乏燃料剪切机气固两相流分析及结构优化

后处理厂普遍采用机械法的剪切机系统进行乏燃料破解，剪切产生的放射性粉尘需进行包容设计，确保乏燃料芯块的充分利用和热室的可维修性，研究乏燃料剪切机内气流形态和颗粒物分布运动规律对于保障剪切机的正常运行具有重要意义。为补充试验研究和理论研究的不足，改善剪切机内粉尘分布、降低粉尘水平和优化剪切机设计，本文以注入模拟颗粒的乏燃料剪切机为研究对象、离散颗粒模型为基础，对剪切机内气固两相流进行了计算流体力学模拟。通过分析剪切机内流体的速度、压力和湍动能的分布规律，以及粉尘颗粒对箱体内部的破坏作用，对剪切机的结构和边界条件设计进行了优化。结果表明：改进流道结构和输入条件可有效避免剪切机内涡流、湍流和高冲击力的产生，箱体内气固两相流的速度场、压力场和湍动能分布规律较为均匀，梯度变化较小，可有效降低箱壁损伤。     

加/减速流动下棒束通道内速度分布和湍流特性研究

事故工况及海洋条件下反应堆处于非稳态工况,堆芯燃料组件内热工水力行为复杂多变,对反应堆安全提出了更高挑战,因此有必要对非稳态下燃料组件内流动换热特性开展研究。基于粒子图像测速（PIV）技术,结合远心镜头和脉冲控制器,实现对燃料组件内复杂流场的高时空分辨率、长时间的连续测量,获得了流量波动下燃料组件内时空演变的流场结构,分析了棒束通道内速度分布、湍流强度、雷诺应力等瞬时流场信息的空间演变特性。以定常流动下流场分布特性为基准,对比分析了加速度对燃料组件内空间流场分布的贡献特点。实验结果表明：加速流动提高了棒束通道内流层之间的速度梯度,抑制了横向速度和湍流强度;减速流动减弱了棒束通道内流层之间的速度梯度,提高了横向速度和湍流强度。实验结果有助于揭示燃料组件在非稳态条件下的瞬态特性,并为燃料组件的设计和优化奠定基础。     

钠冷快堆乏燃料组件自然循环冷却瞬态过程的数值模拟研究

应用Fluent程序,对处于氩气中的钠冷快堆乏燃料组件自然循环冷却瞬态过程进行了三维数值模拟。计算获得了乏燃料组件内部冷却剂通道和外部区域的热工水力学现象及变化规律。结果表明:利用标记区域分割方法,将燃料棒间隙网格划分为绕丝网格和绕丝周边流体域网格,能在棒束区生成高质量结构化网格;在氩气自然循环冷却瞬态过程中,棒束区内子通道氩气流量增加速度落后于边子通道,内子通道升温更快;乏燃料组件棒束区温度在轴向呈现中心高、边缘低的分布特征;为避免包壳温度超过设计值,乏燃料组件处于氩气中的时间不宜超过6min。     

扩散角对文丘里管内湍流影响的试验研究

为研究扩散角对文丘里管内湍流的影响,采用立体粒子图像测速技术分别对扩散角度为10°、12.5°、15°以及20°的文丘里管扩散段区域进行了测量,得到了平均速度分布,并通过瞬时速度场的统计分析得到了扩散段湍动能分布情况。研究表明,不同扩散角度的文丘里管扩散段内平均速度在截面直径方向成轴对称的单峰分布,湍动能在截面直径上成轴对称的双峰分布,在各试验工况下扩散段内均发生流动分离现象。随扩散角度增加,湍动能峰值增加,主流区径向宽度未发生变化,分离流区径向宽度增加,但对分离流区所占比例的影响较小,高湍动能区变宽;随着雷诺数的增加,湍动能峰值增加,主要由轴向雷诺应力引起,分离流区所占比例略有降低,但主流区和分离流区分布变化较小。此研究为高雷诺数不同角度的文丘里管流场研究提供了实验基础。      

间距对快堆燃料组件迷宫密封结构性能影响的数值模拟

本文采用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法针对直角梯形齿迷宫密封结构进行了三维数值模拟,对比研究间距对密封性能、流场分布、压力场分布、流速控制的影响,并在最佳间距尺寸下分析了偏心度对密封性能的影响。结果显示：扩大迷宫密封结构间距可有效减少漏流量、提高密封性能,并实现较好的流速控制,还可明显改善近壁面处的流动性能,强化对燃料组件外壁面的冷却;当间距超过3.02 mm时,密封性能提高有限,说明间距超过一定限值时,不能继续通过扩大间距提高迷宫密封结构密封性能,需在结构设计与工程应用中选择合理的间距尺寸;偏心现象导致迷宫密封结构流域内流速、压力分布不均匀,且随偏心度的增大不均匀现象有扩大的趋势,不仅对密封性能产生不利影响,还使得燃料组件振动加剧。     

燃料组件典型栅元湍流激振数值研究

为掌握全长范围内的燃料棒振动响应特性,以用于燃料棒微动磨损寿命分析,本研究运用计算流体动力学（CFD）方法,对燃料组件典型栅元的湍流激振进行数值模拟分析,并通过棒表面的瞬态脉动压力分布开展不同夹持力下的单棒瞬态动力学分析。研究表明:格架上游的截面平均湍动能约为0.1 m2/s2,格架临近出口位置湍动能达到峰值的0.65 m2/s2,格架的存在显著增强了流场的湍流强度,这是造成燃料棒湍流激振的主要原因;通过瞬态动力学分析确定了均方根振幅最大的定位格架位置,并建立了该格架的均方根振幅和振动速度随夹持力变化的关联式。本研究将为后续微动磨损理论计算及实验验证奠定基础。      

石墨粉尘通过高温气冷堆堆芯球床结构的运动行为研究

高温气冷堆在运行过程中产生带有放射性的石墨粉尘,对反应堆的运行安全和环境安全造成一定影响。本文选取二维球床流场,采用离散相模型分析了堆芯球床结构对石墨粉尘颗粒的扩散和沉积的影响。计算结果表明:球床结构能有效阻碍石墨粉尘颗粒的扩散;沉积在球床结构上的石墨粉尘颗粒数目随堆芯内氦气流速的增加而增大,而由于受到颗粒惯性及热泳力的作用其增长趋势逐渐放缓;石墨粉尘颗粒在球床结构上的沉积效率随粒径的逐渐增加呈现"几乎不变-快速增长-缓速增长"的态势。     

An analytical method of evaluating the effect of rod displacement on circumferential temperature and heat flux distributions in turbulent flow through unbaffled rod bundles

An analytical method of evaluating the circumferential variations of temperature and heat flux fields inside and around a displaced fuel rod in triangular rod bundles in turbulent flow is presented with illustrative examples. The analysis consists mainly of the derivation of the simultaneous solutions of a set of heat conduction equations for fuel, cladding and coolant under the assumption of fully developed flow and heat transfer conditions. The local coolant velocity distribution, which is necessary for deriving the temperature field in coolant, is determined by solving the Navier-Stokes equation and the turbulent mixing of coolant is taken into consideration. The results show how the circumferential variations in the temperature and heat flux fields on the outer surface of the cladding increase the lower the ratio and the larger the fuel rod displacement due to thermal conduction and peripheral coolant flow velocity distribution.     

Simulations of flow behavior of fuel particles in a conceptual helium-cooled spout fluidized bed nuclear reactor

Hydrodynamics of helium and fuel particles are simulated in a conceptual helium-cooled spout fluidized bed nuclear reactor. The conceptual reactor consists of an axis-symmetric column with a sharp cone inside which the fuel particles are fluidized by helium. An isothermal gas-solid two-fluid flow model is presented. The kinetic-frictional constitutive model for dense assemblies of solids is incorporated. The kinetic stress is modeled using the kinetic theory of granular flow, while the friction stress is from the normal frictional stress model proposed by (Johnson, P.C., Nott, P., Jackson, R., 1990. Frictional-collisional equations of motion for particulate flows and their application to chutes. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 210, 501-535). Detailed spatial/temporal concentration and velocity profiles have been obtained in a conceptual spout fluidized bed nuclear reactor. The influence of inlet spouting jet velocity and conical angles on flow behavior of fluid and fuel particles is analyzed. The numerical simulations show that the unique mixing ability of the spout fluidized bed nuclear reactor gives rise, as expected, to uniform particle distributions. This uniformity enhances the heat transfer and therefore the power produced by the reactor.     

Kinetic-theory-based investigation of electronegative plasma–wall transition with two populations of electrons

Kinetic theory has been employed to investigate the magnetized plasma-sheath structure and its characteristics in the presence of more than one species of negatively charged particles: hot electrons,cold electrons, and negative ions. The cold electrons and negative ions are considered to obey a Maxwellian distribution, whereas the hot electrons follow a truncated Maxwellian distribution. The Bohm sheath condition has been extended for the case of more than one species of negatively charged particles, in which the concentration of hot electrons has a crucial role in achieving the Bohm velocity. The thermal motion of hot electrons is much higher compared to cold electrons and negative ions, such that the variation of hot electron concentrations and the temperature ratio of hot to cold electrons play a key role in the determination of the plasma-sheath parameters: particle densities,electrostatic potential, the flow of positive ions towards the wall, and sheath thickness. We have estimated the deviation of the resultant drift velocity of positive ions on the plane perpendicular to the wall from the parallel component at the presheath–sheath interface. It is found that the deviation between the two velocity components increases with an increase in the obliqueness of the magnetic field. Furthermore, the results obtained from the kinetic trajectory simulation model are compared with the results obtained using a fluid model; the results are qualitatively similar, although the potential varies by less than 4% in terms of the magnitude at the wall.     

基于源项法的闭式回路架构对主泵性能影响的分析研究

传统的主泵流动分析平台多为简化的开式流路,与真实闭式回路运行工况存有较大差异。为探究主泵在真实回路中的流动特性与机理,以包含密封口环间隙的主泵全通道水力模型为研究对象,采用源项法进行稳态、瞬态计算分析研究。稳态计算结果表明:闭式循环回路中形成漩涡流态,致使主泵进口处发生预旋,产生入流畸变,导致湍动能有所增加,能量分布不均匀;瞬态计算结果表明:相较于开式流路,闭式回路入流畸变带来流场压力、速度、湍动能、压力脉动等特性的变化,导致泵体扬程、效率均有所下降,所受径向力、轴向力增大。闭式循环回路架构针对主泵流动性能的分析更接近真实流动。      

Measurements of turbulent velocity and temperature in axial flow through a heated rod bundle

Fully developed turbulent air flow in a heated 37-rod bundle with a pitch to diameter ratio of 1.12 has been investigated. Measurements were performed with a hot-wire probe with x-wires and a temperature wire. Besides the distributions of the mean velocity, mean fluid temperature, the wall shear stress and wall temperature, the turbulent quantities such as the turbulent kinetic energy, the Reynolds-stresses and the turbulent heat fluxes were measured and compared with data from isothermal flow and heated flow in pipes.     

海洋条件对棒束间湍流流动传热的影响

对海洋条件下典型7棒束和4棒束通道内的流体流动传热特性进行理论分析.分析结果表明,在海洋条件下,由于流速的波动,加热管壁上始终有周期性变化的蓄热存在.在7棒束通道内,由于四周壁面和加热管管壁的限制作用,垂直于流动方向的附加力对流体的影响非常小,流体的流动和传热特性主要由轴向湍流强度和入口流速决定.而在4棒束通道内,由于...     

球形燃料元件累积旋转角度和角速度问题研究

球床堆采用球形燃料元件,其在循环过程中存在滚动磨损以及滑动磨损并产生石墨粉尘。本文借助一种球形无线探测系统量化了角速度及累计旋转角度,并量化了滚动磨损对石墨粉尘产生的影响。实验结果表明,累计旋转角度和角速度与初始径向位置有关,随着初始径向位置由里向外,呈V字型分布,与仓筒边壁接触的球累计旋转角度和角速度远大于其他位置,边壁滚动效应显著。计算结果表明,滚动磨损对石墨粉尘产生量的贡献在11%-27%,且靠近仓筒边壁处该百分比高于其他位置,边壁效应明显。一般情况下,滚动磨损产生石墨粉尘量要低于滑动磨损产生的石墨粉尘量,以往在估算球床堆中的石墨粉尘量时,只考虑滑动磨损而忽略滚动磨损,会导致石墨粉尘的估算偏高。     

10MW高温气冷堆氦气流中石墨粉尘的凝并发展

在10MW高温气冷堆中，因球形燃料元件的循环等多种因素，石墨构件摩擦磨损而产生石墨粉尘的现象不可避免。石墨粉尘的粒度很小（约1μm），它在氦气的携带下将在一回路内流动。颗粒的布朗运动使石墨粉尘在流动过程中彼此碰撞而出现石墨粉尘的凝并现象，由此改变了石墨粉尘的粒度分布。本工作采用离散 分区模型，针对10MW高温气冷堆，计算了石墨粉尘在氦气流中的碰撞与凝并状况。计算结果表明，在10MW高温气冷堆中，石墨粉尘的凝并现象不严重。     

Dynamics of Dust in a Plasma Sheath with Magnetic Field

Dynamics of dust in a plasma sheath with a magnetic field was investigated using a single particle model. The result shows that the radius, initial position, initial velocity of the dust particles and the magnetic field do effect their movement and equilibrium position in the plasma sheath. Generally, the dust particles with the same size, whatever original velocity and position they have, will locate at the same position in the end under the net actions of electrostatic, gravitational, neutral collisional, and Lorentz forces. But the dust particles will not locate in the plasma sheath if their radius is beyond a certain value.     

A turbulence model study for simulating flow inside tight lattice rod bundles

Performances of various turbulence models are evaluated for calculation of detailed coolant velocity distribution in a tight lattice fuel bundle. The individual models are briefly outlined and compared with respect to the prediction of wall shear stress and velocity field, for a fully developed flow inside a triangular lattice bundle. Comparisons clearly show the importance of proper modeling of the turbulence-driven secondary flows in subchannels. A quadratic k– model, which showed promising capability in this respect, is adjusted in its coefficients, and the adjusted model is applied to fully developed flow in an infinite triangular array, with various Reynolds numbers. The results show that the inclusion of adequate anisotropy modeling enables to accurately reproduce the wall shear stress distribution and velocity field in tight lattice fuel bundles.     

Numerical Study of Particle Concentration Effect on Deposition Characteristics in Turbulent Pipe Flows

The present study focuses on the particle concentration effect on the particle deposition onto a channel wall in numerically simulated turbulent pipe flows. Large eddy simulation of the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations was performed to calculate the time-dependent turbulent flow field of continuous gas phase. Considering the technical application to the droplet motion in boiling water reactor subchannels, the flow direction was set to be vertically upward. The particles were placed at random initial locations in the pipe. The subsequent particle motion was tracked individually using a simple Lagrangian equation. To investigate the particle concentration effect on the rate of particle deposition, “two-way method” was applied, in which the two-way interactions between the continuous phase and the particles were taken into consideration. The calculated results showed that the mass transfer coefficient of particle deposition decreased noticeably with an increase in the particle concentration. This tendency was consistent with the experimental observations and empirical correlations. The present numerical results indicated that the turbulence modulation in the continuous gas phase is one of the primary causes of the reduction of the deposition mass transfer coefficient observed under high-droplet-concentration conditions.     

弥散型燃料板辐照肿胀行为的有限元分析

采用颗粒复合材料的细观力学研究思路,针对弥散型燃料板,选择一种代表性单元作为研究对象,用与裂变密度和燃耗相对应的、不断增大的裂变压力模拟燃料颗粒裂变对铝基体所产生的力学贡献,对研究对象进行了热力耦合分析.考察了裂变压力、温度应变和燃料颗粒沿厚度非均布对颗粒肿胀的影响,并对弥散型燃料板基体的米塞斯应力分布情况进行了分析.研究结果表明,颗粒百分比含量越高,颗粒肿胀的速度相对越快;随着裂变压力增大,颗粒肿胀的速率急剧增大,且颗粒不再是圆形;在正常工作和选取的参数条件下,温度应变对总变形的影响不大;当裂变压力不大时,非均匀分布对颗粒肿胀几乎没有影响,随着裂变压力的增大,非均匀分布的颗粒肿胀明显高于均布情况,而且越来越明显;基体的应力非球对称分布.     

Large eddy simulation in pebble bed gas cooled core reactors

A high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is one of the renewed reactor designs to play a role in nuclear power generation. This reactor design concept is currently under consideration and development worldwide. The combination of coated particle fuel, inert helium gas as coolant and graphite moderated reactor makes possible to operate at high temperature yielding a high efficiency. In this study the simulation of turbulent transport for the gas through the gaps of the spherical fuel elements (fuel pebbles) was performed using the large eddy simulation. This would help in understanding the highly three-dimensional, complex flow phenomena caused by flow curvature in the pebble bed. Resolving all the scales of a turbulent flow is too costly, while employing highly empirical turbulence models to complex problems could give inaccurate simulation results. The large eddy simulation (LES) method would overcome these shortcomings. An attempt to obtain experimental velocity flow patterns using particle image velocimetry technique combined with matched refractive index liquid was pursued.