三种贝类蒸煮液主要滋味化合物的分析与比较

为提高贝类加工副产物的利用率,比较菲律宾帘蛤(Ruditapes philippinarum,蛤蜊)、蓝蛤(Aloididae aloidis)以及近江牡蛎(Ostrea rivularis)蒸煮液的主要滋味成分,在感官评价的基础上,分析了不同样品之间基本呈味成分的差异.结果表明,蛤蜊蒸煮液的整体感官评分较低,其中游离...     

浓香型酒酸味、辣味、涩味浅析

经过对我厂浓香型酒工艺管理和工艺卫生的考核,取得了一些经验,对白酒酸,辣,涩味产生的原因作了分析,并提出预防措施。     

PVC薄膜味觉传感器阵列对调味品和软饮料的识别

以铂工作电极(PtE)为基底聚合吡咯(PPy),并在聚吡咯表面被覆不同味敏剂修饰的PVC薄膜,得到八支味觉传感器,并进而与217型双盐桥饱和甘汞电极构成味觉传感器阵列-8-PPP-TSA。采用开路电位法获取调味品和软饮料不同样品在各传感器界面的数据响应矩阵,数据矩阵使用主成分分析方法可将各样品属性的相似相异程度在二维得分图上得以直观表达,调味品被分为鲜、咸-鲜、咸、酸四个区,软饮料被大致分为甜、高酸低甜、高甜低酸三个区;根据各样本之间的欧氏距离大小,使用聚类分析方法作亲疏关系树形谱系图,在不同的相似度下可将众多样品依据亲疏关系远近进行有层次的味觉聚类区分,错判较少。此外,模式识别分析结果表明,8-PPP-TSA的仿生味觉识别具有与生物味觉识别相似的特点。     

蒸制鲟鱼肉特征性滋味组分的鉴定

为明确传统热加工鲟鱼肉特征性滋味组分,对蒸制鲟鱼肉中游离氨基酸、核苷酸、有机酸、甜菜碱及无机离子等滋味组分进行定量分析,并结合滋味活性值、滋味组分减缺、添加及重组实验探究蒸制鲟鱼肉的关键味觉化合物。结果表明：蒸制16 min鲟鱼肉的关键味觉化合物为甘氨酸、谷氨酸、丙氨酸、5’-一磷酸腺苷、5’-一磷酸肌苷、乳酸、琥珀酸、K＋、Na＋和Cl－;将10 种关键味觉化合物按其天然含量溶解在超纯水中制备简化重组液,简化重组液能够较为完整地复制完全重组液的味道,但与天然提取液相比,在鲜味上仍有所欠缺。     

食品中的呈味肽及其呈味机理研究进展

呈味肽因其不同链长度和结构序列具有不同的滋味特征,包括甜味、苦味、酸味、咸味和鲜味。目前国内对于呈味肽的研究主要集中在其种类和数量的发掘阶段,关于呈味肽与味觉感受器相互作用而呈味的机理还不是十分清晰;而国外对于呈味肽的降血压、降血糖等生物活性功能以及5类呈味肽的相应呈味机理研究有相关新报道。本文阐述了食品中的呈味肽以及其在食品中的作用,并综述了其呈味机理的研究新进展,以期为食品风味研究及调味品的开发提供参考依据。     

Umami Taste Enhancement of MSG/NaCl Mixtures by Subthreshold L-α-Aromatic Amino Acids

l ‐Phenylalanine (l ‐Phe) and l ‐tyrosine (l ‐Tyr) are L‐α‐aromatic amino acids that have recently been discovered to be important components of the savory fractions of soy sauce in addition to l ‐glutamate. Their effects are evaluated on the umami or savory taste of monosodium L‐glutamate (MSG), with or without sodium chloride (NaCl). Because l ‐Phe at subthreshold concentration (1.0 mM) significantly enhances an umami taste of a MSG/NaCl mixture (P= 0.000), combinations of 4 subthreshold concentrations (0, 0.5, 1.5, and 5.0 mM) of l ‐Phe with a weakly suprathreshold MSG (4.0 mM) and NaCl (80 mM) mixture were then rated for salty and umami intensities relative to those of standard solutions. L‐Phe was found to significantly enhance the umami tastes of the MSG/NaCl mixtures when it was added in a concentration range of 0.5 to 5.0 mM (P= 0.000). However, neither the umami taste of MSG alone nor the salty taste of NaCl alone was intensified. In a further experiment, l ‐Tyr at the 3 subthreshold concentrations (0, 0.5, and 1.5 mM) studied was shown to have the same activity as L‐Phe. The phenomenon of umami or savory enhancement by subthreshold aromatic amino acids in the soy sauce system has been established.     

Optimization and validation of a taste dilution analysis to characterize wine taste

ABSTRACT:  A procedure for the general taste dilution analysis (TDA) of wine has been optimized and applied to characterize the tastants of 5 different wines. Samples are concentrated first by vacuum distillation at 20 °C to obtain a dearomatized concentrate. Such concentrate is redissolved in water and injected in a semipreparative C18-high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) column. The effluent is separated in fractions that are collected and concentrated by vacuum distillation. Sequential dilutions of the fractions are further evaluated by a sensory panel to assess the intensity of the basic tastes and in-mouth sensations. Fractions were also submitted to HPLC-mass spectrometry (MS) analysis to screen for known tastants of wines. The Taste Dilution chromatograms showed that taste differences between wines are mainly located in fractions 1, 2, and 6, and are mainly related to bitterness and astringency. Different aspects of the method setup and of its reliability are evaluated and discussed.     

Are Free Fatty Acids Effective Taste Stimuli in Humans?

The popularity of low- and reduced-fat foods has increased as consumers seek to decrease their energy consumption. Fat replacers may be used in fat-reduced products to maintain their sensory properties. However, these ingredients have been largely formulated to replicate nongustatory properties of fats to foods and have only achieved moderate success. There is increasing evidence that fats also activate the taste system and uniquely evoke responses that may influence product acceptance. Work supporting a taste component of fat has prompted questions about whether fat constitutes an additional "primary" or "basic" taste quality. This review briefly summarizes this evidence, focusing on human studies, when possible. Effective stimuli, possible receptors, and physiological changes due to oral fat exposure are discussed. Some studies suggest that there are fatty acid tasters and nontasters and if verified could have implications for targeted product development.     

Thermal taster status associates with oral sensations elicited by wine

Backgrounds and Aims: Individual differences in the perception of wine flavour may contribute to variation in wine consumer behaviour. Two phenotypes shown to associate with the intensity of oral sensations elicited by simple solutions are thermal taster status (TTS) and responsiveness to the bitterant 6-n-propylthiouracil (PROP). Thermals tasters (TTs) perceive ‘phantom’ tastes when the tongue is thermally stimulated. Here, we investigate the effect of TTS and PROP responsiveness on the perceived intensity of oral sensations elicited by wine. Methods and Results: Two white (2008 Pinot Grigio, Italy and 2007 Gewürztraminer, Canada) and two red (2007 Valpolicella, Italy and 2007 Cabernet Sauvignon, Chile) wines were assessed by 20 TTs and 20 thermal non-tasters (TnTs). TTs rated the intensities of sweet, sour, bitter, astringent and overall flavour higher than TnTs, and males (17) tended to rate these sensations higher than females (23). Unexpectedly, PROP responsiveness was not associated with intensity ratings of oral sensations for any wine (P(r) > 0.05). Neither TTS, PROP responsiveness, nor gender was linked with liking scores of the wines. Conclusion: TTS may be an important determinant of individual differences in oral perception of wine. Significance of Study: Understanding how individuals differ in their perception of wine can assist with product development, formulation and marketing.     

基于电子舌技术的红茶滋味品质评价

目的研究电子舌技术在红茶滋味品质评价上的应用,探索电子舌评价结果同人工感官滋味审评结果间的关系。方法采用电子舌传感器响应值及滋味分值结合主成分分析、聚类分析等方法进行红茶滋味的评价,并同人工感官滋味结果进行比较;绘制滋味雷达图、酸鲜味等级评价图、滋味分属性间及感官滋味的相关性表。结果利用电子舌测定的数据结合主成分分析和聚类分析对茶样进行的分类结果同感官滋味分类结果一致;不同类别间的茶样滋味特点不同,滋味口感好的茶样鲜味强度值高而苦涩味值低;分属性滋味间的相关性显著。结论电子舌技术在红茶滋味的评价上有较好的应用,可以定性的区分不同滋味等级的茶样,且能定量的给出不同茶样间的酸、甜、苦、咸、鲜滋味的相对强度分值。     

滋味物质间相互作用的研究进展

人类的味觉提供了有关食品质量及其组成的必要信息。人类可鉴别出食物的5 种基本味觉,即甜、咸、酸、苦和鲜味,但食物是多种滋味化合物组成的混合体系,因此滋味物质间相互作用是不可避免的。滋味物质间的相互作用发生在3 个层面,即化合物混合时的化学反应、一种物质对另一种物质滋味受体的影响、混合物质在大脑中的综合感知。其中研究较多的是滋味物质在第二层面上的相互作用。二元、三元及多元滋味物质之间的关系是复杂的：当滋味化合物低强度/浓度混合时呈现增强效应;中等强度/浓度往往呈现加和作用;高强度/浓度混合时常呈现抑制作用。另外,滋味感知受很多因素的影响,如温度、pH值、黏度、硬度、受试者生理状况等。滋味物质间相互作用的研究主要聚焦在饮料滋味改良、药品苦味掩盖和口腔护理产品开发等具有广阔研究前景。     

鱼露的春天

该文介绍了世界各国鱼露的主要产地、原料，对其进行了成分和呈味物质特点的分析，说明了各呈味物质之间的关系和各成分所具有的功能性。目的在于重新评价鱼露，展示其不可替代性。     

Perception of sugar-acid mixtures in lemon juice drink

Acid was removed from lemon juice by selective adsorption on to a weak-base resin. Four levels each of sucrose and citric acid were combined factorially and dissolved in the low-acid juice, providing sixteen stimulus combinations. Using graphic-rating scales, assessors evaluated the stimuli for intensities of overall flavour, sweetness, and acidity; the relation of each of these intensities to ideal; and general acceptability. The various acceptability responses proved to be internally consistent, and the experiment suggested an optimum sugar-acid blend from the sixteen combinations. Ratings of overall flavour strength followed a compressed pattern in a factorial plot, with increasing concentrations of sugar and acid exerting a diminishingly small effect. In the perception of individual components, sucrose clearly suppressed the perceived intensity of citric acid, but only the highest concentration of acid unequivocally suppressed sweetness. There was a striking similarity between each set of intensity responses and the corresponding ideal-relative responses, suggesting a link between intensity and hedonics.     

The Associations Between Oral Complex Carbohydrate Sensitivity,BMI, Liking,and Consumption of Complex Carbohydrate Based Foods

Recent work suggests that humans may perceive complex carbohydrates and that their sensitivity to simple carbohydrates (i.e., glucose and sucrose) is independent from tasting complex carbohydrates. The aim of this study was to confirm whether humans could sense complex carbohydrates from a range of concentration levels; and if their oral sensitivity to complex carbohydrate relates to their BMI, liking, and consumption of complex carbohydrate‐based foods using a large sample group of adults. Participants’ (n = 92 females, age 23.7 ± 0.5 yr [range, 19 to 47 yr]) oral sensitivity towards complex carbohydrate (maltodextrin) and sweet taste function (glucose) was assessed by measuring detection threshold and suprathreshold intensity perception (gLMS). Participants were asked to complete an online version of a Food Frequency Questionnaire and a Likes and Dislikes Questionnaire. Hedonic ratings for complex carbohydrate and sweet solutions, as well as for a range of complex carbohydrate and sweet prototypical foods, were also measured. Consistent with previous findings, there was large interindividual variation in detection and intensity measures for maltodextrin and glucose. No significant associations were found between oral complex carbohydrate sensitivity, Body Mass Index (BMI), and frequency of consumption of complex carbohydrate‐based foods measured. Similarly, no differences were observed between liking of complex carbohydrates, BMI, and food intake. All in, these results from a large sample group further support the proposition that complex carbohydrates are not invisible to the human palate, and can be sensed in the oral cavity even at low concentration levels.     

厚味γ-Glu-Ile肽的谷氨酰胺酶酶法合成

Glu-Ile可通过解淀粉芽孢杆菌源谷氨酰胺酶酶法合成。结果表明:反应得最佳底物浓度比Gln∶Ile为100∶200(mmol/L∶mmol/L),最适pH值在9~10之间,最适温度为37℃,反应时间为10h,最大产量为21.58mmol/L。γ-Glu-Ile可以增加鸡汤、牛肉汤和酱油的鲜味、厚味、酸味和甜味,且γ-Glu-Ile在鸡汤、牛肉汤和酱油中的厚味阈值分别为(0.62±0.20),(0.83±0.37),(0.91±0.29)mmol/L。商用解淀粉芽孢杆菌源谷氨酰胺酶可用于γ-Glu-Ile的酶法合成,γ-Glu-Ile因能增加鸡汤、牛肉汤和酱油中的呈味感受而作为呈味添加剂。     

水中Na~+浓度对绿茶茶汤滋味品质的影响及其内在原因分析

钠离子是饮用水中的重要金属离子,为探明其对绿茶茶汤滋味品质的影响,本文分析了不同浓度钠离子(0~200 mg/L)对普通绿茶茶汤滋味品质的影响及其内在原因。研究结果表明,添加外源钠离子(Na Cl)可以一定程度上影响普通绿茶茶汤的苦味、涩味和醇度等滋味强度;适量的钠离子(20 mg/L)可以有效降低普通绿茶茶汤的苦味和涩味强度、提高茶汤醇味程度,从而改善绿茶茶汤的整体滋味品质。通过分析,发现钠离子的添加对茶汤滋味品质成分的含量没有显著影响,而是通过改变儿茶素(EGCG)、咖啡碱和茶氨酸等主要滋味品质成分及其混合液的呈味特性来影响绿茶茶汤整体滋味品质。本研究还分析了不同阴离子钠盐对绿茶茶汤滋味品质的影响差异,结果发现氯化钠和硫酸钠对普通绿茶茶汤滋味品质的改善显著好于其他钠盐。本研究结果将为绿茶饮料的滋味品质调控提供理论基础。     

食品中甘味的感官评价研究

食品的甘味是一种特殊的风味,本文对食品中甘味的感官评价进行了初步研究,包括筛选和培训食品感官评价员,进行食品甘味的感官培训和感官评价测试,根据测试结果改善食品感官以及量化食品甘味的感官评价指标等,为如何在食品研发和品质控制中开展感官评价研究工作提供了一条新思路,同时亦就甘味的呈味机理作了初步探讨。     

The association between perceived sweetness intensity and dietary intake in young adults

Individual differences in taste perception may influence dietary habits, nutritional status, and ultimately nutrition-related chronic disease risk. Individual differences in sweetness intensity perception and the relationship between perceived sweetness intensity, food behaviors, and dietary intake was investigated in 85 adults. Subjects (body mass index [BMI]= 21 ± 3, 21 ± 4 y) completed a food and diet questionnaire, food variety survey, 2 24-h food records, and a perceived sweetness intensity measurement using the general labeled magnitude scale (gLMS). There was interindividual variation in perceived sweetness intensity (0 to 34 gLMS units, mean 10 ± 7). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed no difference between perceived sweetness intensity and degree of importance placed on not adding sugar to tea or coffee (P = 0.2) and the degree of importance placed on avoiding sugar-sweetened or fizzy drinks (P = 1.0). Independent t-test analysis revealed no significant association between perceived sweetness intensity and the food variety measure for sugar and confectionary intake (P = 0.6) and selected fruit and vegetable intake (P = 0.1 to 0.9). One-way ANOVA also demonstrated no difference between tertiles of sweetness intensity and BMI (P = 0.1), age (P = 0.3), and food variety score (P = 0.5). No correlation was observed with regards to perceived sweetness intensity and mean total energy (kJ) intake (r = 0.05, P = 0.7), percent energy from total fat, saturated fat, protein, carbohydrate, and grams of fiber (r =-0.1 to 0.1, P = 0.2 to 0.8) and also for intake of the micronutrients: folate, magnesium, calcium, iron, and zinc (r = 0.1 to 0.2, P = 0.1 to 0.4). Only modest correlations were observed between sodium (r = 0.3, P < 0.05), vitamin C (r = 0.3, P < 0.05), and potassium (r = 0.2, P < 0.0) intake and perceived sweetness intensity. Overall, perceived sweetness intensity does not appear to play a role in food behaviors relating to sugar consumption and dietary intake in adults.