Community psychology: Boundary problems, psychological perspectives, and an empirical overview of the field.

Argues that L. D. Goodstein and I. Sandler's (see record 1979-22507-001) conceptual analysis of the role of community psychology (CP) exacerbates the boundary problem between CP and allied fields and loses sight of the part of CP that is psychological in nature. A content analysis of published literature on CP reveals overlaps between CP and community mental health, as well as between CP and public policy, organizational, and applied psychology. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

More on conceptualizing community psychology.

Responds to comments of D. S. Glenwick (1979) on L. D. Goodstein and I. Sandler's (see record 1979-22507-001) conceptual analysis of community psychology (CP). Topics covered include the role of program evaluation, multidisciplinary knowledge, and the drawing of boundaries between CP and related fields. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

The role and definition of community psychology.

Comments on L. D. Goodstein and I. Sandler's (see record 1979-22507-001) conceptual analysis of community psychology (CP), focusing on program evaluation, multidisciplinary knowledge, and the community mental health movement (CMHM). There are aspects of the CMHM that can prosper within CP, that are consonant with a CP orientation, and that can lead to mutually productive collaborative undertakings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Erratum to Glenwick.

Reports an error in the original article by David S. Glenwick (American Psychologist, 1979[June], 34[6], p.559), a misplaced line occurred in the first paragraph, third column. The paragraph should read: I share Goodstein and Sandler's (1978, p. 891) opinion that "community psychology cannot prosper within the community mental health movement" (my emphasis). Nonetheless, there are some aspects of the community mental health movement (e.g., consultation, crisis intervention, use of paraprofessionals, community education, administration of the community mental health center as an organizational system) that can prosper within community psychology, that are consonant with a community psychology orientation and can lead to mutually productive collaborative undertakings. To prevent the baby from being thrown out with the bathwater, it is these aspects of community mental health that can legitimately be embraced by community psychology without comprising its ideological integrity. (The following abstract appears in record 1990-58513-001.) Comments on L. D. Goodstein and I. Sandler's (see record 1979-22507-001) conceptual analysis of community psychology (CP), focusing on program evaluation, multidisciplinary knowledge, and the community mental health movement (CMHM). There are aspects of the CMHM that can prosper within CP, that are consonant with a CP orientation, and that can lead to mutually productive collaborative undertakings. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Academic perspectives on the principles for training in consulting psychology.

This article represents a conceptual analysis of the proposed training principles for consulting psychology (CP) as approved and forwarded by the Society of Consulting Psychology (R. L. Lowman et al; see record 2003-04049-003). Strengths and weaknesses of the document are identified and briefly analyzed from the perspective of academic programs and faculty. The major topics addressed include the role of the scientist-practitioner model, research and evaluation skills, ethical matters, training level, multidisciplinary opportunities, and the focus on competencies. Persistent questions about what CP is and perhaps about what it should be arise very naturally from a careful consideration of training practices. Persistent questions and issues also arise regarding the basic operational definitions of CP as they relate to current practices. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

On the status of cognitive psychology.

Discusses the status of cognitive psychology (CP) based on previous research by the present author (see PA, Vols 69:6694 and 71:14115), R. Lachman et al (1979), and E. Tulving (1979). The present author's research confirms Tulving's point that considerable terminological confusion over concepts exists in CP literature, suggesting that CP has some way to go before it assumes the mantle of normal science. (10 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reading chimpanzee faces: Evidence for the role of verbal labels in categorical perception of emotion.

Categorical perception (CP) occurs when continuously varying stimuli are perceived as belonging to discrete categories. Thereby, perceivers are more accurate at discriminating between stimuli of different categories than between stimuli within the same category (Harnad, 1987; Goldstone, 1994). The current experiments investigated whether the structural information in the face is sufficient for CP to occur. Alternatively, a perceiver's conceptual knowledge, by virtue of expertise or verbal labeling, might contribute. In two experiments, people who differed in their conceptual knowledge (in the form of expertise, Experiment 1; or verbal label learning, Experiment 2) categorized chimpanzee facial expressions. Expertise alone did not facilitate CP. Only when perceivers first explicitly learned facial expression categories with a label were they more likely to show CP. Overall, the results suggest that the structural information in the face alone is often insufficient for CP; CP is facilitated by verbal labeling. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

What is an adequate knowledge base for clinical psychology?

Identifies some objectionable implications of L. D. Goodstein and I. Sandler's (see record 1979-22507-001) conceptual model for using psychology to alleviate human distress and promote human welfare. A transactional view of disordered behavior and a sociological view of deviance are presented and applied to specific examples to substantiate the premise that all intervention specialists must have a broad conceptual basis from which to work. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

In defense of the placebo group in psychotherapy research.

Comments on K. D. O'Leary and T. Borkovec's (see record 1979-24057-001) discussion of conceptual, methodological, and ethical problems with placebo groups in psychotherapy research, focusing on alternatives to placebo groups and differences between psychotherapy and analog research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Is social competence independent of cultural context?

Proposes an alternative to E. Zigler and P. K. Trickett's (see record 1979-24689-001) conceptual definition of social competence (SOCO) and suggests a possible strategy for implementing this concept in a multicultural context. SOCO is proposed as a dynamic process that draws on an individual's cognitive, linguistic, and social capabilities. The resultant model of assessment considers all child behavior as potentially useful in constructing indices of SOCO, recognizes cultural and ethnic strengths, and permits examination of behavioral components comprising a child's repertoire at different developmental periods. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Comments on voluntarism: Reply to Penk and Robinowitz.

The authors' reply to the W. E. Penk and R. Robinowitz (see record 1980-12694-001) article expresses reservations about these investigators' criticisms of the earlier work of the present authors and R. P. Archer (see record 1979-26926-001) and outlines conceptual and experimental design problems with the 1980 test of the voluntarism hypothesis. It is suggested that the importance of the voluntarism issue has been greatly exaggerated. (5 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Cognitive behavior modification or new ways to change minds: Reply to Mahoney and Kazdin.

Defends the "myths" that cognitivism necessitates mentalism and that therapists can be classified on the basis of technique. Two studies cited by M. J. Mahoney and A. E. Kazdin (see record 1979-34250-001) as evidence of the potential of cognitive perspectives are found to raise more questions than they answer. It is urged that the phrase "behavior modification" not be used to describe cognitive approaches, since failure to distinguish the 2 kinds of therapy invites a conceptual confusion of cognition with behavior. (13 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Reducing intergroup bias: The benefits of recategorization.

Three hundred sixty undergraduates participated in small groups in an experiment that tested 2 strategies, based on the social categorization approach, for reducing intergroup bias. Both strategies involved recategorizing members' conceptual representations of the aggregate compared with a control condition designed to maintain initial group boundaries. The recategorization treatments induced members of 2 3-person groups to conceive of both memberships as 1 6-person group or as 6 separate individuals. The findings revealed that the one-group and separate-individuals conditions, as compared with the control condition, reduced intergroup bias. Furthermore, these recategorized conditions reduced bias in different ways consistent with M. B. Brewer's (see record 1979-25967-001) analysis and J. C. Turner's (1985) self-categorization theory. Specifically, the 1-group representation reduced bias primarily by increasing the attractiveness of former out-group members, whereas the separate-individuals representation primarily decreased the attractiveness of former in-group members. Implications for the utility of these strategies are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Further déjà vu in the search for cross-situational consistency: A response to Mischel and Peake.

W. Mischel and P. Peake (see record 1983-05642-001) criticized recent proposals for addressing the issue of cross-situational variability in behavior. The present author argues that Mischel and Peake misrepresent the links between the empirical studies they discuss and the methodological or conceptual strategies they criticize. In particular, they distorted the raison d'être of the author and D. C. Funder's (see record 1979-28632-001) template-matching technique and misapprehended the author and A. Allen's (see record 1975-04252-001) argument for an idiographic, or person-centered, approach to personality. (15 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Influence of type of exchange fluid on survival in therapeutic apheresis for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura

Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is a potentially lethal disease that may respond favorably to plasma infusion or therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) with frozen plasma (FP) as the exchange fluid. Frozen plasma from which the cryo-precipitated fraction has been removed (cryopoor plasma, CP) has reportedly been useful in refractory cases in which a response to FP is not being observed. We report a retrospective analysis of all cases of TTP treated by TPE with either FP (1985-1989) or CP (1989-1993) as exchange fluid at a large tertiary care hospital between the years 1985 and 1993. A severity score index was compiled for each patient using the platelet count, mental status, hematocrit, and renal function at the time of diagnosis. Nineteen patients were treated with FP (group 1) and 18 patients with CP (group 2). Groups did not differ in age, gender, race, hematologic parameters, or severity scores. Patients treated with CP, however, had more plasma exchange (14 +/- 10 vs. 12 +/- 8, respectively) and more fluid exchanged than these treated with FP (50 L +/- 36 vs. 37 L +/- 40, respectively). Survival was 72% in the CP group and 47% in the FP group. Although a survival advantage for the use of CP as exchange fluid in the treatment of TTP is suggested by our observations, the retrospective nature of the study, lack of randomization, and sequential rather than concurrent use of FP and CP indicates caution in interpretation. The data do indicate, however, that use of CP is acceptable as the initial exchange fluid in TTP.     

Antecedents and consequences of satisfaction and commitment in turnover models: A reanalysis using latent variable structural equation methods.

A review of recent models of organizational commitment (e.g., J. H. Morris and J. D. Sherman; see record 1981-33773-001) and turnover (e.g., W. H. Mobley et al; see record 1979-29973-001) indicates that the causal relation between job satisfaction and organizational commitment had been overlooked and that attempts to identify the antecedents of these variables had suffered from conceptual and methodological limitations. To examine these 2 issues, structural equation methodology was used to reanalyze path analysis data from C. E. Michaels and P. E. Spector (see record 1982-10938-001) and A. C. Bluedorn (see record 1982-22265-001). Four causal models were examined. Across both samples, support was obtained for relations between personal/organizational characteristics and job satisfaction and between satisfaction and commitment. Commitment was also an important determinant of turnover intentions. Results suggest that the path analysis technique does not allow for the simultaneous examination of the effects of exogenous variables on 2 or more endogenous variables. (44 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved)     

Binding of the non-classical cannabinoid CP 55,940, and the diarylpyrazole AM251 to rodent brain cannabinoid receptors

The binding of [123I]AM251 (a radioiodinated analog of the cannabinoid CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A) was compared to that of [3H]CP 55,940 in mouse and rat brain preparations. Scatchard analysis of the binding of [123I]AM251 and [3H]CP 55,940 to membranes prepared from mouse cerebellum, striatum and hippocampus yielded similar Bmax values (15-41 pmol/g wet wt tissue). Kd values were lower for [123I]AM251 (0.23-0.62 nM) than for [3H]CP 55,940 (1.3-4 nM). CP 55,940 and SR141716A increased dissociation of [123I]AM251 from binding sites in mouse cerebellar homogenates to a similar extent. The structurally dissimilar cannabinoid receptor ligands THC, methanandamide, WIN 55, 212-2, CP 55,940 and SR141716A were each able to fully compete with binding of both [123I]AM251 and [3H]CP 55,940 in mouse cerebellum. In vitro autoradiography demonstrated that the distribution of binding sites for [123I]AM251 in rat brain was very similar to published distributions of binding sites for [3H]CP 55,940. Together, these observations suggest that AM251 binds to the same site (the cannabinoid CB1 receptor) in rodent brains as CP 55,940. However, the binding site domains which interact with AM251 and CP 55,940 may not be identical, since IC50 values for cannabinoid receptor ligands depended on whether [123I]AM251 or [3H]CP 55,940 was used as radioligand.     

Biomechanical evaluation and clinical correlation of 3 methods of internal fixation of metacarpophalangeal arthrodesis of the thumb

Three methods of internal fixation for MCP arthrodesis of fifteen cadaveric thumbs were used to analyze the biomechanical stability by applying a palmar force, lateral force, and torsion moment. The techniques used included two K-wires 0.045 in parallel (BK), 2 cerclage metallic wires #25 perpendicular to each other (CP), and a 6-holes plate and screws construct from Synthes (PV). The initial rigidity was measured using a Bionix MTS-858. The results after statistical analysis showed: 1) CP was just as rigid as PV for the palmar and lateral tests; 2) CP was, overall, superior to BK in palmar and lateral tests; 3) no difference existed in torsion between the three types of fixation. A comparison was done between the rigidity of the fixation techniques used and the rates of bony nonunion found in the literature. The mean rates of nonunion were reported to be 0-4.0% for the following techniques: CP, tension band wiring (TB), plate and screws, external fixation, compression screw. The rates of nonunion were higher, 7.5-12.5%, for BK, cerclages not perpendicular (CM), bone pegs. According to the results of this biomechanical study and the review of the literature, fixation with BK is the least rigid, and fixation with CP is just as rigid as with PV. The success clinically of CP is yet to be demonstrated. Other studies on the properties of CP for fatigue would be necessary to give a better analysis.     

Insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion due to phosphofructo-1-kinase-deficiency in humans

Recent epidemiologic evidence suggests that patients with chronic pancreatitis (CP) have an increased risk of developing pancreatic carcinoma (PCA). In spite of numerous similarities in both diseases, mechanisms for progression from CP to PCA are poorly understood. We hypothesized that enhanced angiogenesis might play a pivotal role in the etiology and histopathology of both CP and PCA, and thus form a possible link between precancer and carcinoma. In surgical specimens of 18 patients with CP, 10 with PCA, and 18 controls, absolute numbers of blood vessels and relative blood vessel density were assessed after immunostaining of endothelial cells for von Willebrand factor and PECAM-1 (platelet/ endothelial cell adhesion molecule-1). Furthermore, the expression of cell adhesion molecules ICAM-1 (intercellular adhesion molecule-1) and VCAM-1 (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1) and of VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) was investigated in all specimens. Both CP and PCA exhibited areas of high vascular density ("hot spots"). The mean number of blood vessels in these areas in PCA was 132.2+/-16.8 per mm2, and in CP, 99.2+/-7.4 per mm2. The mean vessel count in controls was 25.1+/-5.1. Relative vessel density was increased in both PCA (41.3+/-3.5%) and CP (30.6+/-2.6%) versus controls (8.0+/-0.8%). Both absolute vessel count and relative vessel density were significantly higher (p<0.05) in PCA than in CP. Enhanced expression of ICAM-1 in CP and PCA was seen in ductal cells in CP and cancer cells. In controls, ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 were expressed only at low levels in endothelial cells. VCAM-1 was strongly expressed in acinar cells as well as in ductal cells. In CP and PCA, VEGF was strongly expressed in ductal cells in CP as well as in cancer cells. We show for the first time that angiogenic activity is increased in both CP and PCA. Based on this study, we suggest that antiangiogenesis might be a novel target for prevention or therapy in chronic pancreatic diseases.     

The nucleotide sequence of the 3'-terminal region of dasheen mosaic virus (Caladium isolate) and expression of its coat protein in Escherichia coli for antiserum production

A caladium isolate of dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV-Ch) was cloned as cDNA from genomic RNA. The sequence of the 3'-terminal 3158 nucleotides, which consisted of the 3'-terminus of the NIa gene, the NIb gene, the coat protein (CP) gene, and a 246-nucleotide non-coding region, was between 57-68% similar at the nucleotide level and 72-82% similar at the amino acid level when compared with other potyviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of aligned, selected potyviral CP sequences indicate that DsMV-Ch is similar to DsMV isolates infecting taro and closely related to the bean common mosaic virus subgroup in the genus Potyvirus. A recombinant DsMV-Ch CP (approximately 39 kDa) expressed in E. coli was used as an immunogen and the resulting antiserum reacted with DsMV and several other potyviruses in Western blots and indirect ELISA.