基于SWMM和InfoWorks ICM模型的大红门排水区暴雨内涝模拟

为探究不同暴雨情景下北京市大红门排水区内涝过程演化规律,构建SWMM和InfoWorks ICM-2D耦合城市暴雨内涝模型,模拟分析了大红门排水区不同重现期降雨下管网排水能力、地表淹没情况及内涝危险性。结果表明：SWMM和InfoWorks ICM-2D耦合模型在大红门排水区暴雨内涝模拟中具有较好的适用性;大红门排水区70%以上的管道排水能力不足5年一遇设计标准,随着降雨重现期增大,溢流节点和超载管道数量增多,超载时长增加,但溢流节点超载时长增幅减小;易涝区和中高危险区主要分布在大红门排水区中部和东南部下凹桥区;随着降雨重现期增大,内涝区积水深度增加、积水范围扩大,0.2 m以上水深区域占比增加,低危险区主要向高危险区转化,较少向极高危险区转化。     

基于ANUGA和SWMM耦合模型的车陂涌流域内涝模拟分析

为探究设计暴雨雨峰位置对城市内涝的响应规律,以广州车陂涌流域某片区为研究区,基于ANUGA和SWMM构建耦合模型AGSWM,采用实测降雨的流量和内涝数据对AGSWM进行验证,并对不同雨峰位置的设计暴雨情景进行了内涝模拟与分析。结果表明：耦合模型AGSWM具有良好的模拟精度,能够较好地反映车陂涌内涝时空演进过程;在低重现期后峰情景和高重现期中峰情景下,内涝积水总量、总淹没面积、重度内涝等级的淹没面积和重度内涝等级的易涝点最大水深较大;在低重现期前峰情景、高重现期后峰情景下,积水峰现延迟时间较长。     

基于SWMM的城市暴雨内涝风险分析——以南昌工程学院瑶湖校区为例

为解决城市内涝问题,以南昌工程学院瑶湖校区为研究区,利用SWMM构建了暴雨洪水管理模型,模拟不同重现期暴雨情况下研究区淹没时长和积水深度的空间分布,结合高程分布对研究区进行了暴雨内涝风险区划分,并对研究区内涝成因进行了分析。结果表明：SWMM模型的模拟结果与实测结果接近,模拟效果较好;随着暴雨重现期的增加,研究区内的淹没时长和积水深度增加,遭遇50年一遇暴雨时内涝中高风险区面积相较于5年一遇暴雨时增加了12.51%,其中次高风险区面积增加了9.94%,中等和高风险区面积增加较小。研究结果可为海绵城市建设提供参考。     

基于GIS与SWMM耦合的城市暴雨洪水淹没分析

针对暴雨导致的城市内涝问题,采用GIS与SWMM耦合的城市暴雨洪水淹没分析计算方法,对郑州市暴雨内涝淹没范围和淹水深度进行了模拟分析,对组成排水系统的排水管网、道路和河道水系等进行合理概化,构建了暴雨洪水淹没分析模型,对重现期分别为0.5、1、2、5、10 a设计暴雨情形下的管道节点溢流和积水深度进行了模拟。结果表明:郑州市区总体排涝标准较低,排涝能力严重不足;该模型能直观表现受涝区淹没范围和淹水深度,在城市排水管网规划、雨洪管理和灾后损失评估等方面具有一定的应用价值。     

基于SCS和GIS的不同降雨情景城市内涝过程模拟方法

针对城市暴雨内涝灾害频发的现状,基于城市暴雨强度公式、芝加哥降雨过程线模型、SCS(Soil Conservation Service)产流模型以及基于地理信息系统软件ArcGIS的局部等体积法,提出一种关于城市暴雨内涝过程的模拟方法。选取武汉市内涝灾害严重的汤逊湖流域作为研究对象,使用该方法对流域内多种重现期暴雨内涝量的积水高程和积水淹没范围进行模拟。结果表明:汤逊湖流域内产生的内涝较为严重,10 a一遇的暴雨即可对低洼地区造成轻微内涝;不同重现期暴雨产生的积水区域基本是一致的,但重现期越长的暴雨产生的积水高程越深,淹没范围越广,对周边造成的影响越大。该研究成果对城市暴雨内涝的预防与治理具有借鉴和参考价值。     

不同暴雨情景下的城市内涝响应特征分析

针对近年来频发的城市暴雨内涝灾害问题,以广州长湴地区为例,构建了基于SWMM和LISFLOOD-FP的内涝耦合模型,结合历史暴雨事件提出一种新的短历时暴雨过程设计方法,在此基础上设计了114种暴雨情景,探讨了不同暴雨雨型和集中度条件下的城市内涝响应特征。结果表明：单峰雨型下的溢流和淹没情况比双峰和均匀型要高;在单峰雨型中,峰后型暴雨的溢流峰值最高,峰中和峰后型暴雨的溢流总量较大,峰后型暴雨导致的整体淹没情况较严重;重现期小于50 a时芝加哥型(r=0.7)暴雨导致的淹没情况最严重,而重现期大于50 a时单峰Ⅱ型(峰后型)暴雨的淹没情况最严重;重现期为100 a时单峰Ⅱ型的淹没范围及水深比芝加哥型(r=0.7)暴雨分别高8%和64%;暴雨集中度每上升一个等级,溢流及淹没情况明显加重;目前常用的芝加哥雨型在一定情况下存在低估内涝的风险,建议在内涝分析时进一步考虑更危险的雨型以及暴雨的集中度。     

河北省城市内涝仿真模拟预警系统研制——以石家庄市为例

河北省城市内涝风险评估预警能力较为薄弱,以石家庄市为试点,基于暴雨内涝仿真模型建立河北省城市内涝气象风险监测预警系统。采用立体直观的实景三维形式将内涝灾害风险等级划分为四级,根据不同承载体对预警阈值进行设定。2015年8月30日石家庄市城区暴雨,积水资料与系统模拟的16个积水点中水深绝对误差值在0.2 m以下的共占94%,与实测水深较为一致,模拟效果有效。此外计算该等级降水重现期,绘制不同历史重现期的城区淹没水深分布图,为暴雨内涝风险评估提供技术支撑,为政府部门快速决策提供参考。     

地表及管网互馈联合的城市内涝模拟模型——以江苏省响水县中心城区为例

针对江苏省盐城市响水县中心城区短时强降雨导致的城区内涝问题,联合二维水动力学模型与SWMM模型,构建了地表及管网双向互馈的响水县城内涝模拟模型。使用该联合模型对区域内1,5,10 a一遇暴雨重现期下的内涝淹没范围、淹没水深、淹没历时进行模拟分析,并采用当地2012年"8·10"大暴雨导致的内涝过程来验证模型精度;综合考虑多项指标构建内涝风险评估体系,并绘制成内涝风险图辅助进行防灾预警。结果表明:5个易涝点实地调查水深与模拟水深差距范围在0.04～0.23 m之间,平均水深相对误差为19.3%,模拟所得值基本能够反映易涝点的淹没情况。该模型可初步应用于响水县城的内涝过程模拟,在防内涝设计、城市内涝预测及治理等方面具有一定的实用价值。     

基于高精度DEM的城市道路积水淹没计算方法研究

针对河南省郑州市城区道路微尺度场景的暴雨内涝积水计算问题,以车载LiDAR技术建立的积水路段高精度格网DEM为基础,按照有源淹没方式,采用种子蔓延法计算积水淹没范围;通过构建郑州市暴雨洪水模型获取暴雨时积水点溢流水量,运用二分法实现淹没水位与溢流水量间的快速逼近求解。以郑州市某积水路段进行实例应用,对比分析计算结果与电子水尺实测水深数据可知,Nash-Sutcliff确定性系数为0.94,RMSE为0.05,相对误差为10.3%,表明淹没计算结果具有较高精度,模拟淹没过程符合该积水区实际淹没过程,研究方法适用于城市街道区域的暴雨积水淹没范围和水深计算。     

葫芦岛市城市内涝风险评估

采用3场次实测暴雨(20130915,20150806和20160902)内涝淹没资料,验证了基于PCSWMM的葫芦岛市雨洪模型,然后对葫芦岛市现状排水能力及城市内涝风险,选用同频率设计潮位和不同降雨组合进行模拟评估。研究表明:模型的可靠性和精准度较高,葫芦岛市低于1a一遇排水能力的系统管网为84.1%,可为揭示城市内涝风险等级在不同重现期暴雨的分布规律提供科学的依据。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

Automated system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash from electric precipitator hoppers

A system for removal and pneumatic transport of fly ash is examined, in which air pulses act on batches (pistons) of ash formed in a duct. Studies are made of the effect of several physical parameters on the force required to displace a piston of ash and these serve as a basis for choosing a system for removal and pneumatic transport of ash simultaneously from several hoppers of an electric precipitator. This makes it possible to separate the ash particles according to size without introducing additional components. Formulas are given for calculating the structural and dynamic parameters of this system and measurements of indirect dynamic parameters are used to calculate the input-output characteristics of the system. In order to optimize the system, configurations for summing several ducts into a single transport duct for pneumatic ash transport are proposed. Some variants of dry ash utilization and the advantages of producing of size-separated particles are considered. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, pp. 26–30 (2008).     

The flood pulse advantage and the restoration of river-floodplain systems

The ‘flood pulse advantage’ is the amount by which fish yield per unit mean water area is increased by a natural, predictable flood pulse. Evidence for this increase is presented from tropical and temperate fisheries. It is argued that increasing multispecies fish yield by restoring the natural hydrological regime is consistent with increasing production of other trophic levels and with restoration from ecological and aesthetic viewpoints. When applied to a river-floodplain system, this restoration would provide a large, self-sustaining potential for recreation, commercial exploitation, and flood control. An interim ‘natural flood pulse’ restoration approach is proposed for systems modified for navigation. This approach approximates the natural hydrological regime in a river reach and is intended as a first step in the long process of restoring the watershed.     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。