下降2.9%.不同海拔下柴油机速度系数保持不变.不同海拔中高转速燃油经济性基本保持不变,低转速下燃油经济性恶化,海拔每升高1 000,m,低转速下燃油消耗率增加3.9%.     

A numerical study on the effects of constant volume combustion phase on performance and emissions characteristics of a diesel-hydrogen dual-fuel engine

A detailed numerical study is carried out to investigate the performance of a diesel-hydrogen dual fuel (DF) compression ignition engine operating under a novel combustion strategy in which diesel injection and most of the combustion occur at a constant volume. A detailed validation of the numerical model for diesel-hydrogen DF engine operation has been carried out. Then a parametric study has been performed to investigate the effects of the constant volume combustion phase (CVCP) at up to 90% hydrogen energy share (HES) on engine performance and emissions at low and high load with comparisons to the conventional engine. The results demonstrate that the CVCP strategy can improve thermal efficiency at all HESs and load conditions with far lower carbon-based emissions. Conventional DF engines struggle at low load high HESs due to the reduced diesel injection failing to ignite the leaner premixed charge. Through use of a CVCP thermal efficiency at low load 90% HES increased from 11% to 38% with considerably reduced hydrogen emission due to the increased temperatures and pressures allowing for the wholesale ignition of the hydrogen-air mix. It was also found that increasing the time allowed for combustion within the CVCP, by advancing the diesel injection, can lead to even further thermal efficiency gains while not negatively impacting emissions.     

Effects of secondary combustion on efficiencies and emission reduction in the diesel engine exhaust heat recovery system

An experimental study on the effects of secondary combustion on efficiencies and emission reduction in the diesel engine exhaust heat recovery system has been undertaken. The co-generation concept is utilized in that the electric power is produced by the generator connected to the diesel engine, and heat is recovered from both combustion exhaust gases and the engine by the fin-and-tube and shell-and-tube heat exchangers, respectively. A specially designed secondary combustor is installed at the engine outlet in order to reburn the unburned fuel from the diesel engine, thereby improving the system’s efficiency as well as reducing air pollution caused by exhaust gases. The main components of the secondary combustor are coiled Nichrome wires heated by the electric current and diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) housed inside a well insulated stainless steel shell. The performance tests were conducted at four water flow rates of 5, 10, 15 and 20 L/min and five electric power outputs of 3, 5, 7, 9 and 11 kW. The results show that at a water flow of 20 L/min and a power generation of 9 kW, the total efficiency (thermal efficiency plus electric power generation efficiency) of this system reaches a maximum 94.4% which is approximately 15–20% higher than that of the typical diesel engine exhaust heat recovery system. Besides, the use of the secondary combustor and heat exchangers results in 80%, 35% and 90% reduction of carbon monoxide (CO), nitrogen oxide (NO_x) and particulate matter (PM), respectively.     

Performance characteristics of a glowplug assisted low heat rejection diesel engine using ethanol

Conventional diesel engines with ethanol as fuel are associated with problems due to high self-ignition temperature of the fuel. The hot surface ignition method, wherein a part of the injected fuel is made to touch an electrically heated hot surface (glowplug) for ignition, is an effective way of utilizing ethanol in conventional diesel engines. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the effect of thermal insulation on ethanol fueled compression ignition engine. One of the important ethanol properties to be considered in the high compression ratio engine is the long ignition delay of the fuel, normally characterized by lower cetane number. In the present study, the ignition delay was controlled by partial insulation of the combustion chamber (low heat rejection engine) by plasma spray coating of yttria stabilized zirconia for a thickness of 300 μm. Experiments were carried out on the glowplug assisted engine with and without insulation in order to find out the possible benefits of combustion chamber insulation in ethanol and diesel operation. Highest brake thermal efficiency of 32% was obtained with ethanol fuel by insulating the combustion chamber. Emissions of the unburnt hydrocarbons, oxides of nitrogen and carbon monoxides were higher than that of diesel. But the smoke intensity and was less than that of diesel engine. Volumetric efficiency of the engine was reduced by a maximum of 9% in LHR mode of operation.     

柴油机燃用柴油/甲醇混合燃料时的性能与排放研究

通过添加助溶剂形成一种稳定的柴油／甲醇混合燃料，并开展了柴油机燃用此混合燃料的性能与排放研究。研究结果表明：发动机热效率和柴油等热值燃油消耗率随混合燃料中甲醇含量的增加而改善，这是由于预混燃烧量的增加，燃料富氧以及扩散燃烧的改善所致。适当增加供油提前角可使柴油／甲醇混合燃料发动机热效率提高。燃用柴油／甲醇混合燃料可显著降低发动机CO和烟度，而对碳氢排放影响不大；在相同平均有效压力的条件下，N0x随甲醇含量的增加而增加，添加甲醇对N0x的影响在大负荷下更为明显。柴油／甲醇混合燃料燃烧时存在一个较为平坦的N0x／烟度关系曲线。     

大气环境对增压柴油机缸内燃烧特性的影响

在试验校准的基于GT-POWER的平原环境柴油机工作过程模型基础上,模拟大气环境对增压柴油机输出性能和燃烧特性的影响.计算结果表明:海拔高度从0～4000 m,在外特性工况下,柴油机功率最大下降14%,油耗增加近10%,排气温度最大升高100 ℃,后燃严重;4000 m海拔和0 m相比,缸内燃烧放热率重心最大拖后7℃A...     

柴油引燃乙醇均质混合气的二元燃料燃烧特性

在一台单缸增压中冷试验柴油发动机上,研究了不同转速和负荷下乙醇在进气道形成均质混合气,然后在气缸内由柴油引燃的二元燃料燃烧特性.结果发现:采用柴油引燃乙醇混合气的二元燃料燃烧方式,在高负荷时预混燃烧量明显增加,扩散燃烧大幅度减少;在低负荷以及整个低速工况下都实现了单峰快速放热.另外,采用这种燃烧模式能够降低绝大部分工况的最高燃烧温度,并缩短高温持续时间.研究还发现,这种二元燃料燃烧大部分工况的最高爆发压力和压力升高率都比原机高,燃烧持续期短于原机,在中高负荷时能大幅度地减少柴油消耗并提高发动机热效率.与原柴油机相比,采用二元燃料燃烧的指示热效率最高提高了11.09%.     

Production of waste tyre oil and experimental investigation on combustion,engine performance and exhaust emissions

In this study, waste tyre was pyrolyzed at different conditions such as temperature, heating rate and inert purging gas (N₂) flow rate. Pyrolysis parameters were optimized. Optimum parameters were determined. The main objective of this study was to investigate combustion, performance and emissions of diesel and waste tyre oil fuel blend. Experimental investigation was performed in a single cylinder, direct injection, air cooled diesel engine at maximum engine torque speed of 2200 rpm and four different engine load including 3.75, 7.5, 11.25 and 15 Nm. The effects of waste tyre oil on combustion characteristics such as cylinder pressure, heat release rate, ignition delay (ID), combustion duration, engine performance were investigated. In-cylinder pressure and heat release rate increased with waste tyre oil fuel blend (W10) with the increase of engine load. In addition, ID was shortened with the increase of engine load for test fuels but it increased with the addition of waste tyre oil. Lower imep values were obtained because of the lower calorific value of waste tyre oil fuels. Maximum thermal efficiencies were determined as 28.27% and %25.12 with diesel and W10 respectively at 11.25 Nm engine load. When test results were examined, it was seen that waste tyre oil highly affected combustion characteristics, performance and emissions.     

Effect of utilization of hydrogen-rich reformed biogas on the performance and emission characteristics of common rail diesel engine

The utilization of renewable gaseous fuels in the diesel engine has gained significant interest in recent years due to its clean-burning nature and higher availability. In this study, hydrogen-rich reformed biogas was used as a gaseous fuel in a common rail diesel engine with diesel as pilot fuel. The hydrogen-rich reformed gas was synthesized through dry-oxidative reforming. The experimentations were performed in the load range from 6 to 24 N m with two different flow rates of gaseous fuel (0.5 and 1.5 kg/h) at a constant speed of 1800 RPM. The effects on engine performance parameters (brake thermal efficiency, brake specific energy consumption, and brake specific diesel consumption), combustion parameters (rate of pressure rise and maximum heat release rate) and emission parameters (Unburnt hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide) were assessed. The induction of gaseous fuel led to an increase in brake thermal efficiency by 10.5%, reduction in brake specific energy consumption by 13.6%, and a reduction of 26.4% in brake specific diesel consumption with a flow rate of 0.5 kg/h when compared to diesel-only mode at 24 N m load. The HC, NO_X and CO₂ emissions were reduced by 18.2%, 7.4% and 1.4% with a flow rate of 0.5 kg/h when compared to diesel-only mode at 24 N m load due to lower availability of carbon content in the combustible mixture. The utilization of renewable fuel like hydrogen-rich reformed biogas has great potential for overcoming the issue related to both biogas and hydrogen in diesel engines. Moreover, the higher diesel substitution also demonstrates the potential for cost-saving and fossil fuel conservation.     

柴油机燃用含氧燃料后缸内传热研究

从柴油机缸内传热着手,对柴油机燃用柴油和碳酸二甲酯(DMC)混合燃料后,柴油机缸内传热规律和热效率以及动力性进行了研究。研究结果表明:燃用柴油和DMC混合燃料后,柴油机缸内燃烧改善,热效率提高约0.56%;碳烟减少约50%。从而导致缸内辐射传热量及传热损失减少,在DMC添加比为15%时,缸内辐射传热量下降20%,约占缸内总传热量的2.4%。传热损失减少主要是通过冷却水带走的热量减少,其减少量约占缸内总传热量的2.5%,和辐射传热量下降大致相当。