Ultrafiltration recovery of alginate: Membrane fouling mitigation by multivalent metal ions and properties of recycled materials

Recovery of alginate extracted from aerobic granular sludge (AGS) has given rise to a novel research direction. However, these extracted alginate solutions have a water content of nearly 100%. Alternately, ultrafiltration (UF) is generally used for concentration of polymers. Furthermore, the introduction of multivalent metal ions into alginate may provide a promising method for the development of novel nanomaterials. In this study, membrane fouling mitigation by multivalent metal ions, both individually and in combination, and properties of recycled materials were investigated for UF recovery of sodium alginate (SA). The filtration resistance showed a significantly negative correlation with the concentration of metal ions, arranged in the order of Mg²⁺ < Ca²⁺ < Fe³⁺ < Al³⁺ (filtration resistance mitigation), and the moisture content of recycled filter cake showed a marked decrease. For Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Fe³⁺, and Ca²⁺+ Fe³⁺, the filtration resistances were almost the same when the total charge concentration was less than 5 mmol⋅L^–1. However, when the total charge concentration was greater than 5 mmol⋅L^–1, membrane fouling mitigation increased significantly in the presence of Ca²⁺ or Fe³⁺ and remained constant for Mg²⁺ with the increase of total charge concentration. The filtration resistance mitigation was arranged in the order of Fe³⁺ > Fe³⁺ + Ca²⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺. Three mechanisms were proposed in the presence of Fe³⁺, such as the decrease of SA concentration, change in pH, and production of hydroxide iron colloids from hydrolysis. The properties of recycled materials (filter cake) were investigated via optical microscope observation, dynamic light scattering, Fourier transform infrared, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy. The results provide further insight into UF recoveries of alginate extracted from AGS.     

Adsorption equilibrium,kinetics, and dynamic separation of Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions from phosphoric acid-nitric acid aqueous solution by strong acid cation resin

The separation of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions from phosphoric acid-nitric acid aqueous solution is very significant for the neutralization process of nitrophosphate fertilizer. This paper studied the adsorption equilibrium, kinetics, and dynamic separation of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions by strong acid cation resin, and the effects of phosphoric acid and nitric acid on the adsorption process were investigated. The results reveal that the adsorption process of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions in pure water on resin is in good agreement with the Langmuir isotherm model and their maximal adsorption capacities are 1.86 mmol·g^-1 and 1.83 mmol·g^-1, respectively. The adsorption kinetics of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions on resin fits better with the pseudo-first-order model, and the adsorption equilibrium in pure water is reached within 10 min contact time, while at the present of phosphoric acid, the adsorption rate of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ ions on resin will go down. The dynamic separation experiments demonstrate that the designed column adsorption is able to undertake the separation of metal ions from the mix acids aqueous solution, but the dynamic operation should control the flow rate of mix acid solution. Besides nitric acid solution was proved to be effective to completely regenerate the spent resin and achieve the recyclable operation of separation process.     

锂辉石浸出液提锂除杂规律研究

碳酸锂是一种基础锂盐, 不仅广泛应用于传统化工行业, 也是生产锂电池的重要原料, 近年来锂电产业蓬勃发展, 极大推动了原料碳酸锂的提取与制备研究。为了提取锂辉石中的锂来制备碳酸锂, 利用沉淀溶解-平衡理论分析锂浸出液的除杂规律。对锂辉石进行转型焙烧、酸化焙烧、浸取, 锂辉石中98%左右的锂可进入液相, 得到锂浸出液, 然后根据溶解平衡理论确定3步除杂净化条件：1）中和pH至6.5除大部分Al ³⁺和Fe ³⁺;2）加入氧化剂将Fe ²⁺氧化成Fe ³⁺, 调 pH 至8.0除Fe ³⁺;3）调pH至10.0, 加入理论量碳酸钠（以液相Ca ²⁺计）, 最终Al ³⁺、Fe ³⁺、Mg ²⁺ 等浓度低于10 ^-6 mol/L, Ca ²⁺质量分数约为2×10 ^-5。     

Investigation of solution chemistry to enable efficient lithium recovery from low-concentration lithium-containing wastewater

In the production of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and recycling of spent LIBs, a large amount of low-concentration lithium-containing wastewater (LCW) is generated. The recovery of Li from this medium has attracted significant global attention from both the environmental and economic perspectives. To achieve effective Li recycling, the features of impurity removal and the interactions among different ions must be understood. However, it is generally difficult to ensure highly efficient removal of impurity ions while retaining Li in the solution for further recovery. In this study, the removal of typical impurity ions from LCW and the interactions between these species were systematically investigated from the thermodynamic and kinetics aspects. It was found that the main impurities (e.g., Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺) could be efficiently removed with high Li recovery by controlling the ionic strength of the solution. The mechanisms of Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ removal were investigated to identify the controlling steps and reaction kinetics. It was found that the precipitates are formed by a zero-order reaction, and the activation energies tend to be low with a sequence of fast chemical reactions that reach equilibrium very quickly. Moreover, this study focused on Li loss during removal of the impurities, and the corresponding removal rates of Fe³⁺, Al³⁺, Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ were found to be 99.8%, 99.5%, 99%, and 99.7%, respectively. Consequently, high-purity Li₃PO₄ was obtained via one-step precipitation. Thus, this research demonstrates a potential route for the effective recovery of Li from low-concentration LCW and for the appropriate treatment of acidic LCW.     

含硫酸亚铁废溶液的生物氧化过程中氮源对溶解性Fe（Ⅲ）生成量的影响

利用嗜酸性氧化亚铁硫杆菌将含硫酸亚铁废溶液中的Fe²⁺氧化成Fe³⁺后用于脱除H₂S,同时实现了含硫酸亚铁废溶液的循环利用和H₂S的脱除。而溶解性Fe³⁺较高的生成量是保证该处理系统连续高效运行的关键因素。但在充足氮源和K⁺条件下大量Fe³⁺以黄铁矾沉淀形式存在。因此,本文通过控制氮源种类及投加浓度,减少沉淀生成,增大溶解性Fe³⁺生成量,以期提高H₂S的去除效率。结果表明（NH₄）₂HPO₄可替代以往研究中的（NH₄）₂SO₄作为氮源,确定适宜菌体生长的氮源浓度范围为0.33～1 g·L^-1。在1 g·L^-1 （NH₄）₂HPO₄条件下细菌生长无明显停滞期、Fe²⁺平均氧化速率为0.221～0.229 g·（L·h） ^-1,Fe³⁺生成量为7.62～7.72 g·L^-1,沉淀量为1.17 g·L^-1,因此确定（NH₄）₂HPO₄为1 g·L^-1时最能保证H₂S的脱除效率。为降低工艺成本,最低可采用0.33 g·L^-1为运行浓度。该优化方案不仅保证了菌体的Fe²⁺氧化活性,而且有效地减少了菌体培养过程中沉淀的产生,获得了较高的Fe³⁺生成量和增速,为使用含硫酸亚铁废溶液处理H₂S的工艺条件优化提供了依据。     

Fe3+在A2O工艺缺氧区的转化规律及其对污泥絮凝性的影响

为了研究铁元素对A²O工艺污泥絮凝性的影响,考察Fe³⁺在污泥上清液、胞外聚合物（extracellular polymeric substances,EPS）与底泥（Pellet）中的分布和迁移转化规律,结合三维荧光光谱（3D-EEM）、原子吸收和X射线衍射仪（XRD）分析Fe的存在形态和结构特征,揭示Fe³⁺与微生物代谢产物的作用机制,探索Fe³⁺对脱氮除磷效率的影响。结果表明：低浓度Fe³⁺（<10 mg·L^-1）能够提高COD和TN去除率,促进微生物活性,增强污泥生物絮凝性;高浓度Fe³⁺（10~40 mg·L^-1）则抑制微生物活性,使EPS总量升高,污泥絮体脱稳,LB、TB层PN/PS是影响污泥絮凝性的关键因素;Fe³⁺的投加强化生物除磷效率,当Fe³⁺浓度为40 mg·L^-1时,TP去除率为93%。Fe³⁺在污泥混合液中的分布规律为TB>上清液>LB>SMP,Fe³⁺在生物体内富集累积,能够改变EPS各层的组分。     

Selective removal of iron(III) from highly salted chloride acidic solutions by solvent extraction using di(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate

Metal ions including Fe³⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺ and Cu²⁺ are commonly found in the leaching solution of laterite-nickel ores, and the pre-removal of Fe³⁺ is extremely important for the recovery of nickel and cobalt. Di(2-ethylhexyl)phosphate acid (D2EHPA) showed high extraction rate and selectivity of Fe³⁺ over other metal ions. The acidity of the aqueous solution is crucial to the extraction of Fe³⁺, and the stoichiometry ratio between Fe³⁺ and the extractant is 0.86:1.54. The enthalpy for the extraction of Fe³⁺ using D2EHPA was 19.50 kJ/mol. The extraction of Fe³⁺ was ≥99% under the optimized conditions after a three-stage solvent extraction process. The iron stripping effects of different reagents showed an order of H₂C₂O₄>NH₄HCO₃>HCl>NaCl>NaHCO₃>Na₂SO₃. The stripping of Fe was ≥99% under the optimized conditions using H₂C₂O₄ as a stripping reagent.     

培养基优化以促进超高浓度发酵生产乙醇(英文)

An optimal medium (300 g·L-1 initial glucose) comprising 6.3 mmol·L-1 Mg2+, 5.0 mmol·L-1 Ca2+, 15.0 g·L-1 peptone and 21.5 g·L-1 yeast extract was determined by uniform design to improve very high gravity (VHG) ethanol fermentation, showing over 30% increase in final ethanol (from 13.1% to 17.1%, by volume), 29% decrease in fermentation time (from 84 to 60 h), 80% increase in biomass formation and 26% increase in glucose utilization. Experiments also revealed physiological aspects linked to the fermentation enhancements. Compared to the control, trehalose in the cells grown in optimal fermentation medium increased 17.9-, 2.8-, 1.9-, 1.8- and 1.9-fold at the fermentation time of 12, 24, 36, 48 and 60 h, respectively. Its sharp rise at the early stage of fermentation when there was a considerable osmotic stress suggested that trehalose played an important role in promoting fermentation. Meanwhile, at the identical five fermentation time, the plasma membrane ATPase activity of the cells grown in optimal medium was 2.3, 1.8, 1.6, 1.5 and 1.3 times that of the control, respectively. Their disparities in enzymatic activity became wider when the glucose levels were dramatically changed for ethanol production, suggesting this enzyme also contributed to the fermentation improvements. Thus, medium optimization for VHG ethanol fermentation was found to trigger the increased yeast trehalose accumulation and plasma membrane ATPase activity.     

双梳型共聚物对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响与表征

通过FTIR、SEM、XPS、zeta电位和粒度测试研究了双梳型共聚物Agrilan^TM 752对吡虫啉悬浮剂分散稳定性的影响。结果表明Agrilan^TM 752分子中存在羧基、酯基和聚氧乙烯醚侧链,通过氢键、范德华力和疏水作用力结合吡虫啉,从而有效地分散吡虫啉颗粒;Agrilan^TM 752用量与悬浮剂的分散稳定性密切相关,实验条件下得出其最佳用量为3%（质量分数）,此用量下Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值最大;初始pH值超过6后Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度逐渐降低,zeta电位在初始pH = 10处存在最大负值,初始pH值在2～10范围内悬浮hina剂的分散稳定性普遍较高,pH值超过10后分散稳定性明显降低;电解质离子（Na⁺、Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺）浓度越高则Agrilan^TM 752的吸附层厚度和zeta电位负值越低,悬浮剂的分散稳定性越差,相同浓度下电解质离子对悬浮剂的分散稳定性影响程度顺序为Ca²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺。     

L-半胱氨酸改性聚环氧琥珀酸的合成及其阻垢缓蚀性能

以L-半胱氨酸（LCY）为改性剂改性聚环氧琥珀酸（PESA）得到了一种聚环氧琥珀酸衍生物L-半胱氨酸改性聚环氧琥珀酸（LCY-PESA）,用红外光谱和核磁共振谱表征了LCY-PESA的物质结构,用红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱和扫描电镜研究了钙垢的晶型（形）,探讨了LCY-PESA的静态阻垢、动态阻垢、静态缓蚀、分散氧化铁和生物降解等性能,通过量子化学计算方法研究了LCY-PESA的缓蚀机理。静态阻垢结果表明,在c（Ca²⁺）为400 mg·L^-1、c（HCO₃^-）为800 mg·L^-1的实验介质中,LCY-PESA投放量为6 mg·L^-1,阻垢率即可达到94.6%;当c（Ca²⁺）为150 mg·L^-1、c（Fe²⁺）为10 mg·L^-1、LCY-PESA投放量为15 mg·L^-1时,最小透光率为61.5%。动态阻垢测试显示：随着加药量的增加,动态污垢热阻减小,当加药量为1 mg·L^-1时LCY-PESA的动态阻垢率比PESA提高了约15%。红外光谱、X射线衍射光谱和扫描电镜结果表明,LCY-PESA对钙垢有明显的晶格扭曲作用,把方解石变为球霰石,表现出良好的阻垢分散性能。该衍生物还表现出了优良的可生物降解性能。量子化学计算表明：LCY-PESA分子中的S原子和N原子对HOMO轨道的电荷密度影响较大,导致LCY-PESA的HOMO轨道和LUMO轨道的能隙差值小于PESA分子的能隙差值,因此LCY-PESA分子抑制金属腐蚀的效果好于PESA。     

Adhesion of Alcaligenes denitrificans to Polymeric Materials: The Effect of Divalent Cations

The influence of surface characteristics of the microorganisms and the substrate materials, such as electrokinetic potential and hydrophobicity, in the adhesion process was investigated in a previous work [1]. As neither surface charge nor hydrophobicity can fully explain the process of bacterial adhesion, the effect of divalent cations was experimentally studied. Adhesion assays were performed in sodium phosphate buffer saline (PBS) medium and in a medium with the same ionic strength containing Ca^{2 +}, Mg^{2 +} and Fe^{2 +}. In the presence of divalent cations, contrary to what happened in PBS, adhesion was more favourable to the more negatively charged polymeric material. This points out a strong contribution of ion bridging in culture medium. In the absence of divalent cations, a higher hydrophobicity of the support is required in the process of adhesion.     

阳离子类型对粉煤灰混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响

通过快速氯离子迁移系数法(RCM法)和自然扩散法研究了钾、钠、钙、镁四种阳离子类型的氯盐对粉煤灰混凝土氯离子扩散性能的影响,基于分子动力学模拟,对比分析了K⁺、Na⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-五种离子在水溶液中的径向分布函数和均方位移曲线。结果表明:粉煤灰混凝土的氯离子扩散系数主要受阳离子价态的影响,价态越高,扩散系数越大;扩散系数随着氯离子浓度增加先增大后减小,随着粉煤灰掺量增加先减小后增大;阳离子类型影响氯离子扩散性能的原因是离子扩散能力不同,其中各离子水合能力强弱顺序为Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Na⁺＞K⁺>Cl^-,自扩散系数大小顺序为Mg²⁺＞Ca²⁺＞Cl^-＞K⁺>Na⁺。MgCl₂中的Mg²⁺和Cl^-对粉煤灰混凝土都有侵蚀作用,且Mg²⁺会抑制粉煤灰活性的激发。     

Density functional complexation study of metal ions with poly(carboxylic acid) ligands. Part 1. Poly(acrylic acid) and poly(α-hydroxy acrylic acid)

We have studied metal ion complexation with poly(carboxylic acid) ligands using density functional methods and a continuum-solvation model (COSMO). Geometry optimisations have been carried out for metal complexes of poly(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid), poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid), and poly(epoxy succinic acid) oligomers. The complexation energies for Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mn²⁺, and Fe³⁺ have been calculated and they have been corrected with previously determined metal specific correction parameters. The most effective ligand for all the metal ions was found to be poly(epoxy succinic acid). With Ca²⁺, poly(epoxy succinic acid) was found to form 6-coordinated complex with three metal-coordinating carboxylate oxygen, two ether oxygens, and one hydroxyl oxygen atom. All the other metals favoured 5-coordinated complexation geometry with four metal-coordinating carboxyl oxygens and one ether oxygen atom.     

金属离子对水热法制备半水硫酸钙晶须的形貌及粒径的影响

以二水硫酸钙为原料,采用水热法制备了半水硫酸钙晶须。通过单因素实验得出制备半水硫酸钙晶须的较优工艺条件为：反应温度120℃、料浆质量分数2%、反应时间2h、搅拌速度200r/min,此时所得晶须产物平均直径2.4μm,长径比103.9,晶须呈长针状、规则统一,分散性好。探讨了K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe³⁺、Al³⁺对较优工艺条件下制备的半水硫酸钙晶须形貌及粒径的影响,结果表明：金属离子对晶须产物形貌及粒径有显著影响。其中低浓度的Mg²⁺、Cu²⁺有助于获得小直径、高长径比的晶须产物;Al³⁺、Fe³⁺对晶须的生长有较强的抑制作用,特别是低浓度的Al³⁺、Fe³⁺使得晶须的形貌发生明显的变化,导致长径比较低;除K⁺外,金属离子浓度越高,所得晶须产物直径越大,长径比越小,并发生团聚现象,晶须由针状变为短棒状,分散性变差。同时探讨了金属离子的作用机理。     

真空制盐两碱净化过程成垢离子的脱除及控制

通过研究卤水两碱法净化过程成垢离子(Ca2+,Mg2+和CO32-)的行为,揭示卤水净化成垢离子脱除与控制的基本规律.研究了"NaOH-Na2CO3"两碱用量对卤水中钙镁离子净化效果及精卤中残留碳酸根离子浓度的影响.研究结果表明,通过优化两碱用量,调控卤水pH值,可以在脱除钙镁离子的同时,实现碳酸根离子的高效利用,控制...     

生物法拆分外消旋甲霜灵制备R-甲霜灵

从土壤和污泥样品中分离得到一株能不对称水解甲霜灵的革兰阴性菌。通过分子生物学鉴定,命名该菌株为Albibacters sp.zjut528。当底物浓度为50 g·L^-1,湿菌体（含水量81%）：底物=0.3：1（质量比）,反应28 h,产物得率为47.1%,主产物为R-甲霜灵酸,对映体过量值ee_p > 99.9%。将菌株细胞破碎得到的粗酶液分离纯化得到一个SDS-PAGE电泳纯的酯酶,分子量约为40×10³,酶的N端10个氨基酸序列为NH₂-Ala-Ala-Lys-Ala-Pro-Leu-Arg-Leu-Lys-Glu。该酶最适温度为40℃,20~40℃稳定性较好。最适pH为9.0,在pH 5.0~10.0范围内稳定。Fe²⁺、Mn²⁺、Zn²⁺对酶活有促进作用,Fe³⁺对酶活有一定的抑制作用。在含有20%的乙腈、异丙醇、丙酮、二异丙醚、环己烷、正己烷的水溶液中,酶活均比在纯水相中有明显提高。该酶反应动力学符合米氏方程,V_m为0.18 mmol·L^-1·min^-1,K_m为2.29 mmol·L^-1,K_cat为0.85 min^-1。建立了一条利用Albibacters sp.zjut528细胞作催化剂拆分甲霜灵制备R-甲霜灵的工艺路线,终产品R-甲霜灵的纯度是96.2%,ee值为99.3%。     

阳树脂合成柠檬酸钙的电化学自动分析系统

基于流动注射流通式Na/Ca微电极串联动态电化学自动检测系统,给出了一种阳树脂在线离子交换连续合成高纯度柠檬酸钙的新方法,并实现了对阳树脂柱的运行状态及流出液中柠檬酸钙含量的同时自动在线监测。通过对此系统的相关影响因素进行了考察和优选,得到的结果是:检测系统的总离子强度调节缓冲液由80 mmol·L^-1 tris、175 mmol·L^-1 H₃BO₃、1 mmol·L^-1 KCl和0.025 mmol·L^-1 CaCl₂的混合液(pH 8.0)构成,样品注入体积为150 μl,总流量为2.26 ml·min^-1,混合盘管长度为120 cm(I.D.0.5 mm);检测系统的测定范围分别为2.0～1000 mmol·L^-1 Na⁺,0.2～50 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺;相对标准偏差(RSD)小于 0.68%;其检测下限分别为1.12 mmol·L^-1 Na⁺,0.093 mmol·L^-1 Ca²⁺。     

Direct synthesis of single-phase α-CaSO4·0.5H2O whiskers from waste nitrate solution

Single-phase α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O whiskers were directly synthesized from waste Ca(NO₃)₂ solution using a hydrothermal method, and HNO₃ was synchronously regenerated. The effects of reaction temperature and Ca²⁺ concentration on the phase composition and morphology of products were determined by X-ray diffraction and optical microscopy. On the basis of the experimental results, the formation diagram of α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O was plotted within the range of 5-35 g·L^-1 Ca²⁺ and 115℃-150℃. In addition, the conditions of the direct synthesis of α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O were determined. Well-crystallized, single-phase α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O whiskers with high aspect ratios (length, 1785 μm; diameter, 10.63 μm; aspect ratio, 168) and HNO₃ (70.25 g·L^-1) were obtained at the optimal conditions of 25 g·L^-1 Ca²⁺ and 125℃.     

固相法制备掺杂型高色度CoxM1-xAl2O4/高岭土复合颜料

为了制备低成本、高色度的钴蓝颜料,本文以高岭土为载体,以Al₂O₃和Co₃O₄为主要原料,通过引入ZnO、CaO及MgO不同金属氧化物,采用固相法制备了高色度(Co_xM_1-xAl₂O₄)/高岭土复合颜料(M为Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺或Zn²⁺)。系统考察了研磨时间、煅烧温度、煅烧时间和不同金属氧化物掺量对复合颜料呈色性能的影响规律。研究表明,在煅烧温度1 200 ℃、研磨时间12 h和n(Co²⁺)/n(M²⁺)为3:2时,制得的复合颜料具有最好的呈色性能(L^*=53.68,a^*=7.58,b^*=-62.89)。同时,引入不同的金属元素,可实现对复合颜料颜色的调控,引入Ca²⁺后,所制备的Co_xCa_1-xAl₂O₄复合颜料偏红相,而引入Zn²⁺后,所制备的Co_xZn_1-xAl₂O₄复合颜料偏绿相。通过相关表征,提出了复合颜料的呈色机理,在颜料制备过程中,引入与Co²⁺离子半径接近的Mg²⁺或Zn²⁺,Mg²⁺或Zn²⁺可进入CoAl₂O₄的四面体配位中,部分替代Co²⁺,形成MgAl₂O₄-CoAl₂O₄或ZnAl₂O₄-CoAl₂O₄的固溶体,而引入离子半径较大的Ca²⁺,形成CaAl₂O₄和CoAl₂O₄的均相混合物。最后,将制得复合颜料应用到有机硅耐热涂料中,可以明显提高有机硅涂料的热稳定性。     

氨基磺酸改性海藻酸钠的制备及对Fe3+的吸附

为有效防止尾矿坝化学堵塞可在排水设施上涂覆海藻酸钠基吸附材料。以海藻酸钠(SA)为基体, 高碘酸钠为氧化剂, 氨基磺酸为改性材料, 制备了一种吸附材料氨基磺酸改性海藻酸钠(MSA), 使用FT-IR、SEM对其进行表征, 并研究了MSA对Fe³⁺的吸附行为。研究结果表明: —NHSO₃H被成功引入到海藻酸二醛(ADA)上制得MSA; MSA吸附Fe³⁺后分子尺寸增大, 分子链空隙增大。MSA吸附Fe³⁺的较佳吸附条件为Fe³⁺初始质量浓度200 mg/L、Fe³⁺溶液pH值2、吸附时间240 min, 吸附温度25 ℃, 此时MSA对Fe³⁺的吸附量最大, 为151 mg/g。吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型和Langmuir吸附等温式, MSA对Fe³⁺的吸附是单分子层化学吸附; 吸附热力学分析表明吸附过程是一个自发的过程, 且温度升高不利于吸附反应的进行。