MnOx对Pt/CeZrO2催化剂在水汽和CO2环境下CO氧化的影响

以CeZrO₂固溶体为载体,发现MnO_x的添加能促进Pt/CeZrO₂催化剂的CO氧化性能,并研究了MnO_x含量对催化剂CO氧化活性及抗H₂O和CO₂性能的影响。结果表明,随着MnO_x含量增加,催化剂活性呈现先升高后降低的趋势,在MnO_x含量为0.5%（质量分数）时活性最佳。MnO_x的添加降低了Pt颗粒尺寸并影响催化剂还原性能从而促进反应活性。水汽和CO₂对Pt/CeZrO₂催化剂的CO氧化活性有抑制作用,而MnO_x的加入能显著提高催化剂的抗水汽和CO₂的能力。反应动力学结果表明,在Pt/CeZrO₂催化剂上,反应气中引入H₂O和CO₂后,CO的反应级数有明显升高,说明H₂O和CO₂在催化剂表面与CO竞争吸附,导致CO反应活性下降;而在Pt/MnO_x/CeZrO₂催化剂上,CO的反应级数略有升高,说明MnO_x的添加能有效抑制H₂O和CO₂与CO的竞争吸附,从而改善了催化剂的抗H₂O和CO₂性能。     

Zn(OAc)2/AC催化固定床上CO2与1,2-丙二醇合成碳酸丙烯酯及其反应机理

以负载型乙酸锌为催化剂,在固定床上实现了CO₂和1,2-丙二醇(PG)合成碳酸丙烯酯(PC)反应。考察了不同载体和负载量对负载型乙酸锌催化性能的影响以及反应条件对PC合成反应的影响。结果表明:负载量为40% (质量分数)的Zn(OAc)₂/AC催化性能最好。CO₂与PG合成PC适宜的反应条件为:PG、乙腈和CO₂的摩尔比为1:1.8:11,CO₂ 压力 4.0 MPa,反应温度160 ℃和液空速0.9 h^-1。在此条件下,PC收率和选择性分别为6.3%和49.0%。采用原位红外结合设计实验研究了无水乙酸锌分别与CO₂和PG之间的相互作用,发现CO₂与乙酸锌之间的化学吸附比较弱,而PG与乙酸锌之间的化学吸附较强,能够活化PG。据此推测了乙酸锌催化CO₂与PG合成PC的反应机理。     

Cooperative action of cobalt and MgO for the catalysed reforming of CH4 with CO2

The reforming of CH₄ with CO₂ over activated carbon- or silica-supported cobalt catalysts with and without added MgO as promoter has been studied over a range of temperatures (500–700°C). A significant effect of the MgO on catalyst efficiency was observed. The presence of MgO markedly reduces the carbon deposition on the surface of the catalyst and therefore, contributes to the stability of the catalyst. Based on temperature-programmed surface reaction experiments of chemisorbed CO₂, the role of MgO may be ascribed to the formation of strongly adsorbed CO₂ species over its surface. These CO₂ species can easily react with the surface carbon deposits under CO₂-reforming reaction conditions, preventing in this way catalyst deactivation.     

CATALYTIC PRODUCTION OF ELEMENTAL SULFUR FROM THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF H2S IN THE PRESENCE OF CO2

The feasibility of using a cobalt-molybdenum (Co-Mo) sulfide catalyst that was prepared from a commercial Co-Mo oxide catalyst for the production of elemental sulfur from hydrogen sulfide (H₂S) and carbon dioxide (CO₂) in a packed bed catalytic reactor was studied. It was demonstrated that the desired sulfide catalyst could be prepared by first reducing, then sulphiding the corresponding oxide. The results showed that the prepared catalyst was capable of producing elemental sulfur from the thermal decomposition of H₂S in the presence of CO₂ over a temperature range of 465-700°C and at atmospheric pressure. A specific rate coefficient was calculated as well as the Arrhenius parameters for the non-equilibrated reaction. The H₂S decomposition reaction was found to be a second order reaction and have an activation energy of 114.4kJ/mol(27.3kcal/mol).     

ZnBr2–Ph4PI as highly efficient catalyst for cyclic carbonates synthesis from terminal epoxides and carbon dioxide

The catalyst systems composed of ZnBr₂ and different phosphonium salts were examined for solvent-free synthesis of cyclic carbonates from CO₂ and terminal epoxides under mild conditions. Among the catalysts investigated, ZnBr₂–Ph₄PI was found to be the best while those of ZnBr₂–phosphine oxide (Bu₃PO or Ph₃PO) show no catalytic effect. It is apparent that the halide ions of phosphonium salts have an essential role to play in the reaction. The catalytic activity of ZnBr₂–Ph₄PI increases with a rise of Ph₄PI to ZnBr₂ molar ratio up to 6, above which there is little change in catalytic activity. We observed that with a rise in ZnBr₂ to Ph₄PI molar ratio, there is increase in epoxide conversion but decline in TOF_PO (estimated based on the site number of Zn²⁺). The effect of water on the reaction was investigated for the first time. We found that the presence of even a trace amount of water would result in a marked decline in reactivity, and the observation provides a valid explanation for why reproducibility of results is poor among researchers so far. The influences of other parameters such as reaction temperature and CO₂ pressure on the catalytic performance of ZnBr₂–PPh₄I were also studied. It is shown that the catalyst is sensitive to reaction temperature, and a rise of reaction temperature up to 130 °C favors the formation of cyclic carbonates. We observed that activity increases with rise in CO₂ pressure and reaches a maximum at an initial CO₂ pressure of 2.5 MPa. Moreover, a plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed.     

异形催化剂床层中Sabatier反应的微-介尺度模拟

采用离散元方法（DEM）建立随机堆积球形、柱形催化剂床层,计算流体力学（CFD）方法模拟Sabatier反应床层介尺度和催化剂微尺度的温度和物质浓度分布,并探讨了催化剂形状、壁温和入口条件对反应特征的影响。结果表明：床层中会出现球形热点区,并随反应进行向出口移动,催化剂外层反应物浓度比内层高且呈环状分布。柱形催化剂单颗粒中心CO₂转化率较球形高,但棱角和床层壁面会出现低转化率区,床层流体会出现回流、滞留和沟流现象,最终导致CO₂转化率为球形>柱形（径高比=1.3）>柱形（径高比=1）。球形催化剂床层中,时间t=200s时,CO₂转化率达到峰值26%,若此时将壁温降低50K,时间t=500s时,较降温前CO₂转化率增大2%、热点温度降低10K;增加惰性球层、减小入口流速和温度,能提高催化剂内CO₂转化率。     

Electrocatalytic reforming of carbon dioxide by methane in SOFC system

The reaction of carbon dioxide catalytic reforming with methane is an attractive route because these greenhouse gases can be converted into variable feedstocks. However this reaction is a highly energy consuming and coke forming process. These problems were improved by the electrocatalytic reforming of CO₂ with CH₄ in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) membrane reactor system, which generates high electrical power and synthesis gases. The single cell consists of catalyst electrode (NiO–MgO), counter electrode ((La,Sr)MnO₃) and Y₂O₃ stabilized ZrO₂ (YSZ) electrolyte. The reaction rates of CO₂ and CH₄, and the electrochemical properties were investigated by an on-line GC and impedance-analyzer under open- and closed-circuit conditions, respectively. It was found that reaction rates of CO₂ and CH₄ under the closed-circuit condition were more stable than those of the open-circuit. The results were interpreted that the stability of catalyst anode was maintained by the reaction of oxygen ion transferred from the cathode with the surface carbon formed in the internal CO₂ reforming by CH₄ in SOFC system.     

Reduction of carbon dioxide with water under concentrated sunlight using photocatalyst combined with Fe-based catalyst

The reduction of CO₂ with water into valuable organic compounds under concentrated sunlight was investigated for the first time over a hybrid catalyst, in which a Pt-loaded K₂Ti₆O₁₃ photocatalyst was combined with a Fe-based catalyst supported on a dealuminated Y-type zeolite (Fe-Cu-K/DAY). In this reaction system, the Pt/K₂Ti₆O₁₃ catalyst decomposes water to produce H₂ and the Fe-Cu-K/DAY catalyst reduces CO₂ with the resulting H₂ into organic compounds. When only the Pt/K₂Ti₆O₁₃ photocatalyst was used, organic compounds such as CH₄, HCOOH, and HCHO were formed together with H₂, indicating that CO₂ can also be directly reduced over Pt/K₂Ti₆O₁₃. On the contrary, when the hybrid catalyst was used, CH₃OH and C₂H₅OH were produced in addition to the above products, depending on the reaction temperature and catalyst composition. The reaction temperature significantly increased by concentrating the solar irradiation, reaching 600 K and increasing the product yields. It is suggested that such a high reaction temperature facilitates both the photoreduction and hydrogenation of CO₂ over Pt/K₂Ti₆O₁₃ and Fe-Cu-K/DAY, respectively.     

Dehydrogenation of light alkanes over oxidized diamond-supported catalysts in the presence of carbon dioxide

Oxidized diamond demonstrated excellent support for the dehydrogenation of light alkanes to alkenes in the presence of CO₂. Oxidized diamond-supported Cr₂O₃ and V₂O₅ catalysts exhibited comparatively higher catalytic activities in the dehydrogenation of lower alkanes in the presence of CO₂. In the dehydrogenation of propane, the oxidized diamond-supported Cr₂O₃ and V₂O₅ catalysts in the presence of CO₂ afforded nearly twofold higher activities than that in the absence of CO₂. The activity of the oxidized diamond-supported V₂O₅ catalyst in the dehydrogenation of propane increased with increasing reaction temperatures. Furthermore, in the dehydrogenation of n-butane and iso-butane, a promoting effect of CO₂ on butane conversion and butenes yields was observed over the oxidized diamond-supported Cr₂O₃ and V₂O₅ catalysts, though the promotion effect was small.

UV-Vis analyses of the fresh and the reacted catalysts in the presence and absence of CO₂ revealed that CO₂ kept the surface V₂O₅ and Cr₂O₃ in a state of oxidation slightly higher than that in the absence of CO₂.     

A study of the kinetics of the oxidative coupling of methane over a Li/Sn/MgO catalyst

The rate of reaction of methane with oxygen in the presence of a Li/Sn/MgO catalyst has been studied as a function of the partial pressures of CH₄, O₂ and CO₂ using a well-mixed reaction system which is practically gradientless with respect to gas-phase concentrations. It is concluded that the rate-determining step involves reaction of a molecule of CH₄ adsorbed on the catalyst surface with an adsorbed di-atomic oxygen species. The kinetics are consistent with a Langmuir-Hinshelwood type mechanism involving competitive adsorption of CH₄, O₂ and CO₂ on a single site. A comparison is made with previously published results for the Li/MgO material.     

氮杂环有机催化CO2环加成反应：咪唑环的弱协同效应

稳定的CO₂ 需要高能分子的活化,如环氧化物。而亲核试剂有助于诱发三元氧环的开环,进而实现CO₂的插入活化。针对聚苯乙烯负载的有机催化剂,考察不同含氮杂环材料在催化CO₂环加成中的活性差异,发现五元氮杂环显示出了高于六元氮杂环的催化活性,五元氮杂环对底物间弱的协同效应是诱发环氧丙烷开环和活化CO₂插入的关键。进而与引入ZnCl₂、烷基胺的聚苯乙烯负载型催化剂作对比,虽然后两者反应速率得以提高,但也造成了选择性的下降。在无金属、无卤素、无添加剂、无溶剂下,PS-Im这种简单、廉价、稳定且可回收利用的聚苯乙烯负载氮杂环材料适合于工业推广。     

Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的CO_2-TPD表征

Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂是甲烷二氧化碳重整反应制取合成气研究最多、最具应用潜力的一种催化剂。通过对催化剂进行CO_2-TPD研究,考察还原态Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂的CO_2脱附特性。结果表明,浸渍法制备的Ni/Al_2O_3催化剂CO_2脱附曲线呈现双峰,分别在(60~65)℃和(350~380)℃出现高低温两个活性位;高温CO_2吸附量为3.0 cm~3·g~(-1),低温CO_2吸附量为24.0 cm~3·g~(-1)。催化剂的CO_2吸附量与其Ni含量无关。考察选用不同载体的CO_2脱附行为,发现以Al_2O_3为载体的催化剂CO_2吸附量是MgO和SiO_2为载体催化剂的2~4倍,以TiO_2为载体的催化剂几乎不吸附CO_2。     

非平衡负离子与ZnO-ZrO2固溶体协同催化CO2与H2O反应制甲醇

近年,CO₂加氢制甲醇技术初步克服了催化剂选择性低和稳定性差的难题,实现了工业化生产。然而作为氢源,氢气的廉价替代品却极少被报道。本文利用二元金属氧化物ZnO-ZrO₂固溶体作为催化剂,在负电晕等离子体的辅助下将CO₂和水蒸气转化为甲醇。结果表明,甲醇产量达到33.56μmol/h,是单独等离子体和单独催化剂条件下甲醇产量之和的1.4倍,催化剂与等离子体联用产生协同性。甲醇产量随反应电流和水蒸气流量的增大而增大,随CO₂流量的增加而降低。X射线衍射（XRD）、X射线光电子能谱分析（XPS）和CO₂-程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）表征发现,催化剂在负电晕等离子体反应条件下晶面间距增大,氧空位增多,这增强了催化剂的CO₂吸附性能。CO₂-漫反射傅里叶红外光谱（CO₂-DRIFTs）分析结果表明,负电晕等离子体处理后的催化剂反应过程中会产生羧酸盐（COO^-）,是形成甲醇的主要中间物种。     

Biodiesel from sunflower oil by using activated calcium oxide

This work studies the activity of activated CaO as a catalyst in the production of biodiesel by transesterification of triglycerides with methanol. Three basic aspects were investigated: the role of H₂O and CO₂ in the deterioration of the catalytic performance by contact with room air, the stability of the catalyst by reutilization in successive runs and the heterogeneous character of the catalytic reaction. The characterization by X-ray diffraction (XRD), evolved gas analysis by mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) during heating the sample under programmed temperature, X-ray photoelectron (XPS) and Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopies allowed to concluding that CaO is rapidly hydrated and carbonated by contact with room air. Few minutes are enough to chemisorb significant amount of H₂O and CO₂. It is demonstrated that the CO₂ is the main deactivating agent whereas the negative effect water is less important. As a matter of fact the surface of the activated catalyst is better described as an inner core of CaO particles covered by very few layers of Ca(OH)₂. The activation by outgassing at temperatures ≥973 K are required to revert the CO₂ poisoning. The catalyst can be reused for several runs without significant deactivation. The catalytic reaction is the result of the heterogeneous and homogeneous contributions. Part of the reaction takes place on basic sites at the surface of the catalyst, the rest is due to the dissolution of the activated CaO in methanol that creates homogeneous leached active species.     

CO2催化转化制碳酸丙烯酯研究进展：催化剂设计、性能与反应机理

CO₂催化转化合成碳酸丙烯酯（PC）是CO₂资源化循环利用的典型反应，同时产物PC作为重要的极性溶剂和聚合物单体在锂离子电池和高性能聚合物等关键领域的需求激增，因此受到科研界和工业界的关注。本文简要介绍了从CO₂出发催化转化合成PC的现有反应路径，详细介绍了目前应用最广泛的CO₂-环氧丙烷（PO）羧基化反应体系，包括CO₂-PO羧基化反应涉及的各种均相和非均相催化体系及其近期研究进展，重点总结了催化剂的设计、构效关系与反应机理。最后，提出了为实现CO₂-PO羧基化合成PC工艺的可持续发展所需解决的问题，并对此提出了解决思路和未来发展方向，以期为CO₂高效转化为绿色环保化学品PC技术的发展提供参考。     

Characterization and reactivity of pure TiO2–SO4 SCR catalyst: influence of SO4 content

The kinetics of the reaction of NO, N₂O and CO₂ with activated carbon without catalyst and impregnated with a precursor salt of vanadium (ammonium monovanadate) was investigated. The conversion of NO, N₂O and CO₂ was studied (450–900°C) using a TGA apparatus and a fixed bed reactor. The reactor effluents were analysed using a GC/MS on line. The addition of vanadium increased carbon reactivity and adsorption at lower temperatures. For NO and N₂O conversion the main products obtained were N₂, N₂O, CO and CO₂ but for CO₂ conversion only CO was detected. In situ XRD was a useful tool for interpreting catalyst behaviour and identifying phases present during reaction conditions. The catalytic effect of vanadium can be explained by the occurrence of redox processes in which the catalyst is reduced to lower oxidation states such as V₂O₅/V₆O₁₃.     

CO_2 methanation over TiO_2–Al_2O_3 binary oxides supported Ru catalysts

TiO_2 modified Al_2O_3 binary oxide was prepared by a wet-impregnation method and used as the support for ruthenium catalyst. The catalytic performance of Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst in CO_2 methanation reaction was investigated. Compared with Ru/Al_2O_3 catalyst, the Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalytic system exhibited a much higher activity in CO_2 methanation reaction. The reaction rate over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3 was 0.59 mol CO_2·(g Ru)1·h-1, 3.1 times higher than that on Ru/Al_2O_3[0.19 mol CO_2·(gRu)-1·h-1]. The effect of TiO_2 content and TiO_2–Al_2O_3calcination temperature on catalytic performance was addressed. The corresponding structures of each catalyst were characterized by means of H_2-TPR, XRD, and TEM. Results indicated that the averaged particle size of the Ru on TiO_2–Al_2O_3support is 2.8 nm, smaller than that on Al_2O_3 support of 4.3 nm. Therefore, we conclude that the improved activity over Ru/TiO_2–Al_2O_3catalyst is originated from the smaller particle size of ruthenium resulting from a strong interaction between Ru and the rutile-TiO_2 support, which hindered the aggregation of Ru nanoparticles.     

甲醇合成催化剂的工艺参数优化及反应机理探讨

对自主研制的甲醇合成催化剂进行工艺参数优化,同时根据实验结果对合成气条件下甲醇合成的反应机理进行探讨。实验采用16通道反应器,考察反应温度和接触时间对合成甲醇反应速率的影响,确定适宜的催化剂工艺条件。结果表明,在较长接触时间下,随着温度的升高,CO转化率、H_2转化率和甲醇相对含量先升高后降低,CO_2转化率降低。在较低温度下,CO_2转化率随接触时间延长基本不变,表明甲醇中碳元素主要来自于CO,而CO_2浓度处于水汽变换反应与加氢形成甲醇反应之间的平衡状态。     

Oxidative coupling of methane over lithium doped magnesium oxide catalysts

Active sites are created on the surface of a Li/MgO catalyst used for the selective oxidation of methane, by the gradual loss of CO₂ from surface lithium carbonate species in the presence of oxygen. The sites created are not stable but disappear either as a result of reaction with SiO₂ to form Li₂SiO₃ or by the formation and subsequent loss of the volatile compound LiOH. The deactivation can be reversed, at least partially, by treating the catalyst in CO₂ under reaction conditions; it can be retarded if low concentrations of CO₂ are added to the reaction mixture.     

ACTIVITY AND SELECTIVITY VARIATIONS IN THE OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION OF ETHANE OVER A MOLYBDENUM - VANADIUM - NIOBIUM MIXED OXIDE CATALYST

A single pellet reactor was used to investigate the activity and selectivity variations with time in the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane with a mixed oxide catalyst having a composition of Mo_0.71V_0.2Nb_0.09. Experiments conducted at 450°C in the absence of oxygen showed rapid deactivation. In these experiments very high selectivities, reaching to unity, were observed at fractional conversions of 0.1 or less. An increase in conversion and a decrease in selectivity was observed with a decrease in catalyst porosity and also with an increase in pellet length, indicating the significance of diffusion time. This effect is found to be especially significant at the initial stages of reaction (fresh catalyst). In the absence of oxygen a large amount of CO was produced during the first couple of minutes of the reaction. On the other hand, in the presence of oxygen, the major side product is CO₂. It was also concluded that gas phase oxidation of ethane to CO₂ is not significant.