浅谈印染废水处理技术的选择与应用

介绍了印染废水的污染特性,在此基础上,对目前处理印染废水的几种常用方法进行了比较,结合具体的印染废水污染实例,对印染废水的处理方案进行了论述,得出了处理印染废水的一般规律。     

Quantitative detection of previously characterized syntrophic bacteria in anaerobic wastewater treatment systems by sequence-specific rRNA cleavage method

Quantitative monitoring method of two important trophic groups of bacteria in methanogenic communities was established and applied to six different anaerobic processes. The method we employed was based upon our previous sequence-specific rRNA cleavage method that allows quantification of rRNA of target groups so that the populations reflecting in situ activity could be determined. We constructed a set of scissor probes targeting the Chloroflexi group known as ‘semi-syntrophic’ heterotrophic bacteria and fatty acid-oxidizing syntrophs to determine their relative abundance in the processes. By using the method, we found that several reactors harbored a large amount of organisms belonging to the phylum Chloroflexi accounting for up to 20% of the total prokaryotic populations. Propionate-oxidizing syntrophs, Syntrophobacter, Smithella and Pelotomaculum were also found to be significant comprising up to 3.9% of the total populations, but their distribution is highly dependent on the process examined. This is the first clear, non-PCR based quantitative evidence that those organisms play active roles under in situ methanogenic conditions.     

Characteristics of and selection criteria for support materials for cell immobilization in wastewater treatment

For treatment of wastewater with immobilized cells, support materials need to meet the following criteria: insoluble, not biodegradable, high mechanical stability, high diffusivity, simple immobilization procedure, high biomass retention, minimal attachment of other organisms and preferably a low cost price. In order to compare which support materials are the most suitable, characteristics of several natural and synthetic materials have been determined. For this, both literature and experimental data were used. The immobilization procedures of natural gel materials, like alginate and carrageenan, are mild and cells grow well in these supports. Furthermore, the effective diffusion coefficients of substrates are close to those in water. These supports, however, appeared to be soluble, biodegradable and liable to abrasion. Synthetic gels, on the contrary, have better mechanical properties, but mostly lower substrate diffusion coefficients. Immobilization conditions are less mild resulting in low biomass retention. For application of entrapped nitrifying cells in wastewater-treatment systems synthetic gels, however, are promising.     

华南地区某污水处理厂工程设计

针对华南地区某污水处理厂污水处理的特点和难点,探讨了该厂污水处理工艺设计,介绍了AAO污水处理工艺流程,并阐述了各主要构筑物工程设计及相关参数,为今后类似污水处理厂项目设计积累了一定经验。     

柠檬酸废水处理研究

介绍了柠檬酸的性质和用途，详细地阐述了几种柠檬酸废水的处理工艺，如厌氧生物法、好氧生物法、厌氧-好氧生物组合法、厌氧-兼氧-好氧生物组合法，并对不同方法的原理和工艺流程做了比较，从而促进柠檬酸废水处理的研究。     

A conceptual basis for microbial selection in biological wastewater treatment

In biological wastewater treatment plants special groups of microorganisms responsible for the purification process are selected by plant design and operating conditions. Use is made of the physiological and physical properties of the microorganisms to create primary and secondary selection pressure conditions respectively. Secondary selection is achieved with special techniques (“microbial selectors”) based on e.g. cell settlement properties and size, and occurs only in continuous and semi-continuous systems. Each combination of primary and secondary selection conditions creates an unique population of microorganisms. Examples are given in which the microbial selection concept is utilized to select for wanted or remove unwanted microorganisms.     

二级曝气中和法处理酸洗废水工艺的研究

根据酸洗废水的水质特点，介绍了二级曝气中和法作为酸洗废水的处理工艺，并在理论上对该工艺进行了探讨，模拟试验结果表明，二级曝气中和法对酸洗废水中污染物去除效果显著，出水符合排放要求，工艺合理可行。     

Preliminary screening of small-scale domestic wastewater treatment systems for removal of pharmaceutical and personal care products

Occurrence and removal efficiencies of 13 pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) as well as BOD₅, TSS and NH₄⁺ were evaluated for the first time in thirteen onsite household secondary wastewater treatment systems, including two compact biofilters followed by Filtralite-P filter units, two biological sand filters, five horizontal subsurface flow and four vertical flow constructed wetlands. As expected, all systems removed TSS and BOD₅ efficiently (>95% removal). The PPCP removal efficiencies exceeded 80% with the exception of carbamazepine, diclofenac and ketoprofen because of their more recalcitrant characteristics. Despite no statistical differences in the PPCP removal were observed between the different systems evaluated, the vegetated vertical flow constructed wetlands which had unsaturated flow and hence better oxygenation, appeared consistently to perform better in terms of PPCP removal efficiency. The combined effects of vegetation and unsaturated water flow provide a higher tolerance to variations in loading rate and a consistent removal rate.     

Application of multi-wavelength fluorometry for monitoring wastewater treatment process dynamics

Much of the methodology employed for characterizing wastewater and in modeling wastewater treatment processes employs off-line analysis. Off-line analysis is time consuming and not ideally suited to developing process control strategies. Clearly a rapid, inexpensive and reliable method suitable for following organic consumption and biomass production on-line would be very useful. In this study multiple excitation—multiple emission fluorometry was examined as a method for monitoring wastewater treatment processes. Results were first obtained for defined protein solutions and activated sludge to identify characteristic excitation and emission wavelength pairs. These results were then used to develop a rapid off-line assay for measurement of synthetic feeds consisting of protein substrates for batch aerobic and anoxic wastewater treatment processes and for on-line monitoring of cellular metabolic states in an anoxic process. Step-wise multiple regression and principal component analysis were employed for data analysis. The former was used to determine the most informative excitation and emission wavelength pairs while the latter was applied to reduce fluorescent spectra dimensions. Analysis of the batch kinetics suggests that this approach is valid and revealed some dynamic features of protein utilization and biomass accumulation under aerobic and anoxic conditions. A correlation was developed between COD-removal rates and the fluorescence signals in the two processes using fluorescent emission spectra rather than single signals. The data suggests that this multiple excitation—multiple emission fluorometry may be a suitable method for following wastewater and activated sludge dynamics and could be used as the basis for the development of expert system based biosensors.     

Life cycle assessment of ecological sanitation system for small-scale wastewater treatment

Ecological sanitation (EcoSan) concepts, relying on an environmentally sound management of water, nutrient and energy fluxes, have been poorly characterized in literature and are widely ignored by public planning authorities, architects or engineers. A comparative life cycle assessment (LCA) of an EcoSan system at an office building and of conventional systems was carried out in order to provide practical data and information to (partially) fill this gap. Compared to conventional systems, EcoSan can reduce the contribution to ecosystem quality damage by more than 60%. EcoSan leads, however, to higher damages on resources and human health and higher impact on climate change. Key improvement possibilities and research needs related to these results are discussed throughout the paper. Ecological sanitation appears to be a promising alternative to small-scale wastewater treatment. At higher scales, low water consumption conventional systems are better performing and are not likely to be replaced by EcoSan systems in the short term. Standard conventional systems have very poor environmental performances and should be upgraded as far as possible.     

基于信号解释Petri网的污水处理系统研究

污水生化处理过程机理复杂,具有强耦合性、非线性、时变性等特征,建模控制过程比较复杂.针对SBR处理工艺过程,提出采用信号解释Petri对SBR污水处理进行建模与控制,对系统活性、可逆性、终止性、决定性和输入依赖性进行验证,并对设计后系统的模型进行评价.分析结果表明,采用信号解释Petri对SBR污水处理进行建模与控制形式正确、有效.最后提出用PLC实现污水处理系统的设计、分析、仿真和代码产生.     

污水百乐克工艺设计及特点

介绍了河北省武安市污水处理厂的百乐克系统工艺实际情况,涉及到工艺池设计尺寸、功能、运行参数、设备选型及工艺设计特点等内容,对其他同类污水处理厂具有一定指导作用。     

纺织污水处理厂厌氧水解及接触氧化工艺调试

介绍了空港经济区纺织污水处理厂＂厌氧水解＋接触氧化＋化学混凝法＋沉淀分离＂组合工艺的运行调试过程,针对纺织废水水质间歇性超标、水质波动大以及纺织废水与市政污水的比例波动等问题,通过合理调整气水比、溶解氧、生物膜厚度、加药量等工艺参数,使系统的出水水质达到了设计要求,可为同行业污水处理厂的试运行调试提供参考。     

Infrastructure performance rating models for wastewater treatment plants

Wastewater treatment plants (WTPs) are among the most complex municipal infrastructure systems that serve large populations. Unfortunately, many studies have shown that the WTPs, in the USA and Canada, are facing unprecedented deterioration due to ageing and improper maintenance plans. This situation is aggravated by the lack of adequate funds for upgrading and maintenance. In 2008, Statistics Canada estimated that WTPs exceeded 63% of their useful lives, the highest level among public infrastructure facilities. Similarly, the WTP performance in the USA had a near-failure average grade of D ? . These facts show the urgent need for rehabilitation decision tools to keep these facilities running effectively. This research aims to respond to such a pressing need by developing a condition-rating index (CRI) model for the WTP infrastructure. The CRI is developed using an integrated approach of the analytical hierarchy process with the multi-attribute utility theory. The required data for these models are collected via questionnaires from site visits and interviews with experts in Canada and the USA. The results reveal that physical factors have the highest impact on deterioration of WTP infrastructure and that pumps are the most vulnerable infrastructure unit. The developed CRI workability is proved using data of three WTPs from Canada and the USA, which show robust results.     

污水处理原理和技术

结合污水处理工程的现状,提出了污水处理的方法,探讨了生物化学处理的原理和影响因素,分析了生物化学处理法在运行过程中出现的故障,详细介绍了利用生物化学原理的污水处理技术,以做好城市污水处理工作。     

固定化细胞技术在废水处理中的应用

介绍了固定化细胞技术,综述了近年来固定化细胞的制备方法、固定化细胞的反应特性,对采用细胞固定化技术处理各种废水的一些实验模拟进行了简要的论述,并指出了今后的研究方向。     

Cost models for small wastewater treatment plants

The cost models of small wastewater treatment plants serving to population sizes of 2000 to 25,000 were prepared for Turkey with intermediate degree of accuracy. In the first phase, kinetic models of aerated lagoon, stabilization pond, trickling filter, oxidation ditch and rotating biological contactor (RBC) were derived in terms of area and flow rates at various treatment efficiencies considering different temperature ranges. Secondly the construction, mechanical, electrical equipment, operation and maintenance costs were computed as function of flow rates for each biological treatment process in the development of cost models. These models will be employed in the selection of the appropriate biological treatment process before investment of limited funds.     

炼油废水深度处理探索性试验研究

对陕西省某炼油厂废水二级处理出水进行混凝与臭氧活性炭吸附探索性试验,根据处理效果,掌握必要参数,为进一步深度处理做准备,指出混凝＋砂滤＋臭氧氧化＋活性炭吸附处理炼油二次处理排放水可以达到回用的目的,其关键是解决活性炭使用寿命的问题。     

城市污水回用深度处理方法及其研究进展

介绍了城市污水回用深度处理的概念,总结了几种常见的城市污水回用深度处理方法,对它们的原理和特点进行了简单概述,并阐述了近年来这些深度处理方法的研究进展,从而使城市污水作为新的资源得以循环利用,提高了城市资源的利用率。