INSTITUTIONAL COOKERY OF RESTRUCTURED BEEF STEAKS

Restructured beef steaks were cooked under four institutional cooking methodologies: oven roasting, grill frying, deep fat frying and broiling. The samples were evaluated for fat and moisture contents, cooking loss and texture. Sensory panels evaluated the steaks for texture desirability, flavor desirability, appearance and overall palat-ability. Evaluations were repeated using breaded, restructured beef steaks cooked by the four institutional methods, with grilled unbreaded steaks included for comparison. Deep fat fried, breaded and unbreaded steaks were significantly lower in moisture and higher in fat than those cooked by any other methodology. No significant differences in juiciness, flavor desirability or overall palatability were found between the unbreaded broiled, oven roasted or grilled samples. Broiled and grilled steaks were preferred for texture in the unbreaded and breaded samples. The unbreaded, deep fat fried samples received the lowest scores for all sensory attributes. Breading significantly improved the juiciness, texture and overall palatability of the deep fat fried steaks. For both breaded and unbreaded samples, grill frying was the preferred method of preparation.     

Comparison of the effects of four cooking methods on fatty acid profiles and nutritional composition of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) muscle

This study was performed to examine the effects of different cooking methods (frying, steaming, oven cooking, and microwave cooking) on proximate chemical composition, mineral contents, and fatty acids profiles of red mullet (Mullus barbatus) fillets. The frying process caused a significant increase in fat content (from 13.37±0.04 to 34.44±0.20 g/100 g d.w.) and reduced the proportion of the palmitic acid of 50.73% and saturated fatty acids of 56.9%. While, the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) increased from 4.04% of total fatty acids for raw fillet to 49.17% of total fatty acids for fried fillets. The steamed, oven-cooked, and microwave-cooked fillets showed the best proportion of fat content, PUFA, and ω-6/ω-3 ratio as compared with fried red mullet fillets. Na, Mg, and Zn contents of cooked fish fillets significantly decreased.     

EFFECTS OF COOKING AND SUBSEQUENT REHEATING ON THE PROPERTIES OF LOW-FAT BEEF PATTIES

Low-fat (10%) beef patties manufactured with 0.5% iota carrageenan, were subjected to one-time cooking from the raw to fully cooked state or precooking and later reheating before evaluating sensory, shear force and cooking properties. The samples were reheated in a convection oven or in a simultaneous top and bottom contact grill set either at 121 or 191C. Precooking followed by reheating produced only slight changes in sensory properties (reduced tenderness, increased juiciness and increased beef flavor). Convection oven cooking improved tenderness only for one-time cooked patties. With the double contact grilling system, the 121C surface temperature enhanced tenderness (sensory and shear force) and cooking yields of precooked-reheated patties. Low-fat beef patties formulated with iota carrageenan appear capable of being subjected to a variety of cooking approaches and temperatures without major changes in cooked patty properties.     

辅料配比及烹饪方式对速冻羊肉饼品质的影响

研究木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶3 种辅料对速冻羊肉饼质构特性与感官品质的影响,确定羊肉饼的最 佳工艺配方;同时对3 种烹饪方式（100 ℃蒸煮20 min、121 ℃高温蒸煮20 min、160 ℃大豆油油炸8 min）熟制后 的羊肉饼进行质构、风味特性及感官品质评价。结果表明：当木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别为12%、 90%和1.5%时,羊肉饼的质构特性和感官评分的综合评价最好;油炸羊肉饼的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性明显优于其他 2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）,且油炸羊肉饼中的醛类、含氮含硫类物质等羊肉特殊挥发性风味物质的种类及相对含 量均显著高于其他2 种烹饪方式（P＜0.05）。综上所述,辅料配方中木薯磷酸酯淀粉、土豆浆和明胶添加量分别 为12%、90%和1.5%、经160 ℃大豆油炸熟制的羊肉饼咀嚼性更强、风味佳、品质好。     

不同烹饪方式处理的鲟鱼肉营养成分和风味比较

为了探究烹饪方式对鲟鱼肉的蛋白质营养价值和风味物质含量的影响,该研究以人工养殖的鲟鱼肉为原料,比较了清蒸和煎炸烹饪方式,对鲟鱼肉的基本营养物质、氨基酸、蛋白质、风味化合物含量,以及氨基酸指数(AAS、EAAI)、蛋白质效价的影响,结果表明,以生鱼肉为对照,清蒸和煎炸使鲟鱼肉的水分含量分别降低了56.41％和43.73％...     

不同热加工方式熟化对克氏原螯虾理化性质和风味的影响

通过电子鼻和电子舌及气相色谱-质谱等技术分析油炸（90、120、150、180 s）、空气炸（5、10、15、20 min）和沸水煮（150 s）熟化后克氏原螯虾虾肉中的风味差异。结合不同热加工方式熟化虾肉后理化指标（基础成分、质构、色度、硫代巴比妥酸反应物值）的测定结果,综合评价虾肉品质的变化。结果表明：电子鼻、电子舌能够很好地区分不同热加工方式熟化的虾肉,且随着热加工时间的延长,在主成分分析图中区域划分越明显;在新鲜虾肉和沸水煮虾肉内分别检测出8、16种风味物质,在油炸虾肉内检测出18、18、16、19种风味物质,而在空气炸虾肉内检测出19、20、20、16种风味物质,空气炸虾肉中吡嗪类化合物含量显著高于其他2种热加工方式;随着热加工时间的延长,虾肉内水分含量均逐渐降低,油炸和空气炸虾肉内脂肪含量和硬度逐渐上升,而弹性呈先上升后降低的趋势;不同热加工方式熟化虾肉的品质不一,结合感官鉴定结果,综合分析空气炸15 min的虾肉品质最佳。     

FREEZING OF COOKED MEAT: INFLUENCE OF FREEZING RATE AND RECONSTITUTION METHOD ON QUALITY AND YIELD

The combined effects of freezing rate, frozen storage and reconstitution method on meat quality and yield were studied in multifactorial experiments using pan-fried 1.5 cm slices of longissimus muscles and deep-fat fried meat patties. On the whole, a slight improvement in sensory quality and yield was seen with increasing freezing rate, except that liquid nitrogen immersion freezing influenced flavor negatively. In contrast with earlier results of ours with raw beef, an advantage was now seen for reconstitution after previous thawing over reheating directly from the frozen state, and pan frying gave better sensory quality but lower yield than continuous microwave reheating. Tenderness of sliced, cooked beef tended to increase during frozen storage, while the opposite was earlier observed for frozen raw beef. Otherwise, a general trend was seen towards decreasing yield and sensory quality during frozen storage. A number of significant interactions between variables was obtained, suggesting that their influence on quality and yield is interrelated in a rather complex manner.     

Effect of feeding fat sources on the quality and composition of lipids of precooked ready-to-eat fried chicken patties

The effect of feeding fat sources on the quality and composition of lipids of raw meat and precooked ready-to-eat fried chicken patties was studied. Two homogeneous groups of broilers were fed with animal fats and vegetable oils, respectively. A traditional technology (flash-frying and humid steam-convection oven cooking) was employed to produce the patties. Lipid hydrolysis (total fatty acids, free fatty acids and diacylglycerols) and oxidation (peroxide value (POV) and cholesterol oxidation products (COPs)) were evaluated in the initial, intermediate and final products. Lipid hydrolysis and oxidation were more intense in ground raw meat obtained with animal and vegetable fat integration, respectively. However, these differences tended to decrease along the technological process, due to the addition of other ingredients and the oil absorption. Although flash-frying and humid steam-convection oven cooking promoted lipid degradation, the overall quality of the precooked chicken cutlets was acceptable (low POV and COPS values) and greatly depended on the quality of the raw meat and the frying oil.     

Warmed-Over Flavor Development in Beef Patties Prepared by Three Dry Heat Methods

THE THIOBARBITURIC ACID (TBA) test and sensory evaluations were used to assess the effectiveness of three dry heat preparations—microwave, microwave/convection combination and oven broiling—in retarding warmed-over flavor (WOF) development in ground beef patties. Animals finished on pasture, 60 and 120-day grain were used. The oven broiling method was found to delay WOF development in refrigerated patties. Taste panelists failed to detect differences in flavor as a result of cooking or animal diet. There was a significant (P < 0.001) negative correlation (r=?0.66) between aroma and flavor scores and TBA values over time. Panelists were able to detect deteriorating changes in flavor and aroma after refrigerated storage.     

EFFECT OF DIFFERENT FATS ON THE QUALITY OF GOAT MEAT PATTIES INCORPORATED WITH FULL-FAT SOY PASTE

Effect of different fats such as goat fat, chicken fat, combination of goat and chicken fat and refined mustard oil (RMO) were evaluated in goat meat patties (GMPs). Patties with 10% RMO contributed significantly ( P <  0.05) better emulsion stability compared with others. There were no significant effects of different fats on physicochemical and textural attributes of patties. Patties with RMO had significantly ( P <  0.05) lower cholesterol content than other groups. GMPs with RMO, chicken fat and chicken and goat fat combination rated higher for all sensory attributes than patties with goat fat, which had significantly ( P <  0.05) higher mouth coating and lower overall acceptability. Flavor and overall acceptability were higher in patties with chicken fat. Histological study showed improper dispersion of goat fat in continuous phase of meat protein matrix (emulsion) compared with others .

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Utilization of hard fats from goat, sheep and buffalo in emulsion-based meat products decreases emulsion stability because of its poor dispersibility, and consequently its cooking yield. Goat fat also contributes to a smeary and greasy mouth-coating problem and reduces the palatability of meat products. Alternatively, chicken fat disperses well in meat emulsion because of its high unsaturation and enhances the flavor of the products. However, the efficient utilization of goat fat is essential to support an economical goat meat production system and for developing meat products. The present study showed successful utilization of goat fat when combined with chicken fat, and the products had similar sensory attributes and acceptability as in meat products with chicken fat and refined mustard oil. This study would also help in better use of excess fat from spent hens in other meat products.     

油炸方式对高白鲑肌肉食用品质的影响

探究采用空气油炸锅获得传统油炸效果的途径,并比较2 种油炸方式下获得高白鲑肌肉食用品质的差异。通过对熟化后的鱼块进行肌肉损失率、质构、色泽测定,筛选出传统油炸工艺参数为170 ℃-100 s和180 ℃-80 s,空气油炸工艺参数为170 ℃-12 min和180 ℃-10 min。比较2 种油炸方式下高白鲑鱼块的肌肉基本营养成分差异,在获得相似感官品质条件下,空气油炸鱼块脂肪质量分数为16.21%～17.54%,低于传统油炸鱼块脂肪质量分数18.68%～20.33%。对加工后鱼块取肉进行风味物质检测和感官评定发现2 种油炸方式处理的鱼肉挥发性风味物质、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸和感官评分具有相似性。综上可知,空气油炸的高白鲑鱼块在外观、质构、营养成分、呈味物质及感官方面能与传统油炸达到类似效果并减少油脂的使用。     

Process optimization and consumer acceptability of salted ground beef patties cooked and held hot in flavored marinade

Food safety is paramount for cooking hamburger. The center must reach 71 °C (or 68 °C for 15 s) to assure destruction of E. coli O157:H7 and other food pathogens. This is difficult to achieve during grilling or frying of thick burgers without overcooking the surface. Thus, the feasibility of partially or completely cooking frozen patties in liquid (93 °C water) together with hot holding in liquid was investigated. Initial studies demonstrated that compared to frying, liquid cooking decreased (P < 0.05) patty diameter (98 compared with 93 mm) and increased (P < 0.05) thickness (18.1 compared with 15.6 mm). Liquid cooked patties had greater weight loss (P < 0.05) immediately after cooking (29 compared with 21%), but reabsorbed moisture and were not different from fried patties after 1 h hot water holding (61 °C). Protein and fat content were not affected by cooking method. However, liquid cooked patties were rated lower (P < 0.05) than fried patties for appearance (5.7 compared with 7.5) and flavor (5.9 compared with 7.5). An 8-member focus group then evaluated methods to improve both appearance and flavor. Salted, grill-marked patties were preferred, and caramel coloring was needed in the marinade to obtain acceptable flavor and color during liquid cooking or hot holding. Patties with 0.75% salt that were grill-marked and then finish-cooked in hot marinade (0.75% salt, 0.3% caramel color) were rated acceptable (P < 0.05) by consumers for up to 4 h hot holding in marinade, with mean hedonic panel ratings > 7.0 (like moderately) for appearance, juiciness, flavor, and texture. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Grill-marked and marinade-cooked ground beef patties reached a safe internal cooking temperature without overcooking the surface. Burgers cooked using this method maintained high consumer acceptability right after cooking and for up to 4 h of hot holding. Consumers and foodservice operations could use this method without specialized equipment, and instead use inexpensive and common equipment such as a soup pot or a restaurant steam table. Use of marinades (salt/caramel color or others) in this cooking and holding method provides a nearly endless culinary flavoring opportunity.     

微波炒籽对花生油品质及风味的影响

旨在促进微波技术在花生油生产中的应用,比较了3种炒籽方式(微波、电磁、燃气)压榨花生油的色泽、酸值、风味物质含量、VE含量以及感官评价的差异,并考察了微波物料输送频率对花生油色泽、酸值和风味物质组成的影响。结果表明：微波炒籽压榨花生油的酸值和风味物质含量明显高于燃气炒籽和电磁炒籽,色泽也更深,VE含量更高（430.87 mg/kg）,且消费者喜爱度最高;随着微波物料输送频率的降低,花生油的色泽逐渐加深,酸值略有升高,风味物质数量和含量均逐渐增加,其中吡嗪类物质占比最高（39.54%～46.55%）。微波作为一种高效、快速、绿色的新型产香技术在浓香花生油的加工中具有明显的优势和良好的应用前景。     

The development of a novel cooking method (alternate roasting with its own fat) for chicken to improve nutritional value

ABSTRACT:  The goal of this study was to develop a novel cooking method for fried meat products, to improve their nutritional value, and to provide superior taste and texture. We used the fat derived from each individual meat source during radiant heat roasting (alternate roasting with its own fat: AROF) without deep-fat frying (DFF), first without any air flow and subsequently with an exposure to air flow. We then compared these roasted chicken samples to breaded fried chicken samples that were deep-fat fried in 3 types of fat: soybean oil (SB), partially hydrogenated soybean oil (PSB), and lard. The final fat contents of both the skin and lean parts of the AROF samples of chicken were less than half of those of the DFF groups. The total trans -fatty acids (TFA) contents were significantly lower in the AROF samples compared to the DFF samples. The cholesterol levels of the samples did not show any significant differences among the tested groups, except for the sample fried in lard, which was significantly higher. Moreover, the sensory evaluation results showed that the crispy texture of the AROF samples was not significantly different from that of the DFF samples ( P < 0.05); the AROF samples had higher scores for the characteristic fried flavor and for overall acceptability ( P < 0.05). This study shows the potential value of products prepared by AROF, which can successfully replace DFF methods used for chicken and other meat products and improve their nutritional value.     

Validation of a Combi Oven Cooking Method for Preparation of Chicken Breast Meat for Quality Assessment

ABSTRACT: Quality assessment results of cooked meat can be significantly affected by sample preparation with different cooking techniques. A combi oven is a relatively new cooking technique in the U.S. market. However, there was a lack of published data about its effect on quality measurements of chicken meat. Broiler breast fillets deboned at 24‐h postmortem were cooked with one of the 3 methods to the core temperature of 80 °C. Cooking methods were evaluated based on cooking operation requirements, sensory profiles, Warner–Bratzler (WB) shear and cooking loss. Our results show that the average cooking time for the combi oven was 17 min compared with 31 min for the commercial oven method and 16 min for the hot water method. The combi oven did not result in a significant difference in the WB shear force values, although the cooking loss of the combi oven samples was significantly lower than the commercial oven and hot water samples. Sensory profiles of the combi oven samples did not significantly differ from those of the commercial oven and hot water samples. These results demonstrate that combi oven cooking did not significantly affect sensory profiles and WB shear force measurements of chicken breast muscle compared to the other 2 cooking methods. The combi oven method appears to be an acceptable alternative for preparing chicken breast fillets in a quality assessment.     

CHOLESTEROL AND PROXIMATE COMPOSITION OF CHANNEL CATFISH (ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS) FILLETS – CHANGES FOLLOWING COOKING BY MICROWAVE HEATING, DEEP-FAT FRYING, AND OVEN BAKING

Effects of microwave heating, deep-fat frying, and conventional oven baking on proximate composition and concentration of cholesterol in channel catfish fillets were examined. The paired fillet technique was employed to control the variability among fish. A total of fifteen catfish were randomly assigned to the three cooking methods. All cooking procedures resulted in moisture loss. Fillets that were deep-fat fried showed the lowest moisture content but the highest fat content, respectively, among three cooking methods. The three cooking methods, on a dry weight basis, all significantly affected cholesterol concentration of cooked catfish compared with raw fillets. Deep-fat frying resulted in a significant decrease of cholesterol and showed the lowest concentration of cholesterol among three cooking methods probably due to leaching of cholesterol into frying oil.     

DETERMINATION OF OPTIMUM PARTICLE SIZE FOR LOW-FAT, PRECOOKED GROUND BEEF PATTIES

Low-fat (10%) beef patties varying in particle size, C (Comitrol7® flaked), CG (mixture of flaked and ground) and G (coarse-ground) were precooked, frozen and microwave reheated for sensory, instrumental and compositional evaluations. Treatment G had higher cooking and reheating losses, higher shear values and lower final yields. Additionally, G was harder, denser, more easily fractured and less juicy than other treatments. All treatments were similar in sensory flavor attributes. C had the least cooking and reheating losses, lower shear values and higher final yields; however, it also showed surface "puffing" and an internal air pocket after microwave reheating which could be a disadvantage. Results indicated that physical shape, size or density of meat particles played a major role in textural traits. For optimum yield and textural properties, low-fat, precooked beef patties targeted for the frozen market probably should be manufactured using a Comitrol®-grinding (CG) combination.     

EFFECTS OF PREFRY DRYING METHODS ON THE QUALITY OF DEEP FAT FRIED ONION SLICES

Deep fat fried onion slices are used widely as a condiment for hot-dogs and other types of bread and meat combinations in Denmark, Netherlands and Germany. Since there is a consumer demand for food products, high in both sensory and nutritional quality, the effect of prefry drying on the oil content and the color of the fried product was investigated. In order to reduce the oil content in the fried product, raw sliced onions were prefry dried by (1) hot air in a forced air convection oven, (2) microwaving in an oven with a conveyor belt, or (3) freeze dried. For each of the three methods a series of eight batches ranging from 13–30 % dry matter content in the raw onions were obtained. The product that was dried by hot air before frying was lighter than the product prefry dried by microwaving. The product of the freeze dried material was heterogeneous, and the results were excluded. The fried product from dried raw onions, showed the moisture content to be independent of the manipulated dry matter content. The oil content was reduced from about 55% to about 49%, as a result of increasing the dry matter content; however the surface color became darker (L-value was reduced about 6 point).     

PHYSICAL AND SENSORY PROPERTIES OF LEAN GROUND BEEF PATTIES CONTAINING METHYLCELLULOSE AND HYDROXYPROPYLMETHYLCELLULOSE1

Broiled, lean ground beef patties containing no additives, two levels of methylcellulose (MC, 0.5 or 1.0%) and two levels of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC, 0.5 or 1.0%) were evaluated for raw and cooked composition, cooking losses, sensory attributes and Instron compression measurements. MC or HPMC addition did not significantly affect the fat, moisture or protein content of the raw and cooked patties. Patties containing HPMC received greater tenderness, juiciness and off-flavor sensory scores when compared with patties containing MC or no additive. MC or HPMC addition increased patty gumminess sensory scores and decreased Instron compression values. Sensory cooked meat flavor decreased with gum addition.