NECP-Atlas中热中子散射律数据生成模块的开发与验证

基于热中子散射理论,在核数据处理程序NECP-Atlas中开发了热中子散射律数据生成模块。在相干弹性散射中,去除了传统方法中的晶体立方近似和原子位置近似,采用各向异性位移参数（ADPs）方法得到考虑了不同原子位置和作用力方向影响的相干弹性散射律数据,使得相干弹性散射模型适用于任意结构晶体。运用有效宽度模型或自由气体模型考虑液体靶中的扩散效应,运用离散谐振子模型考虑多原子分子靶的分子内部振动,以及舍尔德近似考虑分子间的相干效应。通过对D2O中D非弹性、LiH中H非相干弹性、金属Be相干弹性散射律数据的计算,证明了程序和方法的正确性。采用ADPs方法计算的金属Be相干弹性散射律数据与传统方法相比,精度最大提高约10%。ICSBEP基准题计算结果表明,采用ADPs方法获得的金属Be热散射截面,会使计算的有效增殖因数更接近实验基准值平均约60 pcm。     

Investigation of thermal neutron scattering data for BeF2 and LiF crystals

The influences of thermal neutron scattering data for BeF₂ and LiF crystals on molten salt reactor physics are investigated in this work. Based on the structure parameters of BeF₂ and LiF, the coherent scattering for both crystals is added to NJOY source code. The ENDF6 format thermal neutron scattering sub-libraries for both crystals are evaluated with their phonon spectra using LEAPR; the ACE format data are produced by NJOY subsequently. Finally, the effect of thermal neutron scattering of BeF₂ and LiF crystals on k _eff and spectrum are investigated. The result shows that thermal neutron scattering for bound state of BeF₂ and LiF influence k _eff and spectrum obviously. The elastic scattering cross section for bound state of crystals is smaller than free atom; it makes k _eff decrease (1%–2%) and spectra be hardened. The higher temperature the bound state has, the smaller coherent elastic scattering cross section it gets; therefore, k _eff decreases with temperature. It is suggested that the thermal neutron data of LiF and BeF₂ should be taken into account for molten salt reactor.     

在MCNP中考虑共振弹性散射的修正方法

蒙特卡罗方法采用自由气体模型来考虑中子与靶核的弹性碰撞中的热效应。传统的模型假设绝对零度下的弹性散射截面是常数,忽略了截面的共振效应所带来的影响。为在自由气体模型中考虑共振弹性散射效应,采用多普勒展宽舍弃修正方法,修正了连续能量蒙特卡罗程序MCNP的自由气体模型,并对Mosteller轻水堆多普勒基准题进行了分析。数值结果表明：对于轻水堆,在热态零功率的情况下,忽略共振弹性散射会高估燃料棒的无限介质增殖因数（k_∞）40～100 pcm,热态满功率下高估140～200 pcm;忽略共振弹性散射给燃料温度系数带来7%～15%正的偏差。同时分析了新的抽样方法对计算时间的影响,以及共振弹性散射效应对中子出射能量分布的影响。     

139La全套中子数据理论计算及评价

利用已有光学模型参数,基于光学模型、扭曲波玻恩近似、统一的Hauser-Feshbach以及角动量宇称相关的激子模型等核反应理论,计算了20 MeV能量范围内,中子与¹³⁹La反应的全套数据,包括反应截面、弹性及非弹性散射角分布、中子及带电粒子出射的能谱及双微分截面等。对模型计算结果进行了评价和统调,加入了共振参数,并将评价结果与实验数据及已有评价数据进行了比对,所有数据均以ENDF-6标准格式输出。     

CENACE热散射中子文档的研制

为模拟计算相关中子学问题,中国核数据中心研制了ACE格式的多温度连续能量点截面库CENACE。其中,为计算热中子相关问题,采用NJOY99程序,将ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1库中18种材料的热散射率数据制成ACE格式的热中子散射数据。为验证热中子ACE文档的完整性和可用性,对加工得到的数据进行绘图测试,并将热散射截面的计算结果与实验测量值进行比较。测试结果表明,所有ACE文档数据准确可靠,不存在异常或不合理等现象;对于常见反应堆慢化剂材料,新制作的热散射数据与实验值符合良好,个别材料的热散射率评价数据有待进一步改进。     

热中子散射数据处理程序TSC的研制

为获得核工程应用上准确的热中子散射数据,同时顺应国内近年来对核电软件自主化的迫切需求,利用FORTRAN90计算机语言研制了热中子散射数据处理程序TSC。TSC程序的研制主要基于中子热化理论和变步长积分法,程序的设计采用模块化设计以及数据I/O独立设计以提高其可扩展性和可维护性。采用TSC程序计算了现有的热中子散射评价核数据,并与同类程序THERMR的处理结果进行对比。结果显示,两者计算结果符合很好,从而验证了TSC程序的正确性与可靠性。     

中子与58,60Ni反应的理论计算

根据中子与天然Ni及其同位素反应的总截面、去弹截面和弹性散射角分布的实验数据，得到中子的光学模型势参量。应用得到的光学模型势参量，根据光学模型、统一的Hauser-Feshbach和激子模型理论以及扭曲波玻恩近似理论，系统计算和分析了中子与^58,60Ni反应的非弹散射角分布和双微分截面，理论结果与实验很好地一致。     

Thermal neutron cross-sections of magnesium

Basic data necessary for the calculation of the thermal neutron scattering cross-section of magnesium were defined. The calculation scheme is the standard one used in reactor physics. For this purpose, the NJOY code is the main piece of software. Small modifications were needed in the NJOY's module LEAPR to take into account the specific lattice structure of magnesium. As a result we obtain a ENDF-6 standard conforming thermal data evaluation containing both coherent elastic scattering and incoherent inelastic scattering. The calculated values were checked against experimental values. Finally, a comparison of transmission coefficients through magnesium annular structure was done using the free gas and crystal models.     

Inelastic neutron scattering and prompt fission neutron spectra for Np

The secondary neutron spectra (inelastic, elastic, fission) for ²³⁷Np were measured by the neutron time of flight spectrometer of the IPPE at the incident energy range 1–2.5 MeV. The solid tritium target was used as a neutron source. The neptunium oxide (189 g) packed in the low mass stainless steel container was used as a scattering sample. The neutron background due to scattering on the target environment and tritium into the target backing was measured and was calculated with the appropriate model of the neutron source. The data were corrected for neutron background, the scattering on the oxygen and iron nuclei, and the effect of the finite sample size. The fission neutron spectra were measured, evaluated and subtracted from the emission neutron spectra to estimate inelastic neutron spectra and cross-sections. The experimental results were compared with ENDF/B-VI, BROND-2, JENDL-3 neutron data libraries.     

热化截面库SabDEP制作与热化截面插值方法

加工生成了基于ENDF/B Ⅶ及其评价方法的新热化ACE(ACompactENDF)截面库SabDEP（工程物理系热化截面库）,包括轻水、重水、Be、石墨、H/Zr和Zr/H共6种材料,每种材料含6个温度点。对SabDEP库进行了微观截面比对验证和积分计算验证,重水的截面相对于原来生成的截面有很大改进。在清楚ACE文件结构基础上,对热化截面开展了温度插值方法研究,取得了很好的插值结果。     

氢化锂热化效应机理研究

氢化锂（LiH）以其低密度、高熔点、较高的H原子份额等良好的热物性,被用作空间核热推进反应堆的慢化剂和屏蔽材料。考虑到低能区LiH热中子数据的缺失使得数值模拟结果与实际相差很大,本文对LiH热化效应机理进行初步研究,基于第一性原理方法计算了LiH的声子谱,采用GASKET和NJOY程序建立LiH热散射律和散射矩阵的计算模型,制作成MCNP的ACE格式的LiH热中子截面数据库。对比文献结果和ZrH2热散射截面,分析差异的原因,采用Debye模型的抛物线效应修正了次级能量分布情况。该截面值可为下一步高温粒子球床堆物理建模提供必要的数据。     

Model independent determination of the elastic incoherent structure factor in neutron scattering experiments

In quasielastic neutron scattering (QENS) the dynamic structure factor S(Q, ω) consists of an elastic central line with area given by the elastic incoherent structure factor (EISF) and a continuous quasielastic broadening. Using only the resolution function of the spectrometer we discuss a method to derive the EISF directly from the raw experimental data points S(Q, ω) without any smoothing or any modelling of the quasielastic broadening. We compare this model to the Fourier transform method, show how it works on actual neutron scattering data and discuss its accuracy for several cases.     

Neutron Nuclear Data Evaluation for Thorium-232

An evaluation was made on the neutron cross sections, resonance parameters and average neutron yield in fission for ²³²Th in the energy range from thermal energy to 20 MeV. The fission and capture cross sections were evaluated on the basis of the experimental data by converting the relative ratio data into cross section values by making use of recent evaluations for reference cross sections. The total cross section was determined from experimental data in the region from 24 keV to 15 MeV and then extrapolated to lower and higher energies by using the optical model whose parameters had been adjusted as so to reproduce the measured data. The elastic and inelastic scattering, (n, 2n) and (n, 3n) reaction cross sections were calculated by means of the statistical model combined with the optical model. A set of resonance parameters were recommended in the energy range below 3.5 keV and average resonance parameters were deduced in the unresolved resonance region. A value of 7.40 b was chosen for the capture cross section at 0.025 eV, and the picket-fence negative-energy levels were introduced so as to reproduce the non-l/v behavior of the capture cross section in the epithermal region.

The results were incorporated in the Japanese Evaluated Nuclear Data Library, Version 2 (JENDL-2). Comparison was made between the present and other evaluations such as ENDF/B-V and possible reasons for the discrepancy were discussed.     

多普勒展宽舍弃修正对氟盐冷却球床高温堆中子学的影响分析

超热区中子的弹性散射易受靶核热运动影响,传统的蒙特卡罗程序采用常数散射截面自由气体模型来描述超热区中子的散射过程。研究表明,忽略共振弹性散射效应所引入的误差随温度的升高而增加,而氟盐冷却球床高温堆工作在高温条件下,为减小共振区弹性散射计算误差,有必要在中子学计算中使用多普勒展宽舍弃修正方法以考虑其共振弹性散射效应。本文使用修改源码后的蒙特卡罗程序MCNP5对氟盐冷却球床高温堆栅元开展中子学计算,发现经多普勒展宽舍弃修正后的²³⁸U的中子俘获率增加,无限增殖因数减小123～1182 pcm,且无限增殖因数偏差随燃料球栅元填充率及温度的升高而增大。     

加速器中子源大厅内散射中子分布的模拟

本文针对加速器中子源可在较宽能量区间产生单能中子的特点,采用MCNP5对0.2～20 MeV的源中子在加速器中子源大厅内的散射情况进行模拟计算和分析。结果表明,直射中子通量随离源距离的增大呈平方反比衰减,散射中子通量则随离源距离的增大而几乎保持不变;大厅内的散射中子主要来自墙壁的贡献,离墙壁越近散射率越高。能量为0.4 MeV和1 MeV的源中子散射率最高,10 MeV和15 MeV的源中子散射率最低。用中子的宏观散射截面可较好解释散射率模拟结果,中子的弹性散射截面远大于非弹性散射截面,因此弹性散射起主导作用。中子能量大于1 MeV后,散射截面随中子能量增加而减小直至进入一段坪区,散射率也随之降低并进入坪区。结合待测位置处直射、散射中子通量和不同能量的散射中子份额的计算,能解释能量较高的源中子散射率较低的现象。通过在墙壁表面附上一层中子慢化吸收材料的方法可有效减弱中子散射,如5 cm的含硼聚乙烯（10%B4C）可降低散射率约40%。     

Neutron Transport Calculations by Using Double-Differential Cross Sections

Some test calculations were carried out to demonstrate the usefulness of double-differential cross sections for neutron transport calculations including anisotropic scattering. A transport code system NITRAN was applied for the purpose. In NITRAN, the anisotropy of elastic and inelastic scattering can be treated in a general form by double-differential total neutron-emission cross sections, which are generated from single-differential and/or original double-differential cross section data base.

The test calculations were performed for neutron flux spectra in aluminum and lead slabs, and also for tritium production rates in a natural lithium sphere. Since the treatment free from collision kinematics is possible by using the double-differential cross sections in the Sⁿcalculations, the discretization of secondary neutron energy distribution becomes independent of the segmentation of angular distribution. A significant improvement due to this independence can be seen in calculating the anisotropy of general inelastic scattering and the extreme anisotropy of elastic scattering by heavy nuclei. For precise anisotropic transport calculations, it is therefore concluded that the nuclear data of double-differential type are more suitable than those of single-differential type.     

Measurements and Calculations of Angular Flux Spectra Emitted from Lithium and Graphite Slabs with D-T Neutron Source

Angular dependent flux spectra from slab assemblies (lithium and graphite) were measured to test nuclear data and calculational methods for D-T fusion reactor neutronics. The collimated 14 MeV neutron source could be applied by the use of an associated particle method and the neutron spectra from 14 to 2 MeV were observed with TOF technique. The measured spectral pattern was dependent on the anisotropy of secondary neutrons emitted from both the elastic and the non-elastic scattering for 14 MeV neutrons. As for the numerical calculations, one-dimensional discrete ordinates transport codes (ANISN and NITRAN) were used. The multigroup cross sections processed with SPTG4Z from ENDF/B-IV were used as common nuclear data base. The problems of calculational methods and nuclear data were discussed in comparison with the experimental data and it was clarified that sufficient nuclear data of angular dependent cross sections for the non-elastic scattering have not been available in ENDF/B-IV and that the anisotropy of the scattering could not be calculated with ANISN which utilized the scattering kernel generated by incorrect treatment of scattering kinematics in the processing code. However, good agreement between the measurements and calculations was obtained by the use of NITRAN system with the appropriate processing codes of inelastic scattering anisotropies. It was shown that the NITRAN system was useful for anisotropic neutron transport calculations.     

Calculation and evaluations for n+Cu reactions

All cross sections of neutron induced reactions, angular distributions, energy spectra and double differential cross sections are consistently calculated and analyzed for n+^63,65,nat.Cu reactions at incident neutron energies below 200 MeV based on the nuclear theoretical models. The optical model, preequilibrium and equilibrium reaction theories, the distorted wave Born approximation theory are used. Theoretical calculated results are compared with existing experimental data and the evaluated results in ENDF/B-VII and JENDL-3 libraries. The optical model potential parameters are obtained according to the experimental data of total, nonelastic scattering cross sections and elastic scattering angular distributions.     

Calculation Program MIVOID for Structure Change of Oxide Fuel during Irradiation

The total cross section of beryllium in the 0.002–0.3 eV neutron energy range was measured by transmission technique at four different temperatures of the sample—300°, 573°, 773° and 973°K.

The scattering kernel was directly calculated from the frequency distribution function, instead of using S(α,β) as practiced in the GASKET-FLANGE method. Integration of the scattering kernel based on the Sinclair model, the Young-Koppel model and the Raubenheimer-Gilat model resulted in little difference between the calculated total cross sections obtained with the three models.

The experimental values are in good agreement with calculations for all measured temperatures of the sample.