拉伸载荷作用下单晶铝柱动态断裂过程的分子动力学模拟研究（英文）

运用LAMMPS中的Fortran语言自编程功能建立了单晶铝柱在拉伸载荷作用下的分子动力学仿真模型,采用镶嵌原子势(EAM)势函数模拟了室温下单晶铝柱的动态断裂过程。从应力应变关系、原子构型和相变等方面解释了拉伸过程中的力学性能。位错是单晶铝塑性变形的主要原因,位错相互作用引起塑性硬化和晶体破坏,晶体在载荷作用下沿{111}面滑移,滑移面与理论结果相符合。     

纳米级铱单晶不同温度拉伸的分子动力学解析

针对面心立方金属铱单晶独特的韧脆变形特征,采用分子动力学方法研究了纳观尺度下的铱单晶在不同温度下的拉伸变形行为。通过分析不同温度拉伸过程中的应力应变关系,势能变化和原子构型图,认为随着温度的上升,纳米级铱单晶沿[100]晶向的弹性模量逐渐下降,抗拉强度也逐渐降低。温度为300 K时拉伸变形过程中在晶体内仅有少量空位和位错产生,600和800 K拉伸变形过程中在晶体内有滑移,位错和空位产生。     

晶体取向对单晶铝磁致塑性的影响

在静磁场中对单晶铝进行了沿100、110和111晶向的拉伸试验,目的是揭示晶体取向对其磁致塑性的影响。结果表明:与无磁场拉伸试验相比,在磁场中拉伸的单晶铝断后伸长率增加,且晶体取向影响其增幅。磁场的作用机制为:增加滑移带数量,使位错在更多的滑移面上运动,降低位错的塞积程度和减弱位错间的交互作用,这有利于晶体更充分地变形。此外,沿不同晶向拉伸的试样中位错林密度不同,从而阻碍了可动位错的运动,导致磁致塑性的差异。静磁场能改变弱顺磁性障碍与位错构成的钉扎中心的电子自旋状态,降低位错势垒,使位错更易运动。     

基于三维离散位错动力学的fcc结构单晶压缩应变率效应研究

基于位错理论建立了Ni单晶微柱压缩变形过程的三维离散位错动力学模型,该模型考虑了晶体塑性变形过程中位错所受的外载荷、位错间相互作用力、位错线张力及自由表面镜像力的影响。应用该模型研究了Ni单晶微柱压缩变形过程中流动应力和变形机制的应变率效应,同时,结合理论分析研究了应变率对流动应力中有效应力、位错源激活应力和位错间弹性相互作用力的影响。结果表明:当应变率较低时,Ni单晶微柱压缩变形中位错源激活应力主导流动应力,位错源激活数量较少,初始位错密度对流动应力影响很小,呈现单滑移变形;随着应变率增加,晶体变形过程中的流动应力随之增加,流动应力中位错源激活应力所占比例逐渐减小,有效应力逐渐主导流动应力,同时激活多个滑移系内的位错源来协调塑性变形;应变率越高,各激活滑移系内的塑性应变贡献相差越小,单晶微柱变形逐渐由单滑移向多滑移机制转变;在高应变率条件下,晶体初始位错密度越高塑性变形过程中流动应力越小。     

孪生诱发软化与强化效应的Cu晶体塑性行为模拟

基于晶体塑性理论,考虑孪生软化效应建立了描述孪晶形核、增殖和长大的位错密度基晶体塑性有限元模型。应用该模型揭示了不同晶体取向Cu单晶拉伸变形过程中位错滑移、孪生激活及其交互作用下的宏观塑性行为演化规律,进一步分析了Cu多晶拉伸变形过程中晶粒间交互作用对孪生软化、应变硬化等宏观塑性行为的影响。结果表明：孪生具有明显的取向效应,在孪生主导塑性条件下,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中孪晶增殖导致应力-应变曲线存在明显的应力突降现象,其塑性变形分为滑移、孪生及位错与孪晶交互作用3个阶段;此外,随着饱和孪晶体积分数增加,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中第3阶段的应变硬化率也随之提升。进一步模拟Cu多晶拉伸变形的塑性行为可知,在晶粒间交互作用下孪晶形核、增殖和长大过程中不会出现应力突降现象,与Cu单晶相比整个塑性变形过程具有更高的应变硬化率;Cu多晶塑性变形过程中位错密度在晶界处出现集中现象,孪晶也容易在晶界处形成。     

孪生诱发软化与强化效应的Cu晶体塑性行为模拟

基于晶体塑性理论,考虑孪生软化效应建立了描述孪晶形核、增殖和长大的位错密度基晶体塑性有限元模型。应用该模型揭示了不同晶体取向Cu单晶拉伸变形过程中位错滑移、孪生激活及其交互作用下的宏观塑性行为演化规律,进一步分析了Cu多晶拉伸变形过程中晶粒间交互作用对孪生软化、应变硬化等宏观塑性行为的影响。结果表明：孪生具有明显的取向效应,在孪生主导塑性条件下,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中孪晶增殖导致应力-应变曲线存在明显的应力突降现象,其塑性变形分为滑移、孪生及位错与孪晶交互作用3个阶段;此外,随着饱和孪晶体积分数增加,Cu单晶塑性变形过程中第3阶段的应变硬化率也随之提升。进一步模拟Cu多晶拉伸变形的塑性行为可知,在晶粒间交互作用下孪晶形核、增殖和长大过程中不会出现应力突降现象,与Cu单晶相比整个塑性变形过程具有更高的应变硬化率;Cu多晶塑性变形过程中位错密度在晶界处出现集中现象,孪晶也容易在晶界处形成。     

金刚石刀具微纳米切削单晶镍亚表面损伤

采用分子动力学软件Lammps研究金刚石刀具微纳米切削单晶镍的微观动态过程，分析不同切削方向和不同切削深度下单晶镍微纳米切削过程中缺陷的类型、切削力和损伤的关系以及位错线的演化规律。结果表明：刀具的挤压和剪切作用使单晶镍工件产生高压相变区和非晶区，其亚表层存在原子团簇和位错滑移。沿[100]晶向切削，切削力最小，且位错损伤层厚度最小为2.15 nm；沿[111]晶向切削，表面层的质量最好，但损伤层厚度最大为3.75 nm。切削过程中，位错线的总长度整体呈上升趋势，[110]方向去除的原子区域最大，位错线长度最大。切削深度越大，晶体内部的位错滑移和非晶化越严重。     

在役焊接接头拉伸和疲劳性能的微观动力学研究

采用有限元模拟的方法,建立在役多道焊接头物理模型,获得系统的温度场信息,并以此作为沟通宏、微观模拟的桥梁,利用分子动力学的方法研究在役焊接接头分别在拉伸和疲劳载荷作用下的微观力学行为,从原子层面揭示在役焊接接头在长期服役过程中失效的微观机理。结果表明:循环加热后的体系势能分布不均匀,裂纹附近和C原子所在区域势能低,而其周围原子的势能相对较高。两种载荷加载的过程中均发生了BCC-FCC-HCP的结构转变,裂纹两端应力集中,产生位错。位错沿滑移面发射,裂纹迅速扩展形成贯穿性裂纹,导致结构失效。拉伸过程中伴随着层错现象的产生,而疲劳裂纹扩展的速度相对缓慢,未发现层错等现象。     

基于离散位错动力学的单晶铜构件拉伸特性研究

为了研究微纳尺度构件拉伸中的位错演化行为,建立了2. 5D离散位错动力学模型,编写了单晶铜拉伸的离散位错动力学-有限元耦合仿真框架和程序。基于该模型,研究了单晶铜构件的单向拉伸特性,分析了单晶铜构件单向拉伸的特性曲线,获得了内部应力的分布规律。探究了单晶铜构件的厚度尺寸对拉伸特性的影响,获取了影响单晶铜单向拉伸性能的内在机理。研究结果表明,随着外载荷的增加,晶体内部逐渐形成位错网络,位错网络边界上位错吸收游离位错形成牢固的林位错组织,产生应力集中现象。通过比较不同厚度的单晶铜,认为较薄的单晶铜中位错更易被边界、林位错组织捕获,可动位错密度较低,使构件表现出更"硬"的力学特性。仿真研究表明仿真框架和程序可用于对单晶铜构件拉伸特性的评价。此外,还分析了单晶铜构件拉伸中表现出尺度效应的原因。     

单晶铱取向有关的拉伸变形行为的原子尺度模拟

单晶铱与其它面心立方金属相比表现出反常的变形行为,其本征变形断裂机制仍存在争议。本文进行分子动力学模拟研究了单晶铱在1K下沿[100]、[110]和[111]取向的拉伸变形行为。研究结果表明:单晶铱在3个取向应力-应变曲线上的变形行为差异明显。由于变形机制不同,包括弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度以及延伸率在内的力学性能在几个拉伸取向上或多或少存在差异。在拉伸载荷作用下,[100]取向单晶铱变形主要通过位错滑移还有少量空位聚集;[110]取向的塑性变形由堆垛层错引起;而[111]取向单晶铱断裂前产生的塑性变形量很少。     

Effects of Post-weld Heat Treatment on Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and the Role of Weld Reinforcement in 2219 Aluminum Alloy TIG-Welded Joints

In as-welded state, each region of 2219 aluminum alloy TIG-welded joint shows diff erent microstructure and microhardness due to the diff erent welding heat cycles and the resulting evolution of second phases. After the post-weld heat treatment, both the amount and the size of the eutectic structure or θ phases decreased. Correspondingly, both the Cu content in α-Al matrix and the microhardness increased to a similar level in each region of the joint, and the tensile strength of the entire joint was greatly improved. Post-weld heat treatment played the role of solid solution strengthening and aging strengthening. After the post-weld heat treatment, the weld performance became similar to other regions, but weld reinforcements lost their reinforcing eff ect on the weld and their existence was more of an adverse eff ect. The joint without weld reinforcements after the post-weld heat treatment had the optimal tensile properties, and the specimens randomly crack in the weld zone.     

The First Phase of the SRIF Industrialized Base in ＂West Area＂ Has Been Put into Operation

After nearly two years＇ tense construction, the first phase of industrialized base of Shenyang Research Institute of Foundry （SRIF）, located at the Tiexi Casting and Forging Industrial Park in the west of Tiexi District, has now been completed and formally put into operation.     

Thermodynamics Study on the Decomposition of Chromite with KOH

Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China, has proposed a method for oxidative leaching of chromite with potassium hydroxide. Understanding the mechanism of chromite decomposition, especially in the potassium hydroxide fusion, is important for the optimization of the operating parameters of the oxidative leaching process. A traditional thermodynamic method is proposed and the thermal decomposition and the reaction decomposition during the oxidative leaching of chromite with KOH and oxygen is discussed, which suggests that chromite is mainly destroyed by reactions with KOH and oxygen. Meanwhile, equilibrium of the main reactions of the above process was calculated at different temperatures and oxygen partial pressures. The stable zones of productions, namely, K2CrO4 and Fe2O3, increase with the decrease of temperature, which indicates that higher temperature is not beneficial to thermodynamic reactions. In addition, a comparison of the general alkali methods is carried out, and it is concluded that the KOH leaching process is thermodynamically superior to the conventional chromate production process.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Damping Behaviour of the Magnesium Wrought Alloy AZ61

The effect of isochronal heat treatments for 1h on variation of damping, hardness and microstructural change of the magnesium wrought alloy AZ61 was investigated. Damping and hardness behaviour could be attributed to the evolution of precipitation process. The influence of precipitation on damping behaviour was explained in the framework of the dislocation string model of Granato and Lücke.     

Effect of Rare Earth Doping on Impedance,Modulus and Conductivity Properties of Multiferroic Composites:0.5(BiLa_xFe_(1-x)O_3)–0.5(PbTiO_3)

The Lanthanum-doped bismuth ferrite–lead titanate compositions of 0.5(Bi LaxFe1-xO3)–0.5(Pb Ti O3)(x = 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20)(BLxF1-x-PT) were prepared by mixed oxide method.Structural characterization was performed by X-ray diffraction and shows a tetragonal structure at room temperature.The lattice parameter c/a ratio decreases with increasing of La(x = 0.05–0.20) concentration of the composites.The effect of charge carrier/ion hopping mechanism,conductivity,relaxation process and impedance parameters was studied using an impedance analyzer in a wide frequency range(102–106Hz) at different temperatures.The nature of Nyquist plot confirms the presence of bulk effects only,and non-Debye type of relaxation processes occurs in the composites.The electrical modulus exhibits an important role of the hopping mechanism in the electrical transport process of the materials.The ac conductivity and dc conductivity of the materials were studied,and the activation energy found to be 0.81,0.77,0.76 and 0.74 e V for all compositions of x = 0.05–0.20 at different temperatures(200–300 °C).     

Quantitative Analysis of the Crystallographic Orientation Relationship Between the Martensite and Austenite in Quenching–Partitioning–Tempering Steels

The orientation relationships(ORs)between the martensite and the retained austenite in low-and medium-carbon steels after quenching–partitioning–tempering process were studied in this work.The ORs in the studied steels are identified by selected-area electron diffraction(SAED)as either K–S or N–W ORs.Meanwhile,the ORs were also studied based on numerical fitting of electron backscatter diffraction data method suggested by Miyamoto.The simulated K–S and N–W ORs in the low-index directions generally do not well coincide with the experimental pole figure,which may be attributed to both the orientation spread from the ideal variant orientations and high symmetry of the low-index directions.However,the simulated results coincide well with experimental pole figures in the high-index directions{123}_(bcc).A modified method with simplicity based on Miyamoto’s work was proposed.The results indicate that the ORs determined by modified method are similar to those determined by Miyamoto’method,that is,the OR is near K–S OR for the low-carbon Q–P–T steel,and with the increase of carbon content,the OR is closer to N–W OR in medium-carbon Q–P–T steel.     

Using Finite Element and Contour Method to Evaluate Residual Stress in Thick Ti-6Al-4V Alloy Welded by Electron Beam Welding

This work was to reveal the residual stress profile in electron beam welded Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates(50 mm thick) by using finite element and contour measurement methods.A three-dimensional finite element model of 50-mmthick titanium component was proposed,in which a column–cone combined heat source model was used to simulate the temperature field and a thermo-elastic–plastic model to analyze residual stress in a weld joint based on ABAQUS software.Considering the uncertainty of welding simulation,the computation was calibrated by experimental data of contour measurement method.Both test and simulated results show that residual stresses on the surface and inside the weld zone are significantly different and present a narrow and large gradient feature in the weld joint.The peak tensile stress exceeds the yield strength of base materials inside weld,which are distinctly different from residual stress of the thin Ti-6Al-4V alloy plates presented in references before.     

Microstructures and Tensile Properties of Ultrafine-Grained Ni–(1–3.5) wt% SiC_(NP) Composites Prepared by a Powder Metallurgy Route

Silicon carbide nanoparticle-reinforced nickel-based composites(Ni–Si CNP),with a Si CNPcontent ranged from1 to 3.5 wt%,were prepared using mechanical alloying and spark plasma sintering.In addition,unreinforced pure nickel samples were also prepared for comparative purposes.To characterize the microstructural properties of both the unreinforced pure nickel and the Ni–Si CNPcomposites transmission electron microscopy(TEM) was used,while their mechanical behavior was investigated using the Vickers pyramid method for hardness measurements and a universal tensile testing machine for tensile tests.TEM results showed an array of dislocation lines decorated in the sintered pure nickel sample,whereas,for the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the presence of nano-dispersed Si CNPand twinning crystals was observed.These homogeneously distributed Si CNPwere found located either within the matrix,between twins or on grain boundaries.For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,coerced coarsening of the Si CNPassembly occurred with increasing Si CNPcontent.Furthermore,the grain sizes of the Ni–Si CNPcomposites were much finer than that of the unreinforced pure nickel,which was considered to be due to the composite ball milling process.In all cases,the Ni–Si CNPcomposites showed higher strengths and hardness values than the unreinforced pure nickel,likely due to a combination of dispersion strengthening(Orowan effects) and particle strengthening(Hall–Petch effects).For the Ni–Si CNPcomposites,the strength increased initially and then decreased as a function of Si CNPcontent,whereas their elongation percentages decreased linearly.Compared to all materials tested,the Ni–Si CNPcomposite containing 1.5% Si C was found more superior considering both their strength and plastic properties.     

Directional Growth of Tin Crystals Controlled by Combined Solute Concentration Gradient Field and Static Magnetic Field

A new method was introduced to achieve directional growth of Sn crystals. Microstructures in liquid(Pb)/liquid(Sn) diffusion couples were investigated under various static magnetic fields. Results show that the β-Sn crystals mainly reveal an irregular dendritic morphology without or with a relatively low static magnetic field(B0.3 T). When the magnetic field is increased to 0.5 T, the β-Sn dendrites close to the final stage of growth begin to show some directional character. With a further increase in the magnetic field to a higher level(0.8–5 T), the β-Sn dendrites have an enhanced directional growth character, but the dendrites show a certain deflection. As the magnetic field is increased to 12 T, the directional growth of the β-Sn dendrites in the center of the couple is severely destroyed. The mechanism of the directional growth of the β-Sn crystals and the deflection of the β-Sn crystals with the application of static magnetic field was tentatively discussed.     

电化学噪声数据处理方法概述

综述了常见的电化学噪声数据处理方法,介绍了直流趋势剔除、统计分析、快速傅立叶变换(FFT)法计算功率谱密度(PSD)以及小波变换处理电化学噪声信号的基本过程,并阐释了各种数学处理及所得参数的物理意义。