660 MW超临界机组凝汽器空化故障分析

660 MW超临界机组凝汽器(型号N-36600)在循环水系统调试过程中,出现噪声、水侧液位波动等异常现象,液位最大波动幅度达400 mm,现场通过逐步关小凝汽器回水阀门,提高凝汽器冷却管内压力,当进口水室压力达到0.106 MPa时,凝汽器水侧的噪声、液位波动等现象消失。结合空化初生理论分析,认为凝汽器内部发生了空化。标准与工程经验中确定虹吸利用高度时,基于水的饱和蒸汽压力,通常要求凝汽器最高点冷却管压力不低于20 kPa(绝压),而有关试验研究表明:清水的饱和蒸汽压力比空化初生压力低得多,即清水的绝对压力高于相应温度下的饱和蒸汽压力时,仍然可能发生空化,空化初生与水中的气态微核有直接关系。因此,在循环水系统水力计算中,虹吸利用高度的确定应充分考虑空化初生压力的影响,留出余量。并给出了处理建议,通过加高脱硫曝气池溢流堰的堰顶标高,提高凝汽器冷却管末端压力,是消除凝汽器空化现象最为经济合理的解决方案,有助于分析类似问题。     

基于水力空化技术实现杀菌的实验研究

为了验证水力空化杀菌的可行性,本文搭建了基于旋转空化器的水力空化实验系统,研究入口压力和空化发生温度对大肠杆菌的杀菌效果。研究结果表明,当入口压力在-0.02 MPa至-0.05 MPa之间变化时,其对杀菌效果影响并不大;但空化发生温度却显著影响杀菌效果,当空化发生温度为60℃时,大肠杆菌全部灭活。     

空化对多相混输泵内流动特性的影响

为揭示螺旋轴流式多相混输泵的空化性能及不同空化阶段下多相混输泵性能的变化规律,基于标准κ-ε湍流模型和Rayleigh-Plesset空化模型,对螺旋轴流式多相混输泵空化性能进行数值模拟,分析不同空化阶段空泡的发展对流速和压力分布的影响,揭示空化现象造成泵扬程下降的主要原因。结果表明,在螺旋轴流式多相混输泵内,在空化初生阶段,空泡主要集中在叶片吸力面进口处,随着空化余量的减小,空泡沿叶片吸力面流线方向逐渐延伸,当空化余量为0.8m时,空泡同时出现在压力面和吸力面上;当空化发展到压力面时,易导致混输泵的做功能力急剧下降;空泡体积分数越大,空泡末端区域的压力梯度变化就越大,会造成边界层分离和回流现象,加速空化的发展;空化会干扰叶轮内部流体的流动,使得空化区域流体的流速变化较大,从而导致流动的稳定性变差。研究结果可为多相混输泵性能的改善提供参考。     

压力室结构对断油阶段空化及气体倒流的影响

断油阶段的空化现象对喷油间隔期的流场有重要影响,空化引起的高温燃气倒流会造成孔内结焦,进而影响缸内射流雾化.基于可视化试验和流体体积(VOF)方法两相三组分多相流求解器,对柴油喷嘴断油阶段的流动过程进行试验和模拟,分析3种不同压力室壁面曲率结构的喷嘴对断油阶段空化及气体倒流的影响.结果表明:在断油阶段喷孔和压力室依次发生空化现象,其中压力室内空化量较大,并呈现为涡空化和带状空化两种形态,壁面曲率小的狭直结构以带状空化为主;压力室结构较为狭直的喷嘴空化体积变大,但其低压持续时间延长使柴油流出量变小,最终导致倒流气体量下降;在发生涡空化时,速度梯度张量第二不变量Q与涡空化体积呈正相关,涡核区域越小则流场中磨擦耗散越少,越易于压力室内空化的形成.     

双吸泵空化非定常数值分析

为了分析双吸泵内部非定常空化流,采用SST湍流模型及基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程的输运空化模型,对双吸泵空化流场进行定常与非定常模拟,得到了双吸泵内流场空化初生部位及空化发展情况,并设置监测点分析了空化状态下双吸泵内不同位置处的压力脉动特性。结果表明,空化首先发生于叶片吸力面头部靠近前盖板处,随着空化余量的降低,空化面积及空泡体积分数不断增大,空化继续发展后,空泡会逐渐向叶片吸力面及叶轮出口扩散,从而降低泵的扬程;在一个旋转周期内,单个叶片上的空化状态呈现出由弱变强、再由强变弱的发展趋势;随着空化余量的降低,监测点处压力脉动幅值增加,蜗壳流道内压力脉动的主频为叶频,谐频为叶频的倍数,且蜗壳隔舌处的压力脉动幅值最大。     

基于正压模型的离心叶轮空化性能分析

鉴于空化数值模拟软件适用范围和计算精度尚需进一步检验,采用Star-CD软件,以一种界面捕获方法来模拟空化,并选择正压模型对离心泵内部流场进行模拟,计算得到了各单元和节点的压力、速度和液体体积分数,通过调整进口断面参考点的参考压力,模拟了叶轮内的空化发生和发展过程,对比了空化发生后的性能参数与基准值。结果表明,正压模型能较好地预测叶轮的空化性能。     

叶片数对离心泵瞬态空化特性的影响

为研究叶片数在离心泵设计工况下对瞬态空化特性的影响,基于SST k-ω湍流模型和Zwart空化模型,以3种叶轮叶片数的离心泵为研究对象对其内部空化流动进行三维非定常数值模拟。结果表明:对于3组不同叶片数(Z=4、5、6)的叶轮,随着叶片数逐渐增加,离心泵扬程增加,但效率无明显差异;不同叶片数离心泵的空化特性曲线不同,临界空化点压力以及扬程断裂值不同,3种叶轮方案在无空化时的扬程分别为44.8、41.8和39.2 m,扬程断裂的相对值分别占其扬程的27%、25%、32%,即Z=5的叶轮离心泵扬程下降最少;在叶轮的一个旋转周期内,随着时间的增大,Z=4的空泡体积逐渐增加,Z=5和Z=6的空泡体积逐渐减小;叶片数较少时,叶轮流道内相对轴面漩涡运动剧烈,流体的绝对速度降低,造成泵压头的衰减,加速空化发生。     

针阀运动对断油阶段空化和倒吸的影响

基于流体体积函数(volume of fluid,VOF)模型和动态重叠网格技术对柴油机喷油嘴断油过程中燃油流动特性进行了三维动态模拟。并通过可视化试验对透明喷嘴断油前后的流动进行了试验研究,着重分析了针阀运动对空化和倒吸的影响,其数值模拟与试验一致。结果表明:在针阀落座过程中,喷孔先于压力室发生空化现象,但二者最大空化量表现为压力室大于喷孔;通过对空化和倒吸进行量化分析证实空化溃灭后导致喷嘴内的压力降低是引起空气倒吸的原因;同时对3种不同针阀落座速度喷嘴内的空化和倒吸展开研究,结果显示3种喷嘴压力室内的空化量随针阀运动速度增大而增大,而喷孔内空化量基本相等;最后,通过理论推导得出了反映断油过程中喷嘴内空化的新空化数,解释了喷嘴内产生空化的机理,及针阀运动对喷嘴内空化和倒吸影响的原因。     

民治水电站混流式水轮机空化特性的试验研究

空化是一种具有较大破坏性的水力学现象,亦是威胁水轮机安全稳定运行的常见因素,以民治水电站混流式水轮机的D568-F17模型水轮机为例,对其进行能量试验,根据能量试验结果,选择合适的工况进行模型空化试验,并根据空化试验结果预期原型水轮机的空化特性。试验结果表明,原型水轮机的最高效率、额定效率和加权平均效率均满足水电站合同文件的相关技术要求;同时额定工况临界空化系数、初生空化系数亦满足水电站合同文件的相关技术要求。     

固体颗粒含量对离心泵空化特性影响分析

为研究离心泵输送介质中固体颗粒含量对空化的影响,采用数值计算与试验结果进行对比相结合的方式进行了深入地研究,结果表明:固体颗粒含量对空化的影响比较大,空化随固体颗粒含量的增加而严重;在相同进口压力工况下,不同的固体颗粒含量对叶轮内部空泡流动轨迹及速度变化等因素的影响较大;在相同空化工况下,固体体积分数总体上是随固体颗粒含量的增加而增大,但受空化影响在一些区域内的固体体积分数会减小;在固体颗粒含量不变的情况下,叶轮流道内的固体体积分数随着空化的发展而逐渐减小。由于空化非线性变化规律产生而引起叶轮流道内固体体积分数呈现非线性规律变化。     

Observation of inception of sheet cavitation from free nuclei

Prediction of inception of sheet cavitation on solid walls has been recognized to be very difficult,since it is significantly affected by the boundary layer flow characteristics,the population of free nuclei,the nuclei held in the wall roughness,the amount of dissolved air in liquid and so on.It has not sufficiently been made clear how the inception is affected by the conditions of water qualities and background flow characteristics.In this study,high speed observation of inception of sheet cavity from flee nuclei is conducted for a two-dimensional convergent-divergent nozzle flow,where the sheet cavity forms just downstream of the nozzle throat.The effects of the amount of dissolved air and the free stream velocity on the inception process of sheet cavitation is examined.In addition,the bubble nuclei density,which is well known to be important factor for cavitation inception,is passively controlled by the filter installed in the tunnel.From the observations,it is confirmed that the nuclei number density significantly affects the formation of sheet cavity rather than the other two parameters.In conditions with large nuclei number density,the sheet cavity does not form,and bubbly cavitation appears instead.In the case with small nuclei number density,the sheet cavity forms from a single flowing nucleus and develops streamwisely and spanwisely.In the conditions with medium nuclei number density,the sheet cavity also forms but is shorter/narrower streamwisely/spanwisely,due to interaction of other nuclei flowing near the formed sheet cavity.     

Simulation of heat transfer with the growth and collapse of a cavitation bubble near the heated wall

The growth and collapse behaviors of a single cavitation bubble near a heated wall and its effect on the heat transfer are numerically investigated. The present study is designed to reveal the mechanism of cavitation enhanced heat transfer from a microscopic perspective. In the simulation, the time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved in an axisymmetric two-dimensional domain. The volume of fluid (VOF) method is employed to track the liquid-gas interface. It is assumed that the gas inside the bubble is compressible vapor, and the surrounding liquid is incompressible water. Mass transfer between two phases is ignored. The calculated bubble profiles were compared to the available experimental data, and a good agreement was obtained. Then, the relationship among bubble motion, flow field and surface heat transfer coefficient was analyzed. On this basis, the effects of such factors as the initial distance between the bubble and the wall, the initial vapor pressure and the initial bubble nucleus size on the heat transfer enhancement are discussed. The present study is helpful to understand the heat transfer phenomenon in presence of cavitation bubble in liquid.     

Periodical shedding of cloud cavitation from a single hydrofoil in high-speed cryogenic channel flow

In order to explain criteria for periodical shedding of the cloud cavitation, flow patterns of cavitation around a plano-convex hydrofoil were observed using a cryogenic cavitation tunnel of a blowdown type. Two hydrofoils of similarity of 20 and 60 mm in chord length with two test sections of 20 and 60 mm in width were prepared. Working fluids were water at ambient temperature, hot water and liquid nitrogen. The parameter range was varied between 0.3 and 1.4 for cavitation number, 9 and 17 m/sec for inlet flow velocity, and −8° and 8° for the flow incidence angle, respectively. At incidence angle 8°, that is, the convex surface being suction surface, periodical shedding of the whole cloud cavitation was observed on the convex surface under the specific condition with cavitation number and inlet flow velocity, respectively, 0.5, 9 m/sec for liquid nitrogen at 192°C and 1.4, 11 m/sec for water at 88°C, whereas under the supercavitation condition, it was not observable. Periodical shedding of cloud cavitation occurs only in the case that there are both the adverse pressure gradient and the slow flow region on the hydrofoil.     

Computational cavitation flows at inception and light stages on an axial-flow pump blade and in a cage-guided control valve

Cavitation flows induced around an axial-flow pump blade and inside a high pressure cage-type valve are simu-lated by a two-dimensional unsteady Navier-Stokes analysis with the simplest treatment of bubble dynamics.Thefluid is assumed as a continuum of homogeneous dispersed mixture of water and vapor nuclei.The analysis isaimed to capture transient stages with high amplitude pressure change during the birth and collapse of the bubbleespecially at the stage of cavitation inception.By the pump blade analysis,in which the field pressure is moderate,cavitation number of the inception and locations of developed cavitation are found to agree with experimental re-suits in a wide flow range between high incidence and negative incidence.In the valve flow analysis,in which thewater pressure of 5MPa is reduced to 2MPa,pressure change responding to the bubble collapse between the vaporpressure lower than 1 KPa and the extreme pressure of higher than 10~4 KPa is captured through a stable computa-tion.Location of the inception bubble and pressure force to the valve plug is found agree well with the respectiveexperimental features.     

喷嘴处气穴现象的数值模拟分析

Fluent软件是用于模拟和分析在复杂几何区域内的流体流动与热交换问题的专用CFD软件。将k-e模型与多相流技术Mixture模型相结合,借助Fluent软件进行多相流分析,对喷嘴处的气穴流场进行了数值模拟,并计算了模型内二维轴对称气穴流场的液态水的体积分数分布及压力分布。     

Cavitation Rates in Water with Dissolved Gas and Other Impurities

Our objective is a better understanding of the role of physical properties of real fluids in the thermodynamics of cavitation in impure water. An extension to the classical homogenous nucleation theory suitable for mixtures is presented in attempt to address the discrepancy between the theoretical predictions and practical observations of cavitation rates in water at normal temperatures. The extension takes into account the non-equilibrium (dissipative) effects involved in nuclei formation through a substance dependent correction coefficient to be determined experimentally. The theory of thermodynamic fluctuations is applied to derive the work of formation of a bubble nucleus. The value of the correction coefficient is estimated using preliminary experimental data from a convergent-divergent nozzle. An application of the results to the numerical prediction of the cavitation zones in a radial-flow water pump is shown.     

柴油机喷油嘴喷射过程空化效应数值分析

以某型机械式喷油器为对象,采用CFD软件STAR-CCM+,基于不可压缩流体体积函数(VOF)多相流模型,研究分析了在怠速、50%负荷、100%负荷工况下,完整喷射期内喷油嘴处的内流场及空化效应。结果表明:喷射过程中针阀升程的变化对于流动和空化特性影响显著,针阀升程较小时,在针阀的拐角处形成局部低压区,空化现象开始发生,形成大量的燃油蒸气,并在囊室内形成显著的二次涡漩流动,在喷孔底部产生二次空化;在相同的针阀升程下,压强越大,空化效应越显著。