围护结构动态热响应机理及应用

动态性是围护结构传热的本质属性，动态热响应机理是其动态运行规律的体现。围护结构在夏季的动态性比在冬季表现更为典型，因此该文开展隔热建筑的围护结构动态性机理及应用研究。通过研究围护结构的动态热响应机理提出围护结构最大防热量G_max，该指标兼顾多种工况下围护结构热性能的评价。以夏热冬冷地区的重庆为例进行模拟分析。研究发现：G_max<60 W/m²时，提升墙体最大防热量可有效提升其动态热响应性能；G_max在60～90 W/m²之间时，提升墙体最大防热量可较少提升其动态热响应性能；G_max>90 W/m²时，提升墙体最大防热量反而会降低其动态热响应性能。     

不同抽汽工况下供热机组热经济性分析

对评价供热机组热经济性能的指标进行了分析,建立了基于等效热降法的供热机组热经济性指标计算模型。以某60MW供热机组为例,采用常规热平衡法和等效热降法分别对不同抽汽工况下机组的热经济性指标进行了计算。结果表明,采用等效热降法的计算结果和采用常规热平衡法的计算结果具有相同的准确度,同时表明,该供热机组在最大抽汽工况下运行时热经济性明显高于其它抽汽工况时的热经济性。     

燃烧室部件耦合系统过渡工况传热全仿真模拟研究

内燃机的起动、停车、加载等运行工况发生急剧变化（过渡工况）过程中,其燃烧室部位外于强烈地被加热或被冷却状态。这种热冲击增加了部件的动态疲劳热应力,给内燃机的可靠性带来严重恶果,是导致燃烧室部位破裂的主要原因之一。燃烧室部件的传热研究是热负荷计算和评定的基础,对内燃机的可靠性设计具有重要意义。作对燃烧室部件活塞组气缸套耦合系统在过渡工况下的耦合传热关系进行了较深入的研究,建立了描述这一传热过程的数学模型;并利用该模型,模拟了125风冷柴油机在各种过渡工况下的传热情况。     

相变围护结构热性能评价方法和影响因素研究

为了揭示相变围护结构内、外表面的传热机理,文章针对夏季相变围护结构的两种不同传热过程,提出了"隔热因子"和"吸热因子"两个评价指标用于评价其传热性能,并利用热阻法建立了两种传热情况下的传热方程,对两个评价指标进行了理论求解;最后对影响两个评价指标的各个因素进行了单因素分析,得出不同因素对评价指标影响的规律。该研究可以为相变围护结构的参数选择提供理论依据和技术支持。     

新建建筑围护结构的热质耦合传递对建筑负荷的影响Ⅰ：冬季热负荷

对于节能建筑,围护结构保温性能优劣是影响其能耗的重要标准.以哈尔滨地区为例,通过对新建建筑围护结构热质耦合传递的模拟结果,对比分析了严寒地区典型新建建筑不同设置的多层围护结构在最初四年内热质耦合传递对围护结构墙体热负荷的影响.分析结果表明:围护结构保温层内表面安装隔汽层能有效缓解保温层受潮,对降低能耗较为有利,围护结构外表面粘贴釉面砖时对能耗影响最大,但若降低保温层初始含湿量会降低其影响.     

太阳墙热特性分析

对改进的特朗勃墙进行热过程分析,采用CFD技术耦合流固传热求解控制方程,研究了该太阳墙的动态热特性及在冬夏季华北典型气象条件的集热、保温、隔热及预热特性。同时,对墙体材料、墙体高度、空气层厚度、通风孔尺寸等敏感因子进行了分析,给出了适宜的墙体材料及构造形式。所得结论将有利于推进太阳能—建筑一体化技术的发展。     

恒温阀作用下的低温地板辐射供暖系统室温动态变化仿真

为了研究恒温阀作用于低温地板辐射供暖系统时室内温度的动态响应,从恒温阀的室温控制原理出发,对房间、辐射地板、外围护结构的动态传热过程进行了分析,建立了动态传热的数学模型。依据数学模型搭建了低温地板辐射供暖系统室温动态控制的Simulink仿真模型,并对不同工况和不同室温设定模式下的室内温度和流量变化规律进行动态仿真,得到了不同模式下室内温度的变化曲线。     

采暖居住建筑节能改造热桥传热分析

本文采用有限元法对我国华北地区既有采暖居住建筑节能改造前后围护结构的热桥传热进行了分析,计算结果表明既有建筑节能改造内保温方式的热桥传热是外保温的2倍,供暖空调负荷计算时应该进行热桥传热修正。在墙体节能改造中外保温方式应优先采用。     

传热强化管管内熵产分析与热力性能评价

根据热力学第二定律,对传热强化管管内热力过程进行熵产分析,建立了基于流动与传热过程熵增原理的管内传热熵产方程,导出恒热流和恒壁温2种常见工况下的无因次熵产数表达式.在不同雷诺数和进口温差条件下,对2种螺旋槽管和光管进行恒壁温工况的熵产分析和热力性能评价,分析了传热和流动摩阻引起的熵产变化规律及2种不可逆损失占总熵产的份额.结果表明,熵产分析可用于评价传热强化管的综合热力性能,确定合理的运行工况、结构参数及强化换热形式,为强化管的应用评估及优化设计提供参考.     

相变储能围护结构在建筑节能中的应用CSCD

相变材料具有高效的能量储存功能。相变材料与建材基体结合,制成一种具有储热功能的围护结构。该围护结构可发挥相变储热功能,降低建筑室内温度波动,增强建筑热舒适度,能够更加有效地减少建筑物运行能耗,从而实现建筑节能。本文对当前现有相变材料的优缺点、相变材料在不同围护结构中的应用、相变储能围护结构对室内热环境的影响及对建筑运行能耗的影响、相变储能围护结构应用的经济性等方面进行了分析,提出相变储能围护结构在工程应用中所存在的不足及其发展前景。     

热能储存过程的热经济学性能评价

从以热力学第二定律为基础的热经济学角度出发,对一个湿热热能储存过程进行了热经济分析,并提出了一个评价热能储存过程热经济生性能的指标－储存单位热能的净收益,讨论了传热单元数,无因次充热时间以及加热气流和被加热液体的热容量之比等参数对其性的影响,结果表明,对热能储存过程存在一最佳的传热单元数和无因次充热时间,在传热单元数较大时,还存在一最佳的加热气流与被加热液休的热容量之比。     

An in situ thermal response test for borehole heat exchangers of the ground-coupled heat pump system

Thermal response tests (TRTs) are crucial for the estimation of the ground thermal properties and thermal performance of the borehole heat exchanger (BHE) of the ground-coupled heat pump (GCHP) system. In this article, a TRT apparatus was designed and built to measure the temperature response of inlet and outlet sections of BHE in the test borehole, the apparatus can effectively operate under both constant heating flux modes and heat injection and extraction modes with a constant inlet temperature. A TRT for a project of GCHP located in the Jiangsu province of China was carried out by the experimental apparatus. Based on the experimental data, the heat transfer performances of BHE under heating and cooling modes were evaluated, and the ground thermal properties, which include the ground thermal conductivity, ground volumetric specific heat, borehole thermal resistance and effective soil thermal resistance, were determined by the line source model. The results indicate that the experimental device and analysis model proposed in this article can be effectively applied to estimate the ground thermal properties and thermal performance of BHE. During the process of thermal response of ground, the fluid temperatures vary acutely at the start-stage of 8 h, and then tend to be a steady state after 40 h. The test data during the start-stage should be discarded for improving the estimation accuracy of ground thermal properties. At the same time, the effective soil thermal resistance increases continuously with time and a steady-state value would be reached after the start-time, and this steady-state thermal resistance can be used to evaluate the required length of BHE. In addition, the heat transfer rate of the BHE under different operating conditions can be used for the further evaluation on long-term operation performance of GCHPs.     

Evaporation and condensation heat transfer in a heat pipe with a sintered-grooved composite wick

A mathematical model of evaporation and condensation heat transfer in a copper-water wicked heat pipe with a sintered-grooved composite wick is developed and compared with experiments. The wall temperatures are measured under different input power levels and working temperature conditions. The results show that the heat transfer in the condenser section was found to be only by conduction. In the evaporator, however, either conduction or boiling heat transfer can occur. The experimental data for the boiling heat transfer are well correlated by the theory of Stralen and Cole. Higher heat load drives the heat pipe to spend more time achieving the equilibrium state during the transient start-up process. The response curves of the evaporator thermal resistance are overlapped, and the condenser thermal resistance increases more sharply at the beginning. The total thermal resistance of the heat pipe ranges from 0.02 to 0.56 K/W.     

附加阳光间型被动式太阳房传热量简化计算方法研究

附加阳光间型被动房传热量受室外空气温度和太阳辐射双波动扰动影响,导致其热负荷具有显著波动特征,传统稳态计算方法难以适用,而动态方法过于复杂,不适用于工程设计使用。基于此,该文采用周期反应系数法研究结构参数和被动房传热量之间的定量关系,并结合结构参数,提出附加阳光间型被动房热负荷简化计算新方法。结果表明阳光间总传热量受公用墙体构造变化影响较大,内门传热量与公用墙体热阻呈正相关,墙体传热量与墙体热阻呈负相关;同类围护结构下,不同参数组合下公用墙导热量与阳光间空气温度变化规律趋势一致,进而提出附加阳光间导热变化系数和温度变化系数,以该参数为基础建立了关键结构参数与传热量之间的多元回归模型,该简化计算方法与实测值对比结果表明吻合度较大,简化计算方法精度较高,可供实际工程设计使用。     

Impact of the Relationship between Phase Change Temperature and Boundary Temperature on the Thermal Performance of a PCM Wall and the Presentation of PCM Thermal Performance Indexes

In the composite phase change material (PCM) building envelope, the matching relationship between the phase change temperature of the PCM and the wall's boundary temperature significantly affects the energy storage performance of the PCM building envelope. In this paper, a type of concrete hollow block with a typical structure and a common PCM were adopted to produce multiform composite PCM hollow blocks, and the temperature changing hot chamber method was performed to test the thermal performance of the hollow block walls under different temperature conditions. New indexes were proposed for the thermal performance evaluation of the PCM wall. Meanwhile, combined with experimental data, the effective heat capacity model and the enthalpy model were used to analyze the effect of correlations concerning how the relationship between phase change temperature and wall's boundary temperature influenced the thermal performance of PCM wall. Three main impact factors related to temperature were obtained through the analysis. In addition, approaches for improving the thermal performance of a composite PCM wall were put forward. This paper provides the theoretical basis, data reference and practical instruction for the proper use of a PCM wall and ways for improving the thermal performance of a composite PCM wall.     

冬季特朗贝墙内置卷帘对墙体热性能的影响

对大连地区某被动式太阳实验房进行实验研究,通过对玻璃幕墙内壁面温度、夹层内空气温度、特朗贝墙墙体温度等相关参数及室外气象参数等的实测,定量地分析了冬季夜间特朗贝墙采用卷帘保温的效果。并且通过有限空间自然对流换热理论计算分析,提出了更为合理的卷帘安装位置,最后根据围护结构响应因子BER指标,讨论了使用卷帘对提高室内热舒适性的影响。     

A detailed nonuniform thermal model of a parabolic trough solar receiver with two halves and two inactive ends

In this paper a detailed one dimensional nonuniform thermal model of a parabolic trough solar collector/receiver is presented. The entire receiver is divided into two linear halves and two inactive ends for the nonuniform solar radiation, heat transfers and fluid dynamics. Different solar radiation and heat transfer modes can be taken into consideration for these four different regions respectively. This enables the study of different design parameters, material properties, operating conditions, fluid flow and heat transfer performance for the corresponding regions or the whole receiver. Then the nonuniform model and the corresponding uniform thermal model are validated with known performance of an existing parabolic trough solar collector/receiver. For applications, the uniform thermal model can be used to quickly compute the integral heat transfer performance of the whole PTC system while the nonuniform thermal model can be used to analyze the local nonuniform solar radiation and heat transfer performance characteristics and nonuniform heat transfer enhancements or optimizations. Later, it could also be effectively used with an intelligent optimization, such as the genetic algorithm or the particle swarm optimization, to quickly evaluate and optimize the characteristics and performance of PTCs under series of nonuniform conditions in detail.     

Thermal performance characteristics of heat pipes

Theoretical and experimental studies are conducted to evaluate the overall thermal performance of single-component and gas-loaded heat pipes. In the analysis, the simple conduction model developed recently for the single-component heat pipes has been extended to predict the wall temperature profiles of gas-loaded heat pipes with phase change occurring in the evaporator wick. Experimental evaluation of the thermal performance is made with two working fluids (water and acetone) under two corresponding sink environments (boiling water and boiling alcohol). The heat pipe system is designed with variable-length heat input and output sections under a wide range of heat input conditions. Measured results agree well with theoretical predictions.     

溴化锂吸收式热泵的动态建模及运行特性分析

为充分挖掘吸收式热泵的动态运行特性,考虑各部件存量工质的储热特性建立考虑传质和分布参数的溴化锂吸收式热泵动态仿真模型。在机组各设备存量工质质量不同的情况下,分析了热源工质进口温度的提升对冷却水和冷媒水出口温度的动态影响及系统的热惯性特征,同时在热源工质进口、冷却水进口和冷媒水进口温度变化的情况下,分析了系统的性能系数(Coefficient of Performance, COP)变化特性及结晶风险变化特性。结果表明：该模型能准确地模拟吸收式热泵的稳态特性和动态特性;机组的热惯性主要与机组内各设备中的存量溶液质量有关;热源工质入口温度的上限受到系统COP及结晶风险的双重影响;冷却水入口温度的下降可增大系统COP,其下限受到结晶风险的限制;冷媒水入口温度的上限不受结晶特性限制;主要受用户侧的用能需求限制。