Modeling of Gravelly Soil with Multiple Lithologic Components and its Application

The behavior of a gravelly soil with multiple lithologic components was investigated using large-scale compression and triaxial tests based on the research scheme “separating before mixing”. A series of test results showed that the behavior of a gravelly soil with multiple lithologic components was significantly dependent on the identity and proportions of the lithologic components. A new constitutive model was established to capture the main behavior of a gravelly soil with arbitrary lithologic proportions using few parameters based on the presentation of an elasto-plasticity model and the deformation mechanism of a complex soil. The parameters of this model can be determined using triaxial tests of a simple soil with a single lithologic component. The numerical efficiency of the model was confirmed by successful application to several high rockfill dams. Three-dimensional finite element (FEM) stress-strain analysis results for the Jishixia concrete-faced rockfill dam were obtained as important references for the selection of rockfill and optimizing the design of the dam.     

中国小型水库溃坝规律与对策

根据1980～2006年期间溃坝的小型水库数据,从不同历史阶段、坝型、坝高、决口部位、溃坝原因、溃坝月份、溃坝所在地区等多方面进行分类统计,阐述了小型水库溃坝的成因与规律。目前,年溃坝座数和年溃坝率较低,研究认为通过完善的水库法规化、规范化管理,并结合病险水库除险加固工程建设,我国小型水库的安全管理水平得到较大提升。还从综合统计和典型案例中总结小型水库溃坝防治经验,针对不同原因引起的溃坝,如溢洪道过小及溢洪道堵塞、质量问题包括新老坝体结合处渗漏、管理不当等,初步探究了加强小型水库安全管理的对策措施。     

我国水库大坝运行管理评价

大坝运行管理评价是水库大坝安全鉴定工作的重要组成,对大坝运行管理评价的要求和方法进行了分析总结,提出了大坝运行管理从大坝运行、大坝维修和大坝安全监测三个方面进行评价的基本要求。     

水库大坝地震后特别检查(英文)

地震可以不同方式对水库大坝造成破坏:①强烈的地振动;②坝基沿断层或其他间断面的位移;③水库内断层活动引起波浪使大坝失去超高;④岩体向水库运动形成冲击波。大地震影响的范围较广,可能影响的水库大坝数量也较多,如2001年发生的印度Bhuj地震,有240多座水库大坝(主要为小型的土石坝)因遭受破坏而需要除险加固。另外,2008年5月12日发生在四川汶川的8级地震,有1580多座水库大坝遭受到不同程度的破坏。2008年6月14日日本Iwate-Miyagi Nairiku7.2级地震发生后,对其涉及的134座水库大坝进行了地震后特别检查。通常,负责大坝安全的部门需要通过调查对震损水库的安全状况进行评估,进行调查时最好使用检查表。2008年国际大坝委员会对使用了20a的地震后水坝检查导则进行了全面修订,其中包括土石坝及混凝土坝的震后检查表。介绍了导则修改后的特点,并希望提供的检查表不仅应用于水库大坝的震后检查,也可应用于水库大坝一般检查。     

土石坝风险预警指标体系研究

风险预警指标体系与水库大坝的具体特点息息相关,针对土石坝的具体特点和工程实际,参照有关规范和法规,详细介绍了土石坝风险预警指标的分类以及筛选条件和构建方法。在此基础上,结合大坝失事资料统计结果,分析了影响土石坝安全的主要因素,将其失事模式主要分为洪水漫顶、渗透破坏、滑坡以及其他破坏等形式,从而建立了土石坝的风险预警指标体系,并应用于实际工程中。     

基于三维激光扫描技术的土石坝变形监测方法研究

由于土石坝结构复杂、非刚性等特点,受到外力作用时,各个部分变形呈现非线性变化,传统的单点监测存在一些局限性。提出了一种基于三维激光扫描技术的土石坝变形监测方法,将不同时期所采集的序列点云进行绝对定向完成坐标系统一,然后获取一组不同期的点云数据在同一位置处的剖面数据进行对比分析,监测大坝在水平与垂直方向的变形和位移。采用所提出的方法,在郑州市尖岗水库进行了试验,结果表明所提方法精度高,实时性强,能够满足水库大坝变形分析计算的要求。     

Seismic performance of small earth dams with sloping core zones and geosynthetic clay liners using full-scale shaking table tests

In Japan, a large number of old small earth dams are in critical need of repair due to leakage and poor earthquake resistance. In addition to cohesive soils, geosynthetic clay liners (GCLs) are used as impervious materials to repair such dams. This paper discusses the seismic performance of small earth dams, with reservoirs on their upstream side, repaired with a sloping core zone and a GCL on the basis of the results of full-scale shaking table tests performed at the E-Defense facility. The main focus is on the differences in mechanical behavior between the upstream and downstream sides of the dam. The results elucidate that the effective stress of the upstream embankment materials increased because of the undrained shear behavior of the compacted soils, although the deformation on the upstream side was larger than that on the downstream side. A large phase difference in the measured accelerations between the upstream slope and the downstream slope was also observed. Therefore, it is concluded that significant differences occurred in the dynamic behavior of the upstream side and the downstream side.     

Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.     

Features of seismic hazard in large dam projects and strong motion monitoring of large dams

Earthquakes can affect large dam projects in many different ways. Usually, design engineers are focussing on ground shaking and neglect the other aspects. The May 12, 2008 Wenchuan earthquake has damaged 1803 dams and reservoirs, and 403 hydropower plants with an installed capacity of 3.3GW. Among these dams were the 132-m-high Shapai RCC arch dam and the 156-m-high Zipingpu concrete face rockfill dam. These recently completed dams are dam types which, up to now, have not experienced strong ground shaking. The widespread mass movements have caused substantial damage to dams and surface powerhouses in Sichuan. The different features of earthquake hazard are presented, i.e., ground shaking, faulting and mass movements. It is proposed to prepare project-specific safety plans for all dams, which consist of a matrix where the possible hazards and the corresponding countermeasures are listed. The earthquake behaviors of the Sefid Rud, Zipingpu and Shapai dams, which, in the past, have experienced strong ground shaking from nearby earthquakes, are discussed. Finally, the need for strong motion instrumentation of large dams is discussed. It is proposed that major dams with large damage potential, dams located in areas of high seismicity, and dams showing signs of abnormal behavior be equipped with strong motion instruments.     

数字化施工下堆石坝模型参数空间估计及赋值

基于数字化施工技术实时采集的堆石坝碾压参数信息,可估计大坝任意位置处的坝料压实质量。通过室内大型三轴试验,建立了堆石坝坝料压实质量与邓肯–张模型参数的定量关系,进而可以实现大坝任意位置处的力学模型参数的空间估计。在此基础上,通过Abaqus软件二次开发,实现了能反映实际压实质量的每个计算单元本构模型参数的赋值。本文方法考虑了堆石坝实际施工质量的空间差异性而带来的坝料模型参数在空间上的差异性,可避免通常同一分区采用相同坝料力学参数可能导致的计算精度不足的弊端,从而为后续有限元精细分析堆石坝的应力变形提供前提条件。     

新疆乌恰康苏地区典型小流域生态景观及生态环境研究

新疆乌恰康苏地区是塔里木盆地西南缘重要的大型有色金属资源基地之一,本次通过康苏地区典型小流域生态景观及生态环境研究,将研究区划分为水源涵养功能区、荒漠化控制功能区、水土保持功能区、水域河流功能区、城镇功能区、农业功能区和资源基地功能区等7个生态功能区。在水土调查评价的基础上,确定资源基地敏感因素缓冲区范围750～1000 m。结合地质环境特征,将研究区划分为1处鼓励开发区、3处限制开发区和6处禁止开采区。该项工作为当地政府矿业开发与生态环境保护提供了决策依据。     

基于非线性剪胀模型的面板堆石坝应力变形分析

介绍了一种力学概念明确、简单实用的非线性剪胀模型,给出了本构关系的刚度系数矩阵,应用该模型对某堆石坝工程的堆石料真三轴试验进行了计算模拟,并与试验成果进行比较,验证了模型的合理性。在此基础上,分别采用非线性剪胀模型和邓肯E–B模型完整模拟了坝体分层填筑、面板分期以及分期蓄水全过程,对坝体应力与变形、面板应力与变形计算成果进行对比分析,验证了非线性剪胀模型在面板堆石坝静力有限元分析中的适用性。     

静动力荷载下土石坝高聚物防渗墙受力特性分析

土石坝高聚物防渗墙与塑性混凝土及普通混凝土防渗墙相比，具有轻质﹑早强﹑环保﹑耐久等特点；施工中具有快速﹑经济﹑实用和对坝体影响干扰小等特点，现已在实际工程中得到了成功应用。但目前对于高聚物材料防渗墙成墙后的静动力特性缺乏计算分析研究。选择Duncan-Chang E-B非线性模型作为坝体模型，在防渗墙与坝体间设置面–面接触单元，建立有限元数值仿真模型。采用实际算例，对比分析了高聚物防渗墙与塑性混凝土、普通混凝土防渗墙在静力与地震荷载下的应力分布及破坏特性的差异，说明在同种工况下高聚物防渗墙应力最小，不易发生破坏，具有较好的安全性。     

土坝渗透稳定可靠性分析方法及应用

采用确定性分析方法分析土坝渗透稳定的理论和方法已经较为完善,但它由于没有考虑坝体材料参数的变异性,因此得出的安全分析成果并不能完全可靠地表征其安全性。利用概率与统计的方法对土坝渗透稳定进行可靠性分析则可考虑坝体材料等一些不确定因素对土坝的渗透稳定影响。首先利用统计方法对坝体材料物理参数进行分析,得出了参数的概率分布类型,然后运用可靠性分析原理,构造土坝渗透破坏功能函数,分析土体有效重度、内摩擦角,坝体、坝基材料渗透系数对功能函数的影响,并采用几何法对坝体渗透破坏可靠指标进行计算,得出坝体发生渗透破坏的概率。利用上述方法对一土坝渗透稳定进行了分析。结果分析表明,坝体渗透破坏的概率随着土体有效重度和内摩擦角变异性的增加而增加,并且土体内摩擦角的变异性对坝体渗透破坏的影响较大,坝体渗透变异性对坝体渗透破坏的影响较大;另外,随着库水位的升高,坝体发生渗透破坏的概率也显著增加。     

Moderating effects of the geometry of reservoirs on the relation between urban land use and water quality

Edges mediate the material flux between adjacent systems. This mediating effect of edges is strongly tied to the complexity of the adjacent shapes. Land use within a watershed has a direct impact on the water quality of adjacent aquatic systems. Hydrological processes carry material produced by land-use activities into aquatic ecosystems through the edges of the ecosystem. Therefore, the geometry of aquatic ecosystems theoretically affects the relationship between land use and water quality. This study investigates whether the shape complexity of reservoirs moderates the direct impact of land use on the water quality of adjacent reservoirs. A moderation model was adopted to measure the shape effects, and 153 reservoirs were randomly sampled with a consideration of reservoir size (surface area), geographic location, and data availability. With a focus on urban land use, we used GIS to measure land-use types within a 1 km buffer of reservoir boundaries. The shape complexity of sampled reservoirs was measured using fractal dimensions. Land uses and shape complexity were then regressed to measure water quality parameters such as chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), total nitrogen (TN) and total phosphorus (TP). Correlation analysis revealed that the shapes of reservoirs are likely to be simple where urban land use dominates the areas close to reservoirs. Use of the standard regression model indicated that the increasing shape complexity of reservoirs significantly reduces the concentration of BOD, COD, and TP within reservoir water. Moderation models for BOD, COD, TN, and TP suggest that shape complexity can considerably relieve the negative impacts on water quality of urban land use in areas adjacent to reservoirs. The results of this study highlight the need to focus on shoreline management in order to mitigate the adverse impacts of land use on lakes and reservoirs.     

基于遥感技术的镇江市生态服务功能分区

通过选取生物多样性保护、水源涵养、洪水调蓄、土地利用、土壤保持等5个评价因子与权重确定,结合镇江市具体地理位置及生态功能区划技术规程,应用Landsat TM遥感数据,对镇江市生态服务功能重要性进行了评价分区.结果表明:镇江市生态服务功能极重要区在九华山、圌山、五洲山,内江、西麓水库等地区,重要区分布在山体、水域周围,...     

汶川地震溃坝险情土石坝烈度分布及震害特征

通过对汶川地震中69座溃坝险情土石坝所处烈度区及其实际震害情况的调查、统计和分析,研究了土石坝震害类型、破坏程度与所在烈度之间的关系,认为汶川地震中土石坝震害随烈度变化的规律性显著。分析表明,Ⅵ度以下烈度区土石坝没有溃坝险情发生。在Ⅵ度至Ⅸ度烈度区,随着烈度等级的增加,震害种类及其震损程度随之增加,在不同烈度区影响坝体安全的震害的种类不同。坝体裂缝是溃坝险情土石坝最普遍的震害形式,坝体贯穿性横向裂缝多见于Ⅸ度烈度区,溃坝险情土石坝在Ⅵ,Ⅶ,Ⅷ,Ⅸ度烈度区内表现出的震害类型和危险程度有所差别。认为在土石坝抗震设计和应急救援中应认识到这些震害特点以减少震后由于溃坝造成次生灾害的发生。     

严寒、高震、深覆盖层混凝土面板坝关键技术研究综述

自 20 世纪 90 年代以来,新疆的水库建设已从平原水库转入山区水库建设,以混凝土面板砂砾石坝为主要的当地材料坝,得到了迅速发展。新疆于 20 世纪 70 年代末,开始引进混凝土面板坝筑坝技术,采用天然砂砾石填筑百米级高坝,是区别于一般面板堆石坝的主要特点。针对严寒地区、深覆盖层、高地震区等不良环境地质条件,全面总结基础上系统地建立了混凝土面板砂砾石坝筑坝关键技术体系,阐述了在抗震结构设计、坝体变形控制、坝体渗流控制等方面取得的创新突破,研究指出施工工艺的不断改进,大型机械压实功能的不断增强,为该坝型推广应用和安全性能提高,提供了重要的技术保障。对于提高混凝土面板砂砾石坝建设和运行管理水平具有重要意义。     

Numerical analysis of nonlinear dynamic behavior of earth dams

A numerical study is conducted to investigate the dynamic behavior of earth dams. The numerical investigation employs a fully nonlinear dynamic finite difference analysis incorporating a simple elastic perfectly plastic constitutive model to describe the stress-strain response of the soil and the Rayleigh damping to increase the level of hysteretic damping. The extended Masing rules are implemented into the constitutive model to explain more accurately the soil response under general cyclic loading. The soil stiffness and hysteretic damping change with loading history. The procedures for calibrating the constructed numerical model with centrifuge test data and also a real case history are explained. For the latter, the Long Valley (LV) earth dam subjected to the 1980 Mammoth Lake earthquake as a real case-history is analyzed and the obtained numerical results are compared with the real measurements at the site in both the time and frequency domains. Relatively good agreement is observed between computed and measured quantities. It seems that the Masing rules combined with a simple elasto-plastic model gives reasonable numerical predictions. Afterwards, a comprehensive parametric study is carried out to identify the effects of dam height, input motion characteristics, soil behavior, strength of the shell materials and dam reservoir condition on the dynamic response of earth dams. Three real earthquake records with different levels and peak acceleration values (PGAs) are used as input motions. The results show that the crest acceleration decreases when the dam height increases and no amplification is observed. Further, more inelastic behavior and more earthquake energy absorption are observed in higher dams.     

小流域淤地坝系的溃决洪水分析

中国黄土高原建成了数量众多的淤地坝,形成了大量的小流域坝系。当坝系的空间分布不合理时,一坝溃决往往引起下游坝连锁溃决。为了合理评价坝系的整体防洪能力,提出了一套模拟暴雨引起淤地坝坝系连锁溃决过程的方法。定义了坝系中坝的分级规则,提出了一种自动确定每座坝分级的方法。根据坝的分级从低到高的次序,依次对坝系中的每座坝进行产流分析、水库调蓄分析、溃坝判别和溃坝洪水分析,从而模拟坝系的连锁溃决过程。基于上述方法编制了计算程序,对陕西省绥德县的王茂沟小流域坝系的连锁溃决问题进行了模拟,并结合有关淤地坝水毁调查资料对模拟结果进行了分析。