Today's style sheet standards: the great vision blinded

Our research into style sheet systems and languages (Proteus and PSL) shows that there are alternatives to CSS and XSL that more closely meet the necessary criteria. The PSL style language has a syntax especially designed for the style sheet task and has traditional computational features including mathematical expressions and conditionals. In contrast to XSL, PSL does not emphasize transformations, and it uses constraints, rather than flow, to specify layout. Furthermore, there are other style languages, such as the Thot structured document toolkit's P language and the more recent Constraint CSS. While we realize that substantial resources have been invested in CSS and XSL, we nevertheless urge the Web community to more fully explore alternate approaches to style sheets     

基于XSLT的XML文档信息隐藏方法研究

XML文档具有存储与显示分离的特性,利用XSLT可以将同一篇XML文档显示出不同的内容,这样就可以实现隐藏信息的目的。通过研究XML的样式表转换,提出了基于XSLT的内容抽取、内容比较、样式表合并的三种XML文档信息隐藏方法,每种隐藏方法利用了样式表元素的不同性质,并通过实例对进行具体介绍和分析。上述三种隐藏方法主要针对文档的显示特性,不对文档存储的格式和内容做任何改动。实验结果表明,利用样式表转换的方法在XML文档中隐藏信息具有实现简单、安全性高的特点。     

利用XSLT转换XML文档的应用

XML实现了数据与表示的分离,需要通过样式表来显示XML数据.目前有两种常用的样式表格式CSS和XSL.本文首先讨论了CSS的不足和XSL的优势,然后介绍了XSL和XSLT转换语言,并深入讨论了XSLT的工作原理,最后结合水调工程中的一个实例,具体说明如何利用XSLT分别实现在浏览器和服务器端XML文档的转换.     

基于S1000D标准的IETM制作流程研究及应用

为了满足装备保障信息的有效管理与使用,减少装备技术信息出版物出版过程中的费用,文中通过介绍交互式电子手册的相关国际规范S1000D标准,分析了S1000D标准下交互式电子技术手册的制作流程,将装备技术信息进行模块化处理,并使用XML标记语言对数据模块进行描述,根据XSL构造显示样式,研究了样式表模块化设计原理在实现技术出版物发布中的应用,实现了模块化样式显示。     

CAD系统中的PDM技术

目前有部分CAD系统只注重绘图,在设计时输入的数据信息在管理时又必须重新输入,造成设计和管理的脱节,这不符合企业的实际生产过程。将PDM技术应用于CAD系统中可以很好地解决这个问题。本文以钣金构件CAD系统为例,较系统地介绍了该系统中的产品数据管理子系统的设计思想、功能目标、开发工具选择等内容,最后以构件圆柱三通管为例介绍了该PDM子系统的实现技术。     

XML-based specification for Web services document security

The Internet and related technologies have seen tremendous growth in distributed applications such as medicine, education, e-commerce, and digital libraries. As demand increases for online content and integrated, automated services, various applications employ Web services technology for document exchange among data repositories. Web services provide a mechanism to expose data and functionality using standard protocols, and hence to integrate many features that enhance Web applications. XML, a well-established text format, is playing an increasingly important role in supporting Web services. XML separates data from style and format definition and allows uniform representation, interchange, sharing, and dissemination of information content over the Internet. XML and Web services provide a simplified application integration framework that drives demand for models that support secure information interchange. Providing document security in XML-based Web services requires access control models that offer specific capabilities. Our XML-based access control specification language addresses a new set of challenges that traditional security models do not address.     

Style control in the quill document editing system

A critical problem in the design of editors for structured documents is that of style control, i.e. mapping the logical elements of the documents to their physical appearance on pages. This paper presents a novel approach to style control, used in the Quill document editing system that has been prototyped at the IBM Almaden Research Center. In our approach, the style control mechanism is an integral part of the editing system and consistent with the overall system architecture, in both its inner structure and its user interface. Properties that specify the formatting process, together with action routines for specifying complex semantics, are the basic style control primitives in the proposed approach.     

XML数字签名在工作流系统中的应用

针对工作流系统中存在的多重签名以及对文档进行较细粒度的签名需求,提出了“签名之上的签名”的机制,建立了以该机制为核心的XML数字签名在工作流系统中的应用模型。该模型通过将待签名的文档转化为XML数据,方便了系统对待签文档的处理。在对XML文档的处理进程中,各处理节点在前任处理节点的基础上对待签XML文档进行验证和签名。最后开发了采购审批工作流系统,并通过一个典型的采购审批场景验证了该模型的正确性和有效性,为XML数字签名在工作流系统中的应用提供了可行的解决途径。     

An interactive support tool for writing multilingual manuals

Machine translation has been the dominant paradigm for automated multilingual document production. In this paradigm, a technical writer generates a source text, which is translated by the computer system into another language and then edited. One problem with machine translation, however, is that its output is typically constrained by the original text's style and language. Automatic language-generation systems, however, start with an underlying knowledge base that represents the text's content without dictating its language or style. However, most automatic systems are stand-alone tools, leaving technical writers out of the loop. The systems assume that an underlying knowledge base containing the necessary information is available or can be easily obtained. This is not necessarily the case, though, when producing instruction manuals. For example, the knowledge base required to produce instructions should contain user-oriented information. User-oriented documentation, which concerns the ways the product can help users achieve their goals, is more effective than documentation that focuses on the product. Only a technical writer can specify user-oriented information. It is thus prefer able to have a document-generation system that works with the writer. With this in mind, we developed Drafter, an interactive document drafting tool that can be integrated into the technical writers' working practices and that can automatically and simultaneously generate appropriately worded drafts in several languages. Drafter's current domain of application is software manuals     

基于Web服务的并发文件转换组件的设计与实现

文件格式的多样性使系统不能保证大部分格式的文件都正常播放或显示,文件转换是解决此问题的关键。而目前的文件转换普遍是作为一个子模块集成在系统中,导致不同的系统需要重复开发。提出基于Web服务规范的文件转换组件,实现文件转换的可复用性。此外,针对目前普遍的多核CPU硬件系统,文件转换过程中采用并发机制并且使用命令模式对转换任务的行为统一管理,以此提高转换效率和吞吐量。部署测试表明,该组件可以满足几乎所有视频文件的转换和部分文本文件的转换,并发设计运行正常且能够保证文件转换的效率。     

一种基于相关反馈的信息检索模型

针对现有信息检索系统难以按查询需求处理检索文档的问题,提出了一种基于相关反馈的信息检索模型,分析了查询词分解,推导了相关反馈机制和正规化过程,并进一步阐述了文档提取方法。提出的模型通过相关反馈和查询词扩展,克服了传统方法无法计算文档与查询词之间的相似度问题,并能有效地处理检索文档。仿真结果证明了该模型的有效性和可行性。     

概率XML数据管理技术研究进展

随着网络应用的快速发展,XML数据已大量存在于当前的信息社会,使得XML类型的数据成为当前主流的数据形式,并已经成为Internet中进行数据交换和表示事实上的标准.由于客观世界的复杂性,不确定性是数据常见的内在属性,因此不确定的信息是普遍存在的.通常不确定信息以概率值的形式在XML文件(称为概率XML文件)中表示,因此,研究表示和处理概率XML数据将成为一个新的研究领域.自2001年以来,概率XML数据管理技术取得了一系列研究成果.从概率XML数据模型、PXML代数、查询、原型系统等几个方面综述了概率XML数据管理的研究进展,讨论了目前存在的主要问题和需要进一步研究的方向.     

Towards personality-based user adaptation: psychologically informed stylistic language generation

Conversation is an essential component of social behavior, one of the primary means by which humans express intentions, beliefs, emotions, attitudes and personality. Thus the development of systems to support natural conversational interaction has been a long term research goal. In natural conversation, humans adapt to one another across many levels of utterance production via processes variously described as linguistic style matching, entrainment, alignment, audience design, and accommodation. A number of recent studies strongly suggest that dialogue systems that adapted to the user in a similar way would be more effective. However, a major research challenge in this area is the ability to dynamically generate user-adaptive utterance variations. As part of a personality-based user adaptation framework, this article describes personage, a highly parameterizable generator which provides a large number of parameters to support adaptation to a user’s linguistic style. We show how we can systematically apply results from psycholinguistic studies that document the linguistic reflexes of personality, in order to develop models to control personage’s parameters, and produce utterances matching particular personality profiles. When we evaluate these outputs with human judges, the results indicate that humans perceive the personality of system utterances in the way that the system intended.     

Biblio: automatic meta-data extraction

Biblio is an adaptive system that automatically extracts meta-data from semi-structured and structured scanned documents. Instead of using hand-coded templates or other methods manually customized for each given document format, it uses example-based machine learning to adapt to customer-defined document and meta-data types. We provide results from experiments on the recognition of document information in two document corpuses: a set of scanned journal articles and a set of scanned legal documents. The first set is semi-structured, as the different journals use a variety of flexible layouts. The second set is largely free-form text based on poor quality scans of FAX-quality legal documents. We demonstrate accuracy on the semi-structured document set roughly comparable to hand-coded systems, and much worse performance on the legal documents.     

Dataflow Resource Managers and Their Synthesis from Open Path Expressions

The control of concurrent access to shared resources is an important feature of both centralized and distributed operating systems. In conventional systems, exclusive access is the rule while concurrent access is the exception. Dataflow computer systems, along with an applicative style of programming, provide an execution environment in which this philosophy is reversed. In these latter systems, it is necessary to reexamine the manner in which synchronization of access to shared resources is specified and implemented. A basic design for a dataflow resource manager is reviewed, illustrating the clear separation between access mechanism and scheduling policy. The semantics of the access mechanism is based solely on the principle of data dependency. Specifications are presented for a general scheduler to further constrain or order accesses to the resource. Using ``open path expressions' as a very high-level specification language for synchronization, it is shown how to automatically synthesize a scheduler as a distributed network of communicating modules.     

An automatic closed-loop methodology for generating charactergroundtruth for scanned documents

Character groundtruth for real, scanned document images is crucial for evaluating the performance of OCR systems, training OCR algorithms, and validating document degradation models. Unfortunately, manual collection of accurate groundtruth for characters in a real (scanned) document image is not practical because (i) accuracy in delineating groundtruth character bounding boxes is not high enough, (ii) it is extremely laborious and time consuming, and (iii) the manual labor required for this task is prohibitively expensive. Ee describe a closed-loop methodology for collecting very accurate groundtruth for scanned documents. We first create ideal documents using a typesetting language. Next we create the groundtruth for the ideal document. The ideal document is then printed, photocopied and then scanned. A registration algorithm estimates the global geometric transformation and then performs a robust local bitmap match to register the ideal document image to the scanned document image. Finally, groundtruth associated with the ideal document image is transformed using the estimated geometric transformation to create the groundtruth for the scanned document image. This methodology is very general and can be used for creating groundtruth for documents in typeset in any language, layout, font, and style. We have demonstrated the method by generating groundtruth for English, Hindi, and FAX document images. The cost of creating groundtruth using our methodology is minimal. If character, word or zone groundtruth is available for any real document, the registration algorithm can be used to generate the corresponding groundtruth for a rescanned version of the document     

Designing learner-controlled educational interactions based on learning/cognitive style and learner behaviour

Recently, research in individual differences and in particular, learning and cognitive style, has been used as a basis to consider learner preferences in a web-based educational context. Modelling style in a web-based learning environment demands that developers build a specific framework describing how to design a variety of options for learners with different approaches to learning. In this paper two representative examples of educational systems, Flexi-OLM and INSPIRE, that provide learners a variety of options designed according to specific style categorisations, are presented. Experimental results from two empirical studies performed on the systems to investigate learners' learning and cognitive style, and preferences during interaction, are described. It was found that learners do have a preference regarding their interaction, but no obvious link between style and approaches offered, was detected. Derived from an examination of this experimental data, we suggest that while style information can be used to inform the design of learning environments that accommodate learners' individual differences, it would be wise to recommend interactions based on learners' behaviour. Learning environments should allow learners or learners' interaction behaviour to select or trigger the appropriate approach for the particular learner in the specific context. Alternative approaches towards these directions are also discussed.     

An empirical evaluation of knowledge,cognitive style,and structure upon the performance of a hypertext task

In an effort to reduce navigation difficulties, recent research suggests that user characteristics need to be considered when designing a hypertext document. This study evaluated the effects of an individual's cognitive characteristics in conjunction with the nature of the hypertext task. Subjects of varying levels of knowledge and cognitive style, specifically field independence/field dependence, utilized a hypertext document to answer explicitly and inherently structured questions. Among other findings, experienced field‐dependent subjects’ performance was less than that of experienced field‐independent subjects’, specifically when explicit structure was provided. The results suggest that the existing knowledge structure of experienced field‐dependent subjects may conflict with explicitly structured hypertext. Implications for the appropriate design of hypertext systems are discussed.     

利用XML DOM创建强大的XML应用

介绍了DOM产生的背景和DOM规范，并讨论了利用XML DOM技术来实现动态地创建文档，以及遍历文档结构、添加、修改、删除文档内容，改变文档的显示方式等方法，最后给出了制作XML网页应用的实例和步骤。     

Model-based virtual document generation

Virtual documents are hypermedia documents that are generated on demand in response to reader input. This paper describes a virtual document application that generates natural language explanations about the structure and behavior of electromechanical systems. The application, called DME, structures the interaction with the reader as a question–answer dialog. Each page of the hyperdocument is the answer to a question, and each link on each page is a follow-up question that leads to another answer. DME is amodel-basedvirtual document generator; unlike conventional database front-ends that provide views onto data, DME dynamically constructs the document's content (i.e. coherent explanations in English) from underlying mathematical and symbolic models. DME-based virtual documents have been running on the WWW since late 1993. They are used to document engineered systems in support of collaborative design and simulation-based training.In this paper we describe and demonstrate the DME application (with examples that run), and describe how it generates virtual documents on the web. We discuss the impact that model-based virtual documentation can have on the way technical documentation is authored and delivered.