燃料掺混方式对天然气柔和燃烧器燃烧性能的影响研究

燃气轮机在更高参数下的低污染排放限制和宽工况范围稳定运行的需求,对燃烧室燃烧提出了新的要求。柔和燃烧作为一种新型燃烧技术,具有燃烧稳定和污染物排放低的优势。高速射流引射掺混是实现柔和燃烧所需条件的一种可行方式。本文主要研究不同燃料掺混方式对柔和燃烧器污染物排放和稳定工作范围的影响。在前期工作基础上设计了可实现燃料不同掺混方式的天然气柔和燃烧器。在常压条件下,通过实验研究了不同当量比、不同燃料/空气掺混方式下天然气柔和燃烧器的污染物排放,并研究了不同掺混方式对燃烧贫燃极限的影响,通过OH~*自发荧光、OH平面激光诱导荧光测量和数值模拟对反应区和流场结构进行了观察和分析。实验结果表明,在相同当量比下,全预混模式下的NO_x排放最低,全预混模式下稳定燃烧的贫熄火当量比为0.57;扩散模式下NO_x排放相对高,但贫熄火当量比可低至0.15,燃烧稳定范围更宽;混合模式下污染物排放水平介于预混和扩散模式之间;非预混模式下较好的贫燃火焰稳定性得益于燃烧室头部扩散燃料周围形成的低速稳定反应区。     

1000MW机组燃烧调整对NO_x排放影响

在1 000MW机组锅炉上进行了燃烧调整试验,通过改变过量空气系数、机组负荷、燃尽风率和配风方式,对烟气NO_x的排放规律进行了研究。结果表明:随着过量空气系数的增大,NO_x排放浓度显著增大,锅炉排烟热损失呈上升趋势,飞灰含碳量呈下降趋势。锅炉负荷对NO_x排放的影响主要来自燃料量、炉膛温度、氧浓度等多方面因素的综合影响,随着锅炉负荷下降,过量空气系数增大,烟气NO_x排放浓度呈缓慢下降趋势,单位质量燃料的NO_x转化率有所升高。增大炉膛的燃尽风率可显著降低烟气NO_x排放浓度。在燃尽风率较低的燃烧工况下,NO_x排放浓度对燃尽风率的变化尤为敏感。与均等配风方式相比,束腰配风方式可降低炉膛主燃料区的氧浓度,使烟气NO_x排放浓度下降。     

零碳燃料对燃气锅炉燃烧过程调控作用

利用小型化模拟炉膛开展了零碳燃料氢气对燃气锅炉燃烧过程调控作用实验研究,研究了掺氢比对炉膛内部预混火焰宏观形态、炉膛温度均匀性、炉膛污染物排放规律的影响,并总结了CO及NO_x的排放规律。实验结果表明：随着预混当量比增加,纯甲烷火焰长度逐渐缩短;对于20%掺氢火焰,随着预混程度的提高,火焰长度降低明显;不同火焰条件下,炉膛温度只由燃烧功率控制;改变燃烧条件时,处于壁面附近位置的温度变化较为平稳,而靠近火焰处温度变化较大;天然气中掺入氢气,燃烧时可以有效降低未燃CO排放;在相同预混程度下,全局当量比减小导致未燃空气增加,热量被稀释,火焰温度降低,热力型NO_x的生成降低;随着掺氢比的增加,燃烧时火焰温度升高,导致热力型NO_x排放增加。     

稀燃条件下甲醇汽油发动机燃烧和排放特性的试验研究

在一台汽油缸内直喷(GDI)增压发动机上,研究了稀燃条件下燃用不同甲醇汽油混合燃料的燃烧特性和排放特性。试验结果表明:稀燃条件下,随混合气浓度逐渐变稀,当量燃油消耗率呈现出先降低后升高的趋势,并且随着甲醇比例的增加,当量燃油消耗率增加,但均低于原机。在混合气逐渐变稀的过程中,燃烧时缸压峰值和燃烧温度总的变化趋势是逐渐降低,而燃烧持续期和循环变动率逐渐升高。稀燃条件下,CO排放量逐渐降低,碳氢化合物排放呈先降低后增加的趋势。NO_x排放量总的变化趋势是先增大后逐渐降低,随着甲醇体积分数的增加,NO_x的排放量逐渐降低,且3种甲醇、汽油混合燃料的NO_x和CO排放量都低于汽油燃料。     

过量空气系数对电站锅炉NO_x排放特性的影响

空气分级燃烧是一种降低NO_x排放的技术,文中在应用该技术的前提下,对不同过量空气系数下的燃烧工况进行了模拟研究。结果表明,随着过量空气系数的增大:1)烟气在炉内停留时间缩短,气流混合强烈,燃烧条件得到优化;2)炉膛火焰中心逐渐下降,主燃区温度不断升高,而炉膛出口烟温却呈下降趋势;3)主燃区CO浓度明显降低,还原性气氛得到减弱;4)炉膛出口NO_x浓度呈增大趋势。     

基于波瓣旋流燃烧器的甲烷燃烧污染物排放特性

贫燃预混燃烧方式是抑制燃烧过程中NO_x生成的方法之一,但易出现燃烧不稳定现象.针对这一问题,试验采用波瓣旋流燃烧器,研究了当量比、预混气分级比、预混气分级形式对NO_x和CO排放规律、燃烧室声压峰值及火焰形态的影响.结果表明,随着当量比的减小,烟气中NO_x浓度减小,而CO浓度上升.旋流侧流量/波瓣内侧流量减小时,烟气中NO_x浓度降低,CO浓度增大.通过调节旋流器和波瓣外侧预混气分级比,NO_x和CO的排放浓度都有所下降,并在旋流侧流量、波瓣内侧流量、波瓣外侧流量分级比为6∶0∶4时浓度较低.燃烧室内声压峰值随当量比的减小而增大.当量比为0.60,预混气分级比为5∶0∶5时,燃烧室声压峰值最低,燃烧较为稳定.     

空气深度分级对低挥发分煤燃烧过程影响的研究

通过数值模拟研究了在一维燃烧炉上燃用低挥发分煤的条件下,空气深度分级和煤粉细度变化对煤粉燃尽过程和NO_x排放的影响,得到了沿炉膛轴线方向上的温度、氧浓度和NO_x的分布,表明空气深度分级后燃烧后期的氧量增加,炉膛温度水平提高,而煤粉细度的提高使得上述效果更加明显,因而燃烧效率提高和NO_x排放降低,并通过实际燃烧试验验证了数值模拟结果.研究结果表明,对燃用低挥发分煤,采用空气深度分级技术和提高煤粉细度的措施,可以同时取得高效低NO_x排放的效果.     

巴威公司的低成本NO_x控制技术

控制燃石化燃料锅炉的氧化氮(NO_x)排放对策因现场和燃料条件的不同而不同.NO_x排放率与锅炉炉膛几何形状、燃烧系统和燃料类型有密切关系.机组各有关指标均由联邦机关和当地政府规定,新的管理方法如平均价格和信用交易使NO_x控制的方案选择变得更为复杂.     

燃气轮机分级燃烧室NOx排放动力学模拟研究

通过建立轴向分级燃烧室的化学反应器网络模型,在燃气轮机典型工况下研究第一级与第二级燃烧段之间的燃料分配、流量分配和停留时间分配等因素对NO_x排放的影响。结果表明:在燃烧室出口温度恒定的条件下,减少第一级的燃料分配比例使第二级出口烟气温度高于第一级,调节第二级喷嘴位置来缩短第二级燃烧段的停留时间,可以显著降低NO_x排放;但是当第一级燃烧产物与第二级燃料/空气混合物混合不均匀时,会严重影响分级燃烧的NO_x减排效果。     

空气分级燃烧对降低燃油炉NO_x排放的试验研究

为了解决现有燃油炉NO_x排放超标的问题,对现有燃油炉的结构进行改造,实施了空气不分级燃烧和分级燃烧对降低NO_x排放的对比性试验。在空气不分级燃烧时,得到O2浓度是影响NO_x的重要因素,可以采用低氧燃烧来降低NO_x的浓度以满足排放要求,并得到不同负荷下低氧燃烧的过量空气系数范围;采用空气分级燃烧时,通过控制一次风α_1和二次风α_2的送入量,使燃油炉NO_x排放的浓度进一步降低以符合国家更严格的排放标准。     

天然气燃料轴向分级预混燃烧特性研究

低NOx排放是燃气轮机燃烧室的重要性能指标,面对燃烧室出口温度不断增加的趋势,新型燃烧技术探索应用成为必然。燃料轴向分级(Axial Fuel Staging,AFS)燃烧作为一项可行技术方案已在各燃机厂商的最先进燃气轮机燃烧室上获得应用,其主要通过降低高温烟气有效停留时间和低氧浓度燃烧来实现低NOx排放。基于Chemkin平台建立轴向分级预混燃烧室化学网络模型,针对1 973 K燃烧室,研究二级负荷比例、当量比和停留时间对NOx/CO排放的影响规律,对比分析主燃区高温烟气与二级未燃预混气掺混特征的影响,获得AFS燃烧的污染物排放特性和关键影响因素。同时,在贫预混燃烧器上,设计二级喷射段,实验研究二级火焰结构、污染物排放等燃烧特性。结果表明,相比于常规贫预混燃烧,AFS燃烧在高温区体现出很好的低NOx优势,且能拓宽低NOx工况范围,其中主燃区温度、二级当量比和停留时间匹配特征、主燃区高温烟气与二级预混气掺混性能等是关键。     

Reactive structures and NOx emissions of methane/hydrogen mixtures in flameless combustion

Methane/hydrogen combustion represents a concrete solution for the energy scenario to come. Indeed, the addition of hydrogen into the natural gas pipeline is one of the solutions foreseen to reduce CO₂ emissions. Nevertheless, the replacement of methane by hydrogen will enhance the reactivity of the system, increasing NOx emissions. To overcome this issue, non-conventional combustion technologies, such as flameless combustion represent an attractive solution. This study aims to improve our understanding of the behaviour of methane/hydrogen blends under flameless conditions by means of experiments and simulations. Several experimental campaigns were conducted to test fuel flexibility for different methane/hydrogen blends, varying the injector geometries, equivalence ratio and dilution degree. It was found that a progressive addition of hydrogen in methane enhanced the combustion features, reducing the ignition delay time and loosing progressively the flameless behaviour of the furnace. Reducing the air injector diameter or increasing the fuel lance length were found to be efficient techniques to reduce the maximum temperature of the system and NOx emissions in the exhausts, reaching values below 30 ppm for pure hydrogen. MILD conditions were achieved up to 75%H₂ in molar fraction, with no visible flame structures. Additionally, RANS-based simulations were also conducted to shed further light on the effect of adding hydrogen into the fuel blend. A sensitivity study was conducted for three different fuel blends: pure methane, an equimolar blend and pure hydrogen. The effect of chemistry detail, mixing models, radiation modeling and turbulence models on in-flame temperatures and NOx emissions was also studied. In particular, it was found that the usage of detailed chemistry for NOx, coupled with an adjustment of the PaSR model, filled the gap between experiments and predictions. Finally, a brute-force sensitivity revealed that NNH is the most important route for NOx production.     

旋流预混燃烧室燃烧特性及排放特性的数值模拟研究

为了综合考察燃气轮机燃烧室在高稳定性、低排放以及燃料适应性等方面的新要求,基于旋流预混燃烧技术,通过三维数值模拟方法开展了甲烷/空气、丙烷/空气预混燃烧特性及排放特性研究。结果表明：在一定的预混气进气质量流量条件下,当量比增大易引发回火,燃烧温度更高,同时NO_x排放指数增大,增加预混气质量流量,可在一定程度上提高回/熄火极限;当量比固定,增加预混气进气质量流量可避免潜在的回火现象,且NO_x排放指数线性降低;旋流器的旋流数增大能形成强旋流,稳定火焰,降低NO_x排放指数,但过大的旋流强度会引发回火现象;相比于甲烷/空气预混燃烧,丙烷/空气预混燃烧温度偏高,NO_x排放指数较大,但回熄火边界更宽,对应更广阔的稳定燃烧区间。     

常温空气非对称射流MILD燃烧特性实验研究

比较了不同的燃烧器结构后设计了非对称射流燃烧器,并通过实验研究了非对称射流燃烧器的射流速度、喷嘴角度对常温空气MILD燃烧的影响。结果表明:丙烷流量在0.4~0.8m3/h、空气流量在11~22m3/h都可以达到MILD燃烧状态;增大射流速度,减小喷嘴角度可以使温度峰值降低,温度分布更均匀,MILD燃烧更稳定,效果更好,NOx排放量大大减小,达到了"近零排放"。     

天然气柔和燃烧锅炉结构参数影响模拟研究

在天然气锅炉中引入柔和燃烧技术将大大降低NOx排放,高速未燃气卷吸高温烟气回流并与之快速掺混再燃烧是柔和燃烧的重要特征,因此,开展天然气锅炉关键结构参数优化设计以组织流场形成柔和燃烧所需的高温低氧反应气氛非常必要。基于天然气锅炉的工况特征,设计了热负荷15kW的模型燃烧室,采用数值模拟手段详细研究了燃烧室高度、喷嘴孔径、喷嘴相对位置及烟气出口尺寸对燃烧室流场、组分场及关键参数——烟气回流比的影响规律,并最终确定了燃烧室结构优选方案,对天然气锅炉柔和燃烧机设计提供理论基础数据。     

CFD study on influence of fuel temperature on NOx emission in a HiTAC furnace

The influence of the fuel temperature on NOx formation was investigated numerically. For this purpose CFD modeling of NOx emission in an experimental furnace equipped with high temperature air combustion (HiTAC) system was studied. The comparison between the predicted results and measured values have shown good agreement, which implies that the adopted combustion and NOx formation models are suitable for predicting the characteristics of the flow, combustion, heat transfer, and NOx emissions in the HiTAC chamber. Moreover the predicted results show that increase of the fuel temperature results in a higher fluid velocity, better fuel jet mixing with the combustion air, smaller flame and lower NOx emission.     

Operational characteristics of a parallel jet MILD combustion burner system

This study describes the performance and stability characteristics of a parallel jet MILD (Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution) combustion burner system in a laboratory-scale furnace, in which the reactants and exhaust ports are all mounted on the same wall. Thermal field measurements are presented for cases with and without combustion air preheat, in addition to global temperature and emission measurements for a range of equivalence ratio, heat extraction, air preheat and fuel dilution levels. The present furnace/burner configuration proved to operate without the need for external air preheating, and achieved a high degree of temperature uniformity. Based on an analysis of the temperature distribution and emissions, PSR model predictions, and equilibrium calculations, the CO formation was found to be related to the mixing patterns and furnace temperature rather than reaction quenching by the heat exchanger. The critical equivalence ratio, or excess air level, which maintains low CO emissions is reported for different heat exchanger positions, and an optimum operating condition is identified. Results of CO and NO_x emissions, together with visual observations and a simplified two-dimensional analysis of the furnace aerodynamics, demonstrate that fuel jet momentum controls the stability of this multiple jet system. A stability diagram showing the threshold for stable operation is reported, which is not explained by previous stability criteria.     

甲烷/高温烟气稀释空气的Mild燃烧过程的数值研究

中低氧浓度稀释MILD燃烧与传统有焰燃烧方式相比,燃烧室内温度相对均匀,可以有效控制和降低NO_X等污染物排放。燃烧室内的烟气循环导致的混合气稀释程度、预热温度以及流场应变率对Mild燃烧过程有重要影响。通过对不同稀释和预热程度的一维层流对撞扩散火焰进行计算,研究了烟气回流稀释/预热形成的Mild燃烧情况。数值计算结果表明,Mild燃烧能很好的控制燃烧场的最高温度和反应放热速率,得到较为均匀的温度场,并因此降低产物中污染物的浓度。对不同预热温度、不同拉伸率下工况的计算证明了Mild燃烧能够扩展燃料的燃烧极限,Mild燃烧对流场等外部干扰的敏感度较小,燃烧稳定。     

Hydrogen enrichment of methane and syngas for MILD combustion

Moderate or Intense Low-oxygen Dilution (MILD) combustion is a technology with important characteristics such as significant low emission and high-efficiency combustion. The hydrogen enrichment of conventional fuels is also of interest due to its favorable characteristics, such as low carbon-containing pollutants, high reaction intensity, high flammability, and thus fuel usage flexibility. In this study, the effects of adding hydrogen to methane and syngas fuels have been investigated under conditions of MILD combustion through numerical simulation of a well-set-up MILD burner. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) approach is adopted along the Eddy Dissipation Concept (EDC) combustion model with two different chemical mechanisms. Molecular diffusion is modeled using the differential diffusion approach. The effects of oxidizer dilution and fuel jet Reynolds number on the reactive flow field have been studied. Results show that with an increase in hydrogen portion of the fuel mixtures, the volume of the high-temperature region of combustion field increases whereas a reduction of oxidizer oxygen content leads to more proximity to the MILD condition. Increasing the fuel jet Reynolds number will result in an expansion of the combustion zone and shifting of this region in the axial direction. Predictions revealed that the methane flame is more sensitive to the oxidizer dilution and fuel jet Reynolds number than syngas. Moreover, enrichment of fuel with hydrogen seems to be better for acquiring condition of the MILD combustion for syngas rather than methane. Indeed, syngas shows more sensitivity to hydrogen enrichment than methane, which makes hydrogen a good additive to syngas in terms of MILD condition benefits.