医用重离子加速器薄壁真空室研制

中国科学院近代物理研究所研制的医用重离子加速器装置是我国第1台拥有自主知识产权的医用重离子加速器,其高频脉冲二极磁铁使用RAMPING工作模式且磁场上升速率为1.6 T/s,所以安装在高频脉冲磁铁内的真空室采用一种薄壁加筋结构不锈钢真空室以减少涡流对离子束稳定性的影响。然而由于薄壁加筋不锈钢真空室占用磁铁气隙尺寸偏大,不仅造成了磁铁造价成本偏高,更是提高了运维成本。基于以上原因,本文提出陶瓷内衬薄壁（0.3 mm）真空室,并研制了原理样机。测试结果表明：样机真空度进入了10^-10 Pa量级范围,并可有效减小磁铁气隙,是未来加速器薄壁真空室的发展方向。     

CSNS/RCS陶瓷真空盒热特性及振动研究

陶瓷真空盒作为中国散裂中子源（CSNS）快循环同步加速器（RCS）真空系统的关键部件,能避免RCS二极、四极交流磁铁因快速变化的磁场而产生的涡旋电流。因安装空间限制,RCS陶瓷真空盒支架固定在磁铁线圈上。在CSNS/RCS交流磁铁长时间加电测试中,出现陶瓷真空盒断裂、真空破坏的情况。为避免后期出现类似问题,从磁铁发热进而引起陶瓷真空盒不均匀升温的角度出发,对陶瓷真空盒的热特性进行了分析,同时基于双目视觉测量技术,对陶瓷真空盒的振动情况进行了监测,针对部分真空盒水平方向振动异常的问题,确定其影响因素为快卸链条的磁导率超标。最后开展了陶瓷真空盒的支架减振技术研究。     

重离子加速器磁铁电源控制系统研制

重离子加速器通过一定周期的磁场对带电粒子进行约束,磁铁电源是产生所需磁场的关键部件,因此,要求磁铁电源控制系统具备高效性、稳定性、精确性。磁铁电源需按加速器运行周期进行响应运行。重离子加速器磁铁电源的时序必须严格按重离子加速器控制系统的控制时序进行控制。本工作研制了重离子加速器磁铁电源控制系统,通过磁铁电源控制器与同步时钟系统的通信进行控制时序的运行;通过与中央数据库的数据通信获取磁铁电源控制器所需的全部数据(如同步事例数据、波形数据等)。同步时钟信号一旦触发,磁铁电源控制器进行相应的数据获取并进行插值运算输出至磁铁电源进行控制。重离子加速器磁铁电源控制系统同步精度为1μs,实验平台测试控制器平台纹波精度为100ppm,能满足重离子加速器实验运行的要求。     

Maintenance Method for Tokamak Fusion Reactors with Downward Access to Torus Inboard Structures

A concept of tokamak fusion reactor maintenance is presented. Reactor structures and maintenance machines are arranged so that the component inside a shielding structure can be replaced through the hatches located on the upper side of the torus shielding structure. The plasma vacuum boundary is constituted by the inside wall of the shielding structure. The magnet vacuum chamber contains two toroidal magnets in a single room, so that strong support structures can be placed between these toroidal magnets. A merit of this reactor is that the inboard reactor structures are accessible with keeping the magnet cryogenic condition and without disassembling any major reactor components. The practicability of this method will depend on the time required to move the blanket segments in the toroidal direction and to weld pipes by remote handling. A number of ideas for reducing this time are presented.     

数字电源控制模块的设计

为加速器高精度磁铁稳流电源设计了数字电源控制模块DPSCM,以硬开关拓扑结构的磁铁电源作为被控对象,实现电源的全数字化控制。DPSCM以现场可编程门阵列FPGA为控制部件,实现对高精度ADC和DAC的控制,由数字调节器产生高精度数字脉宽调制信号,并实现电源的逻辑控制和联锁保护功能。通过模拟负载测试了DPSCM的基本功能,并在数字电源样机上测试了DPSCM长期运行的可靠性及稳定性,样机电源连续运行72h,电流稳定度优于5×10^-5。     

A fast switching electrostatic deflector system for actinide isotopic ratio measurements

We have implemented a fast switching electrostatic system on the actinides beamline on the ANTARES accelerator at ANSTO, to improve the precision of analyses by accelerator mass spectrometry. This high-energy bouncing system is based on a pair of deflector plates, deflecting in the orbit plane, set at the entrance and exit of the analysing magnet. The design of deflector plates is unique, and it was modelled by SIMION in order to minimize field inhomogenity and fringe field effects. The pair of deflector plates are supplied by a high-voltage amplifier driven by an EPICS-enabled control unit, with two 4 W power supplies providing up to ±10 kV modulation. The high-energy bouncing system is synchronized with the existing low-energy bouncing system. To measure the isotopic ratio with the new system, the magnetic fields of the injector and analysing magnets are set to transmit selected isotopes along the beam line with zero voltage applied. The other isotopes of interest are transmitted by keeping the magnetic fields constant and modulating the voltages on the injector magnet chamber and on the high-energy deflector plates.     

Monte Carlo simulation of synchrotron radiation transport and calculation of dose to the components of a high-energy accelerator

An electron-positron collider (LEP) has recently been put into operation at CERN. Two 46 GeV beams circulate around the 27 km accelerator ring and these produce intense synchrotron radiation with photon energies up to more than 1 MeV. A lead shiedl 8 mm thick has been provided in most places around the vacuum chamber to minimize radiation damage to sensitive machine components. Monte-Carlo techniques using a modified version of MORSE have been used to estimate dose-rate levels in the tunnel due to radiation escaping from the vacuum pipe and scattered by magnets and the tunnel walls. The results have been confirmed by dosimetry measurements.     

Design of the stripping unit and the electromagnetic analysis unit for the E//B NPA on HL-2A/2M tokamak

An E//B neutral particle analyzer is under development for fast ion diagnosis on HL-2A/2 M tokamak. The stripping unit is composed of a stripping room (equipped with two differential tubes and a gas supply bellows), a vacuum chamber and a vacuum pumping system. The stripping efficiency of the stripping room is calculated in the form of global efficiency R × f₊₁, where R is the non-scattered-away rate and f₊₁ is the fraction of charge state +1. The magnetic field of the E//B analyzer is produced with a permanent magnet. The yoke and the poles of the magnet are made of mild steel and the magnet plates are made of NdFeB. The magnetic poles are specially designed to focus the ion trajectories and to increase the use rate of the magnet. The shape of the magnet and the electric plates are carefully designed so that the ions are dispersed into two lines of H⁺ and D⁺ on the detector plane. For each line, the energy increases from 10 to 200 keV from one side to another.     

100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器超高真空系统研制

中国原子能科学研究院建成了一台强流质子回旋加速器,其引出能量为100 MeV,流强为200 μA。为减小粒子加速时束流损失的目的,其粒子加速腔内工作真空度要求为6.7×10^-6 Pa。由于是紧凑型加速器结构,该加速器能提供给真空系统利用的通路有限,为此主真空系统设计为内置式低温冷板结合商业低温泵的排气方案以增加系统整体的抽气能力。设计、加工完成的真空系统已成功应用于100 MeV强流质子回旋加速器上,为加速器的束流调试和正常供束提供了有利的保障。     

大型筒形通用散射靶室

描述了大型筒形通用散射靶室的结构与性能，靶室总长６．４ｍ，靶筒直径２．４ｍ；前角最大飞行距离４．５ｍ，周角飞行距离１ｍ，靶室内装有围靶球形探测支架，中角有可移动探测支架，前角有塑料闪烁墙支架，法拉第筒内可装置余束辐照样品，高真空采用８台１５００Ｌ／ｓ抽速的涡轮分子泵，运行真空度为４ｍＰａ，极限真空度为０．８ｍＰａ。     

Operational experience with forced cooled superconducting magnets

Force-cooled concept has been chosen for ITER superconducting magnet to get reliable coil insulation using vacuum-pressure impregnation (VPI) technology. However 17 breakdowns occurred during operation of six magnets of this type or their single coil tests at operating voltage < 3 kV, while ITER needs 12 kV. All the breakdowns started on electric, cryogenic and diagnostic communications (ECDCs) by the high voltage induced at fast current variations in magnets concurrently with vacuum deterioration, but never on the coils, though sometimes the latter were damaged too. It suggests that simple wrap insulation currently employed on ECDCs and planned to be used in ITER is unacceptable. Upgrade of the ECDC insulation to the same level as on the coils is evidently needed. This could be done by covering each one from ECDCs with vacuum-tight grounded stainless steel casings filled up with solid insulator using VPI-technology. Such an insulation will be insensitive to in-cryostat conditions, excluding helium leaks and considerably simplifying the tests thus allowing saving time and cost. However it is not accepted in ITER design yet. So guarantee of breakdown prevention is not available.     

ITER重力支撑的制造设计、认证测试及关键技术研究

重力支撑（GS）作为国际热核聚变实验堆（ITER）磁体支撑系统的关键部件,不但要承受环向场超导磁体净重以及交变的电磁载荷,同时还需隔离来自杜瓦环的热量以维持环向场超导线圈的热稳定性。本文通过有限元分析和工程测试验证了GS结构设计的可靠性;通过换热分析和真空热交换效率测试验证了热锚连接结构的可靠性;通过全尺寸螺栓77 K疲劳测试验证了螺栓原型件的疲劳性能。在随后的制造过程中,使用液压拉伸器和研制的高精度螺栓伸长量测量装置对所有的螺栓进行了均匀、精确地紧固。真空正压氦检漏的测试结果证明了GS的泄漏率远低于ITER的要求。基于以上工程测试的结果,本文设计的GS的结构是可行的且能运用于ITER装置中。      

大功率电子辐照加速器扫描磁铁芯管的研制

扫描磁铁芯管的研制是大功率电子辐照加速器引出系统的关键技术之一,本文详细叙述了扫描磁铁芯管的选材、结构设计和加工工艺,并利用有限元方法对芯管壁面加强筋的形状及位置进行了优化,对芯管的焊接工艺进行了总结归纳,最终保证该芯管在大功率烟气脱硫加速器上使用时状况良好.     

Nuclotron: Basic Results and Development Plans

The results of the development and operation of the accelerator complex at the high-energy laboratory of the Joint Institute of Nuclear Research, a nuclotron – the first rapid-cycling superconducting synchrotron – being the main component, are described. The accelerator was developed on the basis of a unique technology for building superconducting magnets which are capable of operating with a cycle repetition frequency up to 1 Hz.Among the latest results, it is mentioned that the energy consumption for operation of the accelerator is substantially decreased and the duration of continuous operation is increased. The beam extraction system recently put into operation is described. For the first time, this system is based on components which operate at low temperature (about 4.5 K). Data on the upgrading of the ion sources are presented.Plans for further development of the accelerator complex are described: production of intense beams of polarized deuterons, application of superconducting magnets in the beam channels, and development of a superconducting nuclotron booster.     

高能大功率电子辐照加速器270°偏转光路设计

为实现高能大功率电子辐照加速器的一机多用目的,需研制270°偏转光路支线。本文采用Trace3D程序对270°偏转光路进行了设计与模拟计算,设计了双135°偏转磁铁和整体270°偏转磁铁。对双135°和整体270°两种偏转磁铁元件进行二维和三维电磁场设计与模拟计算,计算结果表明,整体270°偏转磁铁的场分布与光路设计中所要求的物理参数差距较大。由于整体270°偏转磁铁的场分布调整较困难,使工程实施中的束流调试难度较大,因此采用双135°偏转磁铁的光路方案。     

Study of the key factors affecting the triple grid lifetime of the LIPS-300 ion thruster

In order to ascertain the key factors affecting the lifetime of the triple grids in the LIPS-300 ion thruster,the thermal deformation,upstream ion density and component lifetime of the grids are simulated with finite element analysis,fluid simulation and charged-particle tracing simulation methods on the basis of a 1500 h short lifetime test.The key factor affecting the lifetime of the triple grids in the LIPS-300 ion thruster is obtained and analyzed through the test results.The results show that ion sputtering erosion of the grids in 5 kW operation mode is greater than in the case of 3 kW.In 5 kW mode,the decelerator grid shows the most serious corrosion,the accelerator grid shows moderate corrosion,and the screen grid shows the least amount of corrosion.With the serious corrosion of the grids in 5 kW operation mode,the intercept current of the acceleration and deceleration grids increases substantially.Meanwhile,the cold gap between the accelerator grid and the screen grid decreases from 1 mm to 0.7 mm,while the cold gap between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increases from 1 mm to 1.25 mm after 1500 h of thruster operation.At equilibrium temperature with 5 k W power,the finite element method(FEM)simulation results show that the hot gap between the screen grid and the accelerator grid reduces to 0.2 mm.Accordingly,the hot gap between the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid increases to 1.5 mm.According to the fluid method,the plasma density simulated in most regions of the discharge chamber is 1?×?10~(18)-8?×?10~(18)m~(-3).The upstream plasma density of the screen grid is in the range 6?×?10~(17)-6?×?10~(18)m~(-3)and displays a parabolic characteristic.The charged particle tracing simulation method results show that the ion beam current without the thermal deformation of triple grids has optimal perveance status.The ion sputtering rates of the accelerator grid hole and the decelerator hole are 5.5?×?10~(-14)kg s~(-1)and 4.28?×?10~(-14)kg s~(-1),respectively,while after the thermal deformation of the triple grids,the ion beam current has over-perveance status.The ion sputtering rates of the accelerator grid hole and the decelerator hole are 1.41?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1)and 4.1?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1),respectively.The anode current is a key factor for the triple grid lifetime in situations where the structural strength of the grids does not change with temperature variation.The average sputtering rates of the accelerator grid and the decelerator grid,which were measured during the 1500 h lifetime test in5 k W operating conditions,are 2.2?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1)and 7.3?×?10~(-13)kg s~(-1),respectively.These results are in accordance with the simulation,and the error comes mainly from the calculation distribution of the upstream plasma density of the grids.     

Investigation of vacuum performances of TiZrV coated pipe

Some metal compounds called as Non-Evaporable-Getter have been widely used to improve vacuum system performance of accelerator facility.In this paper,a TiZrV film on the surface of stainless steel vacuum pipe is made by direct current magnetron sputtering,and its vacuum performance is experimentally studied.Our results show that the TiZrV film is partly activated at 160℃,and its pressure performance is similar with one at higher temperature. The coating reduces the ultimate pressure and prominently shortens the pressure-down time in a sputter ion pump system,thus creating evenly distributed pressure profile in a coating pipe.The adsorption rate is steady,and adsorption amount increases linearly.Such TiZrV-coated pipe behaves like pump other than gas source in vacuum system.     

Design and Development of a Power Supply System for NBI Test Stand of EAST

A neutral beam injector (NBI) test stand was constructed to develop a multi-megawatt prototype ion source as an auxiliary heating system on experimental advanced superconducting tokamak. A power supply system for the NBI test stand components such as a set of dc power supplies for plasma generator, a dc high voltage power supply of a tetrode accelerator, a transmission line and a surge energy suppressor. Stable arc discharges of the plasma generator with hydrogen gases for 100 s long pulse have been produced by six Langmuir probes feedback loop regulation mode to control the arc power supply. The 4 MW hydrogen ion beam of 1 s is extracted with beam energy of 80 keV and the beam current of 52 A. The dc high voltage power supply for the plasma grid of the prototype ion source was designed to contribute maximum voltage of 100 kV and current of 100 A. The high voltage power output is continuously adjustable to satisfy with plasma physics experiment in operation frequency of 10 Hz. To prevent damage of the beam source at high voltage breakdown, core snubber using deltamax soft magnetic materials have been adopted to satisfy the input energy into the accelerator from the power supply can be reduced to about 5 J in the case of breakdown at 80 kV. For the transmission line, a disc shape multi cable coaxial configuration was adopted and which the dimension of the diameter is 140 mm at the core snubber. The major issues of discharge characteristics with long pulse and beam extraction with high power for the prototype ion source were investigated on the NBI test stand.     

反射磁铁在改善线缆辐照均匀性方面的应用

电子加速器辐照线缆，特别是辐照大规格线缆（外径40～80 mm）时，经常出现辐照不均匀现象。本文主要分析线缆辐照加工时出现不均匀现象的原因及解决方法，详细介绍反射磁铁的工作原理与使用方法，并对比使用反射磁铁与不使用反射磁铁辐照线缆的效果。辐照结果表明，使用反射磁铁辐照可提高大规格线缆的辐照均匀性。