基于等效热降法的WGGH系统节能最优化研究

为定量计算WGGH系统回收烟气低品位热量的节能效果,并分析其对汽轮机排挤抽汽等效热降的最大化问题,针对带有疏水冷却器回热系统的特点,对传统等效热降表达式进行了修正,并使用效能-传热单元数法计算WGGH系统凝水加热器的换热量,与修正后的等效热降公式结合建立了WGGH系统排挤抽汽的等效热降表达式,利用该表达式可以计算出当机组工况为100%THA和75%THA时,最佳凝水分流系数分别为0.10和0.12,可以降低机组发电煤耗0.49 g/k Wh和0.38 g/k Wh。结论表明WGGH系统节能效果存在最优化问题,利用该研究方法可以有效地计算最佳的凝水分流系数。     

1 000 MW超超临界EC BEST二次再热机组经济性分析

基于常规的1 000 MW二次再热机组的设计方案,提出了取消高、中压缸抽汽,采用多级小汽轮机抽汽的双机回热循环(EC-BEST)系统的设计方案,并且通过EES仿真软件对不同工况下EC-BEST系统与常规二次再热系统的抽汽过热度、小汽轮机流量、循环效率和汽轮机热耗率等指标进行对比。结果表明:采用EC-BEST系统可以有效降低抽汽过热度,减少加热器不可逆损失;降低汽轮机热耗约30 kJ/(kW·h),折合煤耗约1. 1 g/(kW·h)(按照锅炉效率94%);循环效率提高0. 3%。因此,EC-BEST二次再热具有更高的经济性,是未来大容量高参数二次再热机组发展的一个良好方案。     

烟气余热回收利用系统节能效果试验研究

以某660 MW机组低温省煤器为研究对象,以试验数据为基础,运用等效热降基本原理,科学划分烟气余热回收利用能级,将低温省煤器系统排挤做功划为三部分:第一部分为排挤8、7、6段抽汽做功;第二部分为排挤6段抽汽做功;第三部分为低温省煤器出水温度与5号低加进水温度偏差,排挤5段抽汽做功,综合三部分计算低温省煤器系统节能效果。试验结果表明:低温省煤器吸热量35.2 MW,8号低加进水至6号低加出水排挤做功2.3 MW,7号低加出水至6号低加出水段吸热排挤做功2.8 MW,5号低加抽汽量增加,机组出力降低0.7 MW,总排挤做功4.4 MW,装置循环效率提高0.66%,热耗降低51.9 kJ/(kW·h),折合发电煤耗为1.91 g/(kW·h)。与低温省煤器系统停、投运汽轮机整机热力试验结果相比,热耗相差1.7 kJ/(kW·h),发电煤耗相差0.07 g/(kW·h)。由此可知,这种与试验方法相结合,基于烟气余热梯级利用的能效评估方法,在低温度省煤器系统能效评估中是可行的。与常规烟气余热回收系统停、投汽轮机热耗试验法相比,基于烟气余热梯级利用的能效评估方法,具有概念清晰、科学合理、简单易操作的特点。     

超临界锅炉热一次风加热器改造对排烟温度的影响分析及应用

分析锅炉热一次风加热器技术对排烟温度的影响,提出该技术的应用方案,解决燃煤电站超临界锅炉混煤掺烧排烟温度高的问题。对比改造前、后同工况、近参数的运行数据,计算锅炉余热。结果表明,改造后热一次风加热器可降低机组供电煤耗率约2.3 g/kWh,单台机组每年可节约1万吨标准煤,以期为锅炉解决排烟温度高现象提供参考。     

1000MW二次再热机组抽汽压损对经济性的影响分析

以某台1000MW超超临界二次再热机组回热加热系统为研究对象,基于小扰动理论和等效焓降分析理论,全面考虑两次中间再热、外置式蒸汽冷却器、加热器布置方式和形式等因素的影响,推导出二次再热机组加热器抽汽压损对机组经济性影响的数学模型,该方法形式简单并利于理解。应用此数学模型计算机组在100%THA实际运行工况下,抽汽压损对机组经济性的影响。计算结果表明:抽汽压损使得煤耗和热耗分别增加2.7g/(kW·h)和23.7kJ/(kW·h)。     

配置吸收式热泵的余压梯级利用供热系统优化设计

针对中排抽汽在减温减压过程中?损失较大的问题,提出一种余压梯级利用供热系统,使用2台背压式小汽轮机分别回收进入热泵和尖峰加热器前抽汽经减温减压的余能。以耦合吸收式热泵的600 MW热电联产机组为研究对象,使用EBSILON软件建立该供热系统的变工况模型,对其进行能量分析、?分析、经济性及敏感度分析。结果表明：在基准供热工况下,新型余压梯级利用供热系统的供电标准煤耗率较案例系统降低10.02 g/(kW·h),热泵和尖峰加热器前2台减温减压器内的?损失分别降低了77.77%和78.99%,全生命周期内的净现值有望达到13 924.22万元,动态回收周期为3.27 a;随着机组供电负荷的降低以及热网供、回水温度的增加,新型余压梯级利用供热系统的节能效果提高。     

燃煤锅炉烟气余热及水分协同回收系统的性能分析

增设低温省煤器是降低火电机组排烟温度、有效利用烟气余热并回收水分、提高机组热经济性的有效措施之一。对烟气余热利用和水分协同回收系统进行计算和分析,设计6种不同的集成方式,分析出口烟温和进水流量对系统性能的影响,基于标煤降低值和水分回收效率,选出最优的集成方案。结果表明,采用锅炉排烟余热及水分协同回收技术方案,设计工况下可降低供电煤耗率3.06g/k Wh,节水量达59t/h,节能效果显著。     

超超临界二次再热1000MW汽轮机组通流效率能耗敏感性定量分析

以超超临界二次再热1000MW汽轮机为研究对象,采用汽轮机定功率变工况计算方法,对汽轮机超高压缸、高压缸、中压缸及低压缸在THA、75%THA、50%THA、40%THA工况下进行能耗敏感性定量分析,得出上述工况下各缸效率变化对汽轮机热耗率的影响规律。结合锅炉热效率及厂用电率设计值得出THA工况下汽轮机通流效率对机组发电煤耗及供电煤耗的影响规律。结果表明,缸效率对热耗率及煤耗的影响随缸效率的变化基本呈线性关系,低压缸效率的能耗敏感性最大,中压缸效率次之,高压缸及超高压缸效率变化对能耗的影响较小。分析结论可为超超临界二次再热1000MW机组进行节能诊断及节能管理与评价工作提供技术参考。     

高压加热器抽汽切除及灵活调节仿真试验研究

为深入了解高压加热器抽汽灵活调节辅助机组快速变负荷的潜力,利用600 MW超临界火电机组全工况仿真系统进行不同方式切除高压加热器抽汽仿真试验,总结了不同切除方式对机组关键运行参数的影响规律.进一步开展高压加热器抽汽调节参与机组快速变负荷仿真试验.结果 表明:高压加热器抽汽参与机组变负荷调节可有效改善机组的负荷响应速率和...     

变工况下超超临界机组抽汽过热度利用方案的比较分析

针对大型超超临界机组热力系统回热抽汽过热度偏高的问题,研究了变工况条件下超超临界机组回热系统抽汽过热度的变化特点,并且对外置式蒸汽冷却器和回热式小汽轮机两种过热度利用方案的热力性能及节能效果进行了比较和分析。结果表明:外置式蒸汽冷却器方案和回热式小汽轮机方案在各种工况均能有效地降低超超临界发电机组的抽汽过热度,降低机组煤耗;回热小汽机方案可以同时降低多级抽汽过热度,因而其节能效果要好于一级外置式蒸汽冷却器的过热度利用方案,在设计工况下回热小汽机方案可节能1.34g/(k W·h),约为外置式蒸汽冷却器方案的2倍;当负荷降低时,外置式蒸汽冷却器方案的节能效果略有增强,而回热式小汽轮节能效果则明显降低,两方案节能效果相接近。     

小型锅炉烟尘测试时锅炉出力的计算

锅炉烟尘测试时,必须对锅炉出力进行测试。但监测中,许多小型锅炉往往不具备相关的计量装置和仪表,为解决这一问题,文章提出了用烟气量和空气过剩系数来计算锅炉的出力的公式,在实际使用中,该方法简单易行,其结果和实测值具有很好的一致怀。     

Unerroric of control of mutual compliance of the efficiency of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles in the conditions of mass production

The issues related to the reliability of hydrogen engines of unmanned vehicles and increasing the efficiency of using hydrogen as fuel when using the method of its production during the decomposition of hydrogen-containing molecules of liquid-phase organic compounds in a plasma discharge under the action of intense ultrasonic exposure are considered. Experiments have shown that as a result of decomposition in the acoustoplasma discharge of liquid hydrocarbons, solid-phase carbon-containing products are formed, chemical transformations occur in the liquid phase and hydrogen-containing combustible gas is formed. Hydrogen-containing gas can be used as fuel immediately after synthesis, i.e. it does not require separation, since in addition to hydrogen it contains only impurities of CO₂ and water vapor. The purpose of the study is to formalize the basic conditions for tightening the control of mutual compliance with the efficiency of hydrogen engines of the same series in the conditions of their mass production. Methods of mathematical statistics and hardware-software modeling were used in the study. The term “unerroric of quality mutual compliance control” is introduced to describe a set of hardware and software tools for such control. The principle of in-depth testing of the technical condition of such engines of one series is described in a multidimensional formulation of the quality control problem for three of their operating parameters at once. The conditions for increasing the mutual correspondence of the measured values of such parameters in the conditions of serial production of hydrogen engines are formalized.     

中国煤炭地下气化技术的发展

本文综述了煤炭地下汽化技术的国内外发展现状,对我国“长通道、大断面”煤炭地下气化新工艺给予了技术经济评述,并提出了发展煤炭地下汽化技术的政策建议。     

Review of theory of distortion and disintegration of liquid streams

Linear and nonlinear analyses of the instabilities and distortion of liquid streams injected into a gaseous media are discussed. The various fundamental mechanisms and the predictive capabilities for the distortions are emphasized. Round jets, planar sheets, annular sheets, and conical sheets are discussed in detail. The balance between capillary and inertial forces is primarily examined. The method for simplifying the analyses in the case of thin liquid sheets is discussed. The capabilities for representing the droplet size distribution that follows the stream disintegration are outlined.     

MgO膨胀剂细度对MgO水化和水泥浆体膨胀的影响

基于《水工混凝土掺用氧化镁技术规范》中的Ⅰ型氧化镁（MgO）,研究了该型MgO膨胀剂（MEA）细度对掺粉煤灰水泥浆体膨胀性能的影响。即采用X射线衍射分析(XRD)及同步热分析（TG DSC）分析了掺MEA水泥浆体中MgO的水化性。结果表明,养护温度相同时,MEA的细度对水泥浆体内MEA中MgO的水化和水泥浆体的膨胀无显著影响,产生的膨胀均能补偿水泥浆体的收缩;MEA的细度可从试验设计采用的45 μm筛筛余15%左右增加到30%左右,这将有利于MEA生产企业的节能降耗。     

机车车轮多轴疲劳强度安全评定的研究

使用ANSYS8.0软件对高速列车车轮进行了三维有限元分析,计算出车轮在直线、曲线和道岔条件下牵引、制动共6种工况时孔边薄弱部位的应力,分别通过Mises等效平均应力方法、Sines平均主应力方法和应力分量中考虑平均应力方法计算出应力在极值位置时的等效应力幅、等效平均应力,从而进一步算出车轮的安全系数,对其疲劳强度进行评定,并对3种方法进行了比较研究。     

Constructal optimization of the geometry of an array of micro-channels

This paper documents the geometric optimization of an array of circular and non-circular ducts. The optimization was carried out numerically using finite volume method. As optimal dimensions were independent of the array configuration, the numerical simulation was performed on a unit cell. Numerical optimization for circular, square and isosceles right triangle cross-sections of channels was performed. Based on the results of this investigation, some correlations were proposed to predict the optimal hydraulic diameter and dimensionless heat transfer per unit volume. In addition to examining the effect of pressure drop on these parameters, it was showed that among the different geometries of this study, square cross-section has the most efficiency for a given volume. The numerical results of the present study were compared with approximate results reported in the literature which a good agreement was observed.     

固体热辐射Yong性能分析

本文对漫灰均温物体在常物性条件下对外辐射传热的Ｙｏｎｇ值计算建立了数学模型。通过与物体内能Ｙｏｎｇ公式的数值计算比较,得出了辐射能量的Ｙｏｎｇ值不大于内能Ｙｏｎｇ值的结论。从初步的热射Ｙｏｎｇ值计算公式发现。Ｙｏｎｇ与物体表面辐射率有关。     

Measurements of concentration distribution of hydrogen jet using deflection of center of the laser spot

The main purpose of this work is to propose a new method to evaluate the concentration distribution of the hydrogen jet by using a He–Ne laser through the jet. This research attempts to apply the expression of concentration Gaussian distribution, the refraction formula of inhomogeneous refractive index medium, and the concentration inversion function to disclose the displacement of the center of the laser spot at different heights in the gas jet. The spot images of the laser beam passing through the gas jet at three vertical heights z = 10d, 20d, 30d, and different radial positions are obtained. The radial spatial asymmetry of the gas jet is also found in the experiment. Finally, the calculated concentration distribution curve and the fluent simulation curve, it is found that the two results are very similar. Our findings show that the error between the concentration distribution of this method and the simulated concentration distribution reaches 2.43%.     

Heat of vaporization of mixtures

General expressions for the heat of vaporization of mixtures at constant pressure; at constant temperature; and at constant pressure, temperature, and composition are proposed. The last one is related to the liquid-vapor interface where steady vaporization or condensation is taking place. Numerical examples by the proposed expressions are shown for binary mixtures of HCFC22(R22) and (HCFC123(R123) © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 25(1): 12–24, 1996