Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型Dugdale模型解析元列式及其半解析有限元法

利用弹性平面扇形域哈密顿体系的方程,通过分离变量法及共轭辛本征函数向量展开法,推导了两个圆形奇异超级解析单元列式,这两个超级单元能够分别准确地描述Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型Dugdale模型平面裂纹尖端场。将该解析元与有限元相结合,构成半解析的有限元法,可求解任意几何形状和载荷的Ⅰ型或Ⅱ型裂纹基于Dugdale模型的裂纹尖端塑性区尺寸和裂纹尖端张开位移(CTOD)或裂纹尖端滑开位移(CTSD)的计算问题。对典型算例的计算结果表明方法简单有效,具有令人满意的精度。     

一阶摄动与遗传算法结合进行平面刚架裂纹识别

含裂纹的梁单元刚度矩阵是裂纹位置与深度函数,本文通过摄动法建立起裂纹梁单元风景工矩阵的变化与结构固有变化之间的关系,然后利用遗传算法导求测试的和计算的固的频率发迹量均方差最小值,从而识别出平面刚架的裂纹位置与深度。对悬臂梁的实测数据分析及三层平面框架的数值计算,表明该方法能有效地识别梁的裂纹位置和深度,且计算量小。     

斜裂纹悬臂梁非线性振动特性分析

针对工程中悬臂杆件可能出现的斜裂纹故障,基于ANSYS软件对斜裂纹悬臂梁的非线性动力学特性进行了分析。仅考虑悬臂梁的弯曲振动,采用混合单元建立了斜裂纹悬臂梁的有限元模型,该模型在裂纹位置采用平面单元(Plane183)来模拟,采用接触单元来模拟裂纹的呼吸效应,在远离裂纹位置采用梁单元(Beam188)来模拟,通过与纯平面单元的振动响应对比,首先验证了模型的精度,其次对比了该模型相对于纯平面单元模型的计算效率;随后还分析了裂纹角度和激振力幅值对系统振动响应的影响。研究表明随着裂纹角度的增加,裂纹导致的系统非线性特性更为明显;系统响应产生的基频及倍频成分幅值与激振力幅值具有线性关系。     

解析型几何非线性圆拱单元

为研究圆拱结构几何非线性内力和位移计算以及平面内稳定分析问题,基于圆拱几何非线性静力分析模型,构造了解析位移形函数,进而利用能量法和势能变分原理,构造了解析型几何非线性圆拱单元,给出了单元列式;同时将该文模型通过理论退化,得到了不考虑轴向变形的无压缩圆拱模型,进一步得到了解析型无压缩几何非线性圆拱单元,并将此单元应用于圆拱的平面内稳定分析。研究结果表明:采用本单元模型进行平面内分岔失稳分析得到的失稳临界荷载系数与经典Timoshenko模型、Dinnik模型及静力法模型计算结果一致,相对误差为0%;平面内分岔失稳的临界荷载与平面内极值点失稳的临界荷载一致。该文单元具有解析型、高精确性以及良好的适用性,可用于任意工况下圆拱结构几何非线性位移、内力和平面内稳定分析。     

弹塑性杆非线性断裂问题的新型增强有限元法

针对一维弹塑性材料杆件的非线性断裂,该文提出了一种新型弹塑性增强有限元。该单元采用von Mises屈服准则和线性等向硬化模型描述开裂前的材料弹塑性变形,而结合利用内聚力关系来描述随后的裂纹萌生和非线性断裂过程。引入内部节点来描述单元内由于裂纹引起的位移不连续,通过单元凝聚获得含裂纹单元的刚度矩阵,并对数值稳定性问题进行了分析。通过与基于材料力学方法推导得到的解析解的对比验证了该新型弹塑性增强有限单元法在列式上的正确性和在数值上的高效性与精确性。     

解析试函数法分析平面切口问题

本文利用平面切口问题的基本解析解构造单元,分析平面切口问题。通过分析平面切口问题的Williams特征方程的有解区间,使用分区加速lleruM&&法依序无漏地计算了平面V型切口特征值。从Williams应力函数出发,推导了V型切口尖端的应力场基本解析解列式。并用此根据分区混合能量原理构造了含切口解析单元ATF-VN的刚度矩阵。文中还对含切口解析单元的单元尺寸和应力项数等因素对分析结果的影响进行了系统的讨论。     

含裂纹损伤杆系结构的动态特性研究

运用动刚度有限元法,研究了含裂纹损伤杆系结构的动态特性。提出了一种含裂纹的杆单元,基于断裂力学的线弹簧模型,导出了相应的动刚度矩阵。在此基础上,对含裂纹的悬臂梁和平面框架进行了数值计算,并与已有的实验值和解析解进行了比较。结果表明:损伤位置和损伤程度的不同均会导致结构动态特性发生改变,因而在结构分析中应考虑损伤的影响;而该单元能够方便地用于含裂纹损伤杆系结构的动态特性分析,并具有很好的精度。     

垂直界面裂纹应力强度因子的加料有限元分析

为求解裂尖位于界面上的垂直双材料界面裂纹应力强度因子,发展了一种加料有限元方法。该方法应用Williams本征函数展开和线性变换方法求解裂尖渐进位移场,将该位移场加入常规单元位移模式中,得到加料垂直界面裂纹单元和过渡单元的位移模式,给出加料有限元方程。建立了典型垂直界面裂纹平面问题的加料有限元模型,求解加料有限元方程直接得到应力强度因子,与文献结果对比表明该方法具有较高的精度,可方便地推广应用于垂直界面裂纹的计算分析。     

带有垂直于极化方向穿透的直裂纹的压电狭长体平面问题的解析解?

通过构造新的广义保角映射,本文利用广义复变函数方法研究了裂纹面上受平面应力和面内电载荷共同作用的带有垂直于极化方向穿透的有限长直裂纹的压电狭长体的平面电弹性问题,给出了电不可渗透边界条件下裂纹尖端应力和电位移强度因子的解析解。结果表明,对于该问题应力场和电场是耦合的。若不考虑电场的作用,则可得到对应纯弹性材料的解析解。当压电狭长体的高度趋于无限大时,所得解析解可退化为已有结果。最后,通过数值算例说明了材料参数、裂纹长度和机电载荷对场强度因子的影响。     

含垂直极化方向穿透的共线半无限裂纹的狭长压电体的平面问题

通过构造新的广义保角映射, 利用广义复变函数方法研究了在电不可渗透边界条件下含有沿垂直于极化方向穿透的共线半无限裂纹的狭长压电体的平面问题, 给出了裂纹尖端处的各场强度因子的解析解。此外, 当狭长体高度和裂纹尺寸按一定的趋势变化时, 还可以得到压电复合材料另外几种新构型的平面问题的解析解。通过数值算例分析得到了两裂纹之间的距离、 狭长体的高度及裂纹面上的受载长度对场强度因子的影响规律。     

Finite element analysis of stress intensity factors for plane extension and plate bending problems

This paper deals with the finite element calculation of the stress intensity faactors for plane extension and plate bending problems. On the basis of the plate theory including the effect of transverse shear deformation, the influences of plate thickness, crack length and plate width on the stress intensity faotors are investigated. The numeriacal analyses are carried out using the superposition method of analytical and finite element solutions. It is found that the present stress intensity factors calculated for cracked plates under plane extension as well as bending compare favorably with the analytical ones.     

Thermal effect of plastic dissipation at the crack tip on the stress intensity factor under cyclic loading

Plastic dissipation at the crack tip under cyclic loading is responsible for the creation of an heterogeneous temperature field around the crack tip. A thermomechanical model is proposed in this paper for the theoretical problem of an infinite plate with a semi-infinite through crack under mode I cyclic loading both in plane stress or in plane strain condition. It is assumed that the heat source is located in the reverse cyclic plastic zone. The proposed analytical solution of the thermo-mechanical problem shows that the crack tip is under compression due to thermal stresses coming from the heterogeneous stress field around the crack tip. The effect of this stress field on the stress intensity factor (its maximum and its range) is calculated analytically for the infinite plate and by finite element analysis. The heat flux within the reverse cyclic plastic zone is the key parameter to quantify the effect of dissipation at the crack tip on the stress intensity factor.     

Interface crack problems in graded orthotropic media: Analytical and computational approaches

Interface crack problems in graded orthotropic media are considered using analytical and computational techniques. In the analytical formulation an interface crack between a graded orthotropic coating and a homogeneous orthotropic substrate is considered. The principal axes of orthotropy are assumed to be parallel and perpendicular to the crack plane. Mechanical properties of the medium are assumed to be continuous with discontinuous derivatives at the interface. The problem is formulated in terms of the averaged constants of plane orthotropic elasticity and reduced to a pair of singular integral equations which are solved numerically to compute the mixed mode stress intensity factors and the energy release rate. In the second part of the study, enriched finite elements are formulated and implemented for graded orthotropic materials. Comparisons of the finite element and analytical results show that enriched finite element technique is capable of producing highly accurate results for crack problems in graded orthotropic media. Finally, periodic interface cracking and the four point bending test for graded orthotropic solids are modeled using enriched finite elements and the results are briefly discussed.     

Crack kinking under high pressure in an elastic-plastic material

Directional crack growth criteria in compressed elastic–plastic materials are considered. The conditions at the crack tip are evaluated for a straight stationary crack. Remote load is a combined hydrostatic stress and pure shear, applied via a boundary layer assuming small scale yielding. Strains and deformations are assumed to be small. Different candidates for crack path criteria are examined. Maximum non-negative hoop stress to judge the risk of mode I and maximum shear stress for mode II extension of the crack are examined in some detail. Crack surfaces in contact are assumed to develop Coulumb friction from the very beginning. Hence, a condition of slip occurs throughout the crack faces. The plane in which the crack extends is calculated using a finite element method. Slip-line solutions are derived for comparison with the numerically computed asymptotic field. An excellent agreement between numerical and analytical solutions is found. The agreement is good in the region from the crack tip to around halfway to the elastic–plastic boundary. The relation between friction stress and yield stress is varied. The crack is found to extend in a direction straight ahead in shear mode for sufficiently high compressive pressure. At a limit pressure a kink is formed at a finite angle to the crack plane. For lower pressures the crack extends via a kink forming an angle to the parent crack plane that increases with decreasing pressure.     

Analytical and numerical modelling of plasticity-induced crack closure in cold-expanded holes

The aim of this research was the development of an analytical model for plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure for cold expanded holes. This paper extends Nowell's plane stress model of plasticity-induced crack closure for a plate with a circular hole and two radial symmetric cracks. The possibility of existence of an initial residual stress field is also taken into account. This model has potential to be applied to other cracked geometries and arbitrary residual stress fields, although the paper is focused on the study of cold-expanded holes. Hole cold-expansion is widely used in aircraft industry, for improving the fatigue performance of rivet holes by delaying fatigue crack propagation. This paper shows that the residual stress field due to cold-expansion has a strong influence on the closure behaviour and therefore on fatigue crack propagation. The analytical model developed, was compared with finite element analyses of plasticity-induced crack closure with and without residual stresses. Finally, the model was used to predict fatigue lives for some experiments recently reported in the literature for fatigue crack propagation from cold-expanded holes. Predicted fatigue lives correlate well with experimental data.     

On the accurate assessment of crack opening and closing stresses in plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure problems

The accurate calculation of the opening and closing stresses is an important issue in fatigue crack closure problems, since the effective driving force for crack growth is dependent on accurate calculation of the opening stresses. Often numerical methods such as finite element analysis are used to model plasticity-induced fatigue crack closure problems. There are many difficulties associated with this modelling work, since the results may depend on a wide range of parameters such as mesh refinement, node release scheme and modelling of the contact between the crack faces etc. Even after a great deal of modelling work some arbitrariness is evident in the technique used for assessing the opening and closing stresses. A number of techniques have been proposed in the literature and the current work will assess and compare these approaches. The node displacement method, the change in stresses at the crack tip, and the weight function technique will each be applied to a finite element model of a plane stress crack for a range of stress levels. In addition, an analytical model for plasticity-induced crack closure under plane stress conditions will be used to discuss the accuracy of these techniques. The investigation shows that all these techniques are equivalent provided that the displacement and stress at the crack tip are assessed accurately. However, it will be shown that use of the tensile tip stress method, proposed by some authors for assessing the closing stress, is erroneous.     

A shear stress-based parameter for fretting fatigue crack initiation

The purpose of this study was to investigate the fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour of titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V. Fretting contact conditions were varied by using different geometries of the fretting pad. Applied forces were also varied to obtain fretting fatigue crack initiation lives in both the low- and high-cycle fatigue regimes. Fretting fatigue specimens were examined to determine the crack location and the crack angle orientation along the contact surface. Salient features of fretting fatigue experiments were modelled and analysed with finite element analysis. Computed results of the finite element analyses were used to formulate a shear stress-based parameter to predict the fretting fatigue crack initiation life, location and orientation. Comparison of the analytical and experimental results showed that fretting fatigue crack initiation was governed by the maximum shear stress, and therefore a parameter involving the maximum shear stress range on the critical plane with the correction factor for the local mean stress or stress ratio effect was found to be effective in characterizing the fretting fatigue crack initiation behaviour in titanium alloy, Ti–6Al–4V.     

Finite element visualization of fatigue crack closure in plane stress and plane strain

Elastic-plastic finite element simulations of growing fatigue cracks in both plane stress and plane strain are used as an aid to visualization and analysis of the crack closure phenomenon. Residual stress and strain fields near the crack tip are depicted by both color fringe plots and x-y graphs. Development of the residual plastic stretch in the wake of a growing plane stress fatigue crack is shown to be associated with the transfer of material from the thickness direction to the axial direction. Finite element analyses indicate that crack closure does occur under pure plane strain conditions. The development of the residual plastic stretch in plane strain is shown to be associated with the transfer of material from the in-plane transverse direction to the axial direction. This in-plane contraction also leads to the generation of complex residual stress fields. The total length of closed crack at minimum load in plane strain is shown to be a small fraction of the total crack length, especially for positive stress ratios. This suggests that experimental measurement of plane strain closure would be extremely difficult, and may explain why some investigators have concluded that closure does not occur in plane strain.     

Measurement and modelling of residual stress effects on cracks

Defects that form by mechanisms such as fatigue and stress corrosion cracking are influenced both by external loads on engineering structures and internal, residual stresses that are generated during the manufacture and operation. This paper describes a programme of experimental and analytical work on a high‐strength, low‐toughness aluminium alloy (AL2024‐T351) to assess the influence of residual stress on crack opening displacement (COD) and crack‐driving force (CDF) for a range of fatigue crack lengths in compact tension (CT) specimens containing a mechanically induced residual stress field. Comparison of experimentally measured and numerically predicted CODs, at the mid‐plane and surface of CT specimens, show generally good agreement for cracks introduced into the finite‐element model in a progressive, element‐by‐element manner. Cracks introduced in a simultaneous manner give larger than observed CODs. The CDFs for the progressively introduced crack are always smaller than for simultaneously introduced. These results have implications for the assessment of initiation for slowly growing cracks.     

Stress intensity factors for internal circular cracks in fibers under tensile loading

Stress intensity factors for inner circular cracks placed eccentrically in a fiber with round cross section were computed and are presented in this paper in both analytical and graphical form. The crack plane was perpendicular to the fiber axis and remote tensile loading was assumed. The stress intensity factors were numerically computed using the finite element method. Mesh objectivity and some other aspects of computational precision are considered. The asymptotic behaviour when the crack size and the ligament depth vanish were considered in order to formulate accurate interpolation expressions.