松木屑催化热解及热解油分析

以松木屑为原料,选取无水Na2CO3、无水Al2O3、凹凸棒土、ZSM-5共4类催化剂,利用管式炉实验及色质联用(GC-MS)分析仪进行热解特性研究,探索了热解产物产率和组分特性的变化规律.实验结果表明,松木屑在热解温度为550,℃时,产油率达到最大值51.47%(质量分数);无催化剂条件下松木屑热解油主要成分为酸类化合物,加催化剂条件下松木屑热解油主要成分为酸类和酮类化合物,催化剂的加入主要影响了呋喃类、醇类、糖类和含氮类化合物的质量分数.ZSM-5催化剂的催化性能最佳,其能够提高热解油产率,其对应的热解油中酯类、呋喃类和芳香族类等能够提高热解油品质的化合物质量分数均较高,而糖类、含氮类等化合物质量分数较低,能够提高热解油的稳定性.     

氢氧化钾催化木屑热解特性影响研究

为了考察钾盐催化剂对生物质热解特性的影响,实验以木屑为原料,采用浸渍方法加入不同质量KOH,干燥和粉碎后进行热重和热解实验。实验中使用热重分析仪对样品进行热重实验,采用Starink法进行动力学分析,使用自行搭建的固定床热解炉研究热解温度和KOH添加量对木屑热解的影响。热重结果表明,加入KOH后热解温度降低,改变了木屑热解路径,降低了热解失重速率。动力学分析结果表明,加入KOH后使木屑主要热解区间表观活化能降低。热解实验结果表明,加入KOH后,木屑热解产物中热解油产率降低,热解合成气和半焦产率增加。热解产物经分析发现,加入KOH后,热解合成气中氢气含量显著增加,热解油品质有所改善,低KOH添加量对半焦孔隙结构影响较小,高KOH添加量使半焦的孔隙更加发达。     

杨木屑热解过程及动力学研究

运用热重分析法研究了氮气下杨木屑的热解过程.在不同的升温速度(5、15、30℃/min)下,对热解TG、DTG、DSC曲线分析,得出杨木屑热解分干燥、预热解、热解和煅烧4个阶段,并且热解随着升温速度的提高出现了热滞后现象.最后通过比较1、1.5、2、3级反应动力学模型,确定1级反应为杨木屑热解的动力学模型,并求出了热解反应的活化能和频率因子.     

污泥与木屑共热解特性研究

文章采用污泥、木屑为原料,在氮气气氛下进行热重实验,研究了升温速率和木屑添加量对污泥与木屑共热解特性的影响规律,并进行动力学分析。研究结果表明:随着升温速率的增加,样品挥发分析出阶段向高温方向移动,最大失重速率增加;随着木屑添加量的增加,样品总失重量及最大失重速率均显著增加。动力学分析认为:污泥热解的反应机理为三维扩散,机理函数为Z-L-T函数;污泥与木屑共热解的反应机理为成核和生长,机理函数为Avrami-Erofeev函数。污泥热解活化能为287.29～390.57 kJ/mol,污泥与木屑共热解活化能为170.16～277.05 kJ/mol,木屑的加入降低了污泥的热解活化能。     

生物质与云南褐煤共热解特性研究

选取一种典型的生物质样品(木屑),将木屑与褐煤分别以15∶85、30∶70、50∶50的质量比例混合.采用热重分析法,在某一特定升温速率下,对各种混合物样品进行热解实验,探讨了单独木屑与褐煤热解特性的差异以及它们共热解时对褐煤热解过程的影响.实验研究表明,木屑与褐煤的热解特性差异较大,木屑的热解温度低,热解反应速度较快,褐煤的热解温度高,热解速度相对较慢.木屑与褐煤共热解特性并不是单独褐煤和单独木屑的简单叠加,而且木屑与褐煤混合热解过程的放热量和木屑的混合比例关系较大.     

木屑水蒸气气化热重分析及合成气释放特性

试验研究了木屑在水蒸气气氛下的热失重行为及气化过程中合成气释放特性。首先采用TG-DTA对木屑样品进行了水蒸气气氛下的热重行为分析,结果表明,木屑气化过程可以分为挥发分释放和半焦气化两个阶段,分别可由二级反应动力学和三维扩散Ginstling-Broushtein方程描述,对应的表观活化能分别为87.014kJ/mol和103.35 kJ/mol。此外,在自制的固定床气化反应装置上,研究了生物质气化过程中挥发分释放和半焦气化阶段合成气释放特性。另外,半焦水蒸气气化阶段对气体中合成气含量和H2/CO起到决定性作用,通过合理调控半焦气化阶段反应条件,可以得到合适化学当量比的生物质合成气。     

松木屑乙二醇/甲醇复合溶剂液化及液化产物分析

以松木屑为原料,氢氧化钠为催化剂,乙二醇/甲醇复合溶剂为液化剂,考察了溶剂体积比(乙二醇/甲醇)、催化剂用量、液化温度、液化时间对液化转化率的影响,得到了较佳的液化条件:溶剂比(乙二醇/甲醇)50/150,NaOH用量为2 g、反应温度为320℃、液化时间为10 min,该条件下液化转化率为94.5%。利用GC-MS对液化油进行分析,结果显示,液化油组成非常复杂,主要含有烃、醇、醛、酮、酸、酯、酚类等物质。利用红外光谱对松木屑及其液化残渣和液化油进行了分析,分析表明,液化残渣中含有较多的木质素及其降解产物的缩合物,液化油中羟基含量较多。     

印染污泥与木屑混燃特性及动力学

采用综合热重分析法,在不同升温速率及印染污泥与木屑不同比例混合条件下,对印染污泥、木屑及其混合物的燃烧特性进行了研究.结果表明,印染污泥的热重曲线存在4个明显的失重峰,分别与水分的析出、两个挥发分的析出以及固定碳的燃烧阶段相对应.混合试样燃烧过程中,污泥和木屑基本保持各自的挥发分析出特性,其燃烧曲线位于污泥和木屑燃烧曲线之间,且混合试样微熵热重曲线的变化趋势与组成比例较大的成分DTG曲线变化趋势较为接近.污泥与木屑混合后其综合燃烧特性指数SN有所增大,说明挥发分含量越高对应的燃烧特性越好;采用积分法(Coats-Redfern方程)计算得到各阶段燃烧反应的机理方程及相应的活化能参数,分析表明单一印染污泥燃烧的活化能较低,活化能的大小与试样的燃烧阶段是相对应的.     

升温速率对煤热解特性影响的TG/DTG分析

利用热重法对我国四种典型动力用煤在不同升温速率(20℃/min、35℃/min、50℃/min、75℃/min、100℃/min)下的热解过程进行了研究.由各工况热重曲线得到热解特征参数,利用微分法与积分法相结合的方法求得了各煤样的动力学参数以及机理函数.分析比较了不同煤种、不同升温速率下的热解特性.结果表明,中温段热解反应最剧烈,活化能也最大;随着升温速率的提高,各煤样平均活化能增加.     

Enhancement of hydrogen production in a modified moving bed downdraft gasifier – A thermodynamic study by including tar

A new approach on thermodynamic simulation of the gasification process is conducted by considering the formation of tar using Aspen Plus. The present model shows higher accuracy as compared to the conventional model in term of the composition of producer gas. The tar from pyrolysis process is successfully reduced with high reaction temperature in the combustion zone. A parametric study is performed by varying the split ratio of gasifying agents (steam/oxygen) through three different zones: (i) combustion zone, (ii) counter-current reduction zone, and/or (iii) co-current reduction zone. Introduction of the gasifying agents through the counter-current reduction zone has positive effects on the gasification performances in term of hydrogen concentration, cold gas efficiency, and gasification system efficiency. The effects of O₂ equivalence ratio and steam to carbon ratio (S/C) on the performance of gasification are also investigated. The gasification with oxygen provided the highest cold gas efficiency. A remarkable hydrogen production is achieved from gasification with both oxygen and steam.     

Production of hydrogen-rich syngas from absorption-enhanced steam gasification of biomass with conch shell-based absorbents

In this study, steam gasification of pine sawdust is conducted in a fixed-bed reactor in the temperature range 650–700 °C with calcined conch shell (CS) serving as a starting absorbent. The CS is further subjected to hydration (HCS) and calcination (CHCS) to prepare a modified absorbent. It is found that the hydration-calcination treatment of CS causes smaller CaO crystal grains with a larger BET surface area and more porous surface. As a consequence, CHCS exhibits higher catalytic activity for tar reforming, faster reaction rate for CO₂ absorption and better performance for H₂ selectivity than CS. Elevating the temperature contributes to tar reduction but results in lower H₂ content and higher CO₂ content, while an increase in Ca/C leads to higher H₂ content. And the H₂ content can reach approximately 76% with the use of CHCS when temperature and Ca/C ratio are 650 °C and 2, respectively.     

Chemical vapor synthesis of Mg–Ti nanopowder mixture as a hydrogen storage material

Magnesium-based alloys are among the promising materials for hydrogen storage and fuel cell applications due to their high hydrogen contents. In this work, the hydrogen release and uptake properties of Mg/5%Ti nanopowder mixture prepared by a chemical vapor synthesis (CVS) process were investigated. Samples were made in a CVS reactor, in which reactant powders were fed into evaporator placed inside the reactor by means of specially designed powder feeders. The produced Mg/5%Ti was hydrogenated in an autoclave under 10.3 MPa pressure and 150 °C for 12 h. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) showed that 5.2 wt% of hydrogen began to be released from 190 °C while temperature was increased at a heating rate of 5 °C/min up to 350 °C under an argon flow. This onset temperature of Mg–Ti nanopowder dehydrogenation was much lower than that of MgH₂ alone, which is 381 °C. In addition, the activation energy of dehydrogenation was 104 kJ/mol, which is much smaller than that of as-received MgH₂ (153 kJ/mol).     

Synthesis gas production by biomass pyrolysis: Effect of reactor temperature on product distribution

This paper describes mass, C, H, and O balances for wood chips pyrolysis experiments performed in a tubular reactor under conditions of rich H₂ gas production (700–1000 °C) and for determined solid heating rates (20–40 °C s⁻¹). Permanent gases (H₂, CO, CH₄, CO₂, C₂H₄, C₂H₆), water, aromatic tar (10 compounds from benzene to phenanthrene and phenols), and char were considered in the balance calculations. Hydrogen (H) from dry wood is mainly converted into CH₄ (more than 30% mol. of H at 900 °C), H₂ (from 9% to 36% mol. from 700 to 1000 °C), H₂O, and C₂H₄. The molar balances showed that the important yield increase of H₂ from 800 to 1000 °C (0.10 Nm³ kg⁻¹ to 0.24 Nm³ kg⁻¹ d.a.f. wood) cannot be solely explained by the analyzed hydrocarbon compounds conversion (CH₄, C₂, aromatic tar). Possible mechanisms of H₂ production from wood pyrolysis are discussed.