内燃机尾气余热驱动有机朗肯蒸汽压缩制冷循环的研究

设计了以内燃机尾气余热为热源驱动的有机朗肯蒸气压缩制冷循环系统。根据热力学定律,建立了循环系统的数学模型,提出了尾气换热夹点确定方法。以Matlab和Refprop软件为工具,研究了有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)各换热器负荷、做功量、热效率分别随蒸发压力、冷凝温度的变化关系,并确定了最优工质。研究了蒸汽压缩制冷循环(vapor compression refrigeration,VCR)各换热器负荷、制冷系数分别随蒸发温度、冷凝温度的变化关系。由于压缩比的限制,确定了多种制冷工质在不同冷凝温度下的最低蒸发温度,结合相关标准中所规定的各型冷藏车蒸发温度的范围,确定了各型冷藏车的可选制冷剂。研究了与可选工质对应的制冷系数随蒸发温度的变化关系,从而确定最优工质。计算了各型冷藏车在采用最优制冷剂时,在最严苛工况下的制冷量、制冷系数及综合系数。     

电石炉烟气余热回收双回路ORC系统性能分析

有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统在回收余热方面具有较大优势.本文采用双回路有机朗肯循环(DORC)系统回收电石炉烟气余热.对比了不同工质组合、不同循环结构下,高温循环的蒸发温度与冷凝温度对系统输出功率、效率和发电成本的影响.结果表明:与基础DORC相比,回热式DORC系统性能更佳,其中以甲醇与R123工质组合的系统净功率与效率最大,水作为高温循环工质在无回热的基础DORC系统中经济性优势明显.恒定热源条件下增大高温循环蒸发温度,对所有工质组合下同性能均有明显改善,增大高温循环冷凝温度则降低系统性能.     

有机朗肯循环回收直接空冷机组排气余热系统的热力性能研究

空冷机组汽机排汽热损失巨大,而有机朗肯循环是利用中低温热源的重要技术之一。提出采用有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热的技术方案,建立空冷机组和有机朗肯循环的物理模型,编制有机朗肯循环回收空冷机组汽轮机排汽余热技术的模拟程序,并将模拟计算结果与厂家提供的某型号有机朗肯循环机组的性能数据进行对比。以内蒙古锡林郭勒盟某典型600 MW机组为对象,探究汽机乏汽温度、环境温度、ORC机组过热度等关键参数变化对系统热力性能的影响规律。结果表明,ORC机组净出功和ORC机组热效率随着汽机乏汽温度的升高而增大,而随着环境温度和ORC机组过热度的增大而减小。     

车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统的设计及分析

针对一台车用柴油机全工况范围内排气能量的变化规律,设计了一套有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)余热回收系统,进而与车用柴油机耦合形成了车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统。ORC余热回收系统采用非共沸混合工质R416A,以高效回收柴油机的排气能量。采用螺杆膨胀机作为有机朗肯循环系统的动力输出部件,通过试验测试确定螺杆膨胀机的最优工况点(进气压力1.7MPa、膨胀比8、等熵效率0.65),进而设定有机朗肯循环系统的最优运行参数。研究结果表明:加装有机朗肯循环系统后,与原柴油机相比,车用柴油机-有机朗肯循环联合系统的输出功率最大提升了30.6kW,热效率最大提升了10.99%,余热回收效率最高可达10.61%,有效燃油消耗率最大降低了35g/(kW·h)。     

基于分液冷凝组分调控的非共沸ORC性能研究

低温余热广泛存在于地热和工业领域,开发和利用低温余热,有利于节能减排和保护环境.有机朗肯循环(organic Rankine cycle,ORC)是一种热电转换技术,能够有效地回收工业余热和开发地热能.当前ORC余热回收存在着效率不高、热-经济性低、变工况运行性能不理想等问题.基于ORC面临的问题,研究一种基于气液分离...     

ORC系统管翅式蒸发器管侧工质相变传热特性分析

基于CFD方法对有机朗肯循环(ORC)系统中管翅式蒸发器管侧进行数值模拟,根据发动机-ORC联合系统试验台架的实验数据,验证仿真模型的准确性,并分析工质R245fa在管侧的流动和相变传热特性,通过改变发动机转速和蒸发压力以及管侧工质进口速度,对比分析不同工况下工质的流动和传热特性。结果表明:发动机转速、蒸发压力和管侧进口速度均对工质的蒸发有较大影响。发动机转速对管侧进出口压降影响较小,蒸发压力和工质进口速度对管侧进出口压降影响较大。     

重型卡车朗肯−朗肯制冷系统热力学研究

本文针对重型卡车发动机冷却液余热工况,采用R245fa作为循环工质建立了朗肯−朗肯制冷系统,剖析了此系统的基本原理和结构特点,根据系统分析建立了数学模型,模拟分析了发生温度、冷凝温度、蒸发温度对系统性能的影响。结果表明：在发生温度85℃、冷凝温度50℃、蒸发温度5℃时,系统COP（coefficient of performance）达到0.254,虽然此系统的效率要低于相同工况下的吸收制冷循环,但是朗肯−朗肯制冷系统相对于吸收制冷系统具有尺寸小、易于控制和快速响应等优点,利用朗肯−朗肯循环回收重型卡车发动机冷却液余热进行制冷是可行的。     

不同工质对内置换热器有机朗肯循环系统热性能的影响

有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC)可实现中低温热能的有效利用,但其热利用效率仍可进一步提高,而内置换热器的使用可有效提高循环的热利用效率。因此,文章构建了内置换热器ORC系统的热力学模型。研究了当蒸发温度变化时,R600,R601a,R236ea,R245fa,R245ca,R123,R600a,R114和R142b对内置换热器ORC系统性能的影响,并比较了内置换热器ORC系统与传统ORC系统的净输出功率和热效率。结果表明:在最优蒸发温度下,采用R236ea的内置换热器ORC系统净输出功率大于其余工质,为32.40 kW,其比第二最大净输出功率R600a系统相对增大1.16%;采用R601a的内置换热器ORC系统的热效率最大。内置换热器ORC系统的最大净输出功率及热效率均较传统ORC系统显著增大。     

有机朗肯循环系统回收低温余热的优势

当前国内传统余热发电系统都是利用水蒸气的朗肯循环。举例分析了目前我国低温余热回收状况,进而通过和传统水蒸气余热发电系统的对比,阐述了有机朗肯循环(ORC)在回收低温余热领域的优势以及国内外实际应用情况。最后提出了对于国内发展ORC余热发电系统的建议。     

超临界有机朗肯循环低温余热发电系统的分析

当采用朗肯循环方式回收低温余热（350℃以下）的动力时,不宜采用水作工质,而使用一些低沸点有机物的有机朗肯循环（ORCs）,则能获得较高的能量转换效率。有机朗肯循环可分为亚临界条件下的动力循环与超临界条件下的动力循环,超临界条件下的动力循环在热端换热器中（余热加热蒸汽发生器）能获得较好的温度匹配和较高的[火用]效率。     

余热回收用热管及热管式换热器的研究

简要介绍了热管及热管式换热器的工作原理,热管式换热器在工业余热回收中的应用,以及热管式换热器运行过程中防止积灰和低温腐蚀等问题的有效措施。     

On the steady‐state modelling of a two‐stage evaporator system

We develop and validate against experimental measurements a steady‐state two‐stage flooded refrigerant evaporator model for a heat pump drying system. A prototype two‐stage heat pump dryer test facility was designed, built and instrumented to provide the required measurements for the validation of the model. Repeatability and data quality tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of measurements. Experimental data could be reproduced to within ±6.5 per cent of replicated air and refrigerant side measurements for the same evaporator's air inlet conditions while the discrepancy of energy balance at the air‐side and refrigerant‐side was observed to be within ±8.9 per cent. The two‐stage evaporator model predicted the air‐side total heat and latent heat transfer of the two‐stage evaporator to within (?6.3 per cent, 7.6 per cent) and (?11.5 per cent, 9.5 per cent), respectively. On the refrigerant‐side, the model enabled the calculation of the degree of superheat to within (?10.6 per cent, 1.7 per cent). The model has shown that there is significant improvement in the heat recovered from a two‐stage evaporator system compared to a single evaporator system. In addition, the model demonstrated that the improvement in total heat recovery could be as high as 40 per cent over its base‐value when the latent to total load at the two‐stage evaporator is increased. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

显热储热材料的制备及性能研究

采用水泥作为材料的胶凝剂,添加热容、热导率大的物质作为骨料来制备混凝土储热材料。研究表明:当铝酸盐水泥含量为10%时,材料的抗压、抗折强度能满足工业需求;材料的比热容随温度的升高先增大,在500℃时达到最大,后随着温度的升高反而降低;材料的热导率随着石墨粉含量的增加几乎成直线上升,当石墨含量为5%时材料的热导率大于1.7W/(m·K)。     

间歇式热处理炉传热计算与分析

建立了台车式热处理炉炉膛传热数学模型和辐射换热器工作模型,分析了换热器的传热特性（空气预热温度、壁温、传热系数）随炉况的变化。结果表明,辐射换热器的传热特性随炉子的升温及保温过程变化而波动很大,因而对炉子的热工性能产生了影响。     

Quantification of the European industrial heat demand by branch and temperature level

We present the first comprehensive estimate of the final energy demand for heat in all EU28 member states for the reference year 2012, differentiated by temperature levels, comparing two different approaches. Two different calculation approaches based on different data sets yielded estimates of the total final energy demand for heat in the EU28 of 8150 PJ and 8518 PJ in 2012, respectively. Approach 1 distinguishes between three different process heat (PH) temperature levels and results in final energy demand for heat <100°C: 2077 PJ, 100–400°C: 2214 PJ and >400°C: 3859 PJ. The second approach distinguishes between low temperature space heat and hot water (<100°C: 1161 PJ) and four different PH temperature levels with a resulting energy demand of <100°C: 1027 PJ, 100–500°C: 1785 PJ, 500–1000°C: 1679 PJ and >1000°C: 2865 PJ. The high share of high‐temperature heat illustrates the limits to the potential decarbonisation of industrial thermal processes with renewable energy sources such as (non‐concentrating) solar thermal, geothermal or environmental heat. Therefore specific information on required temperature levels is of the essence. This, in turn, points out the relevance of renewable electricity and synthetic fuels based on renewable power for a significant reduction of CO₂ emissions from the industry sector in Europe. Considering current data quality, it is recommended to develop a consistent, comprehensive methodology to significantly improve the data basis on industrial heat demand. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Heat pump dryer Part 1: Simulation of the models

Heat pump dryer is a complex system because of the interaction of heat and mass transfer of the working fluids. Since the system cannot be completely close, ambient conditions (temperature and humidity) influence the performance of the system. To investigate the performance of the heat pump dryer thoroughly, simulation models of heat pump dryer components have been developed. The finite-difference method was employed in the simulation to examine the state of the working fluids and heat and mass transfer. The simulation of each component can be used to construct different system configurations the results of which are reported in Part 2.     

国内分离式热管概况与热环研究的小结及展望

本文对我国分离式热管技术的研究进行了简要概况,针对工程中热源在上,冷源在下及冷热源相距较远时的热量传递问题,在分析了一般分离式热管及“水回路”等技术的基础上,对一种新型分离式热管－泵或风机驱动的动力型分离式热管（简称热环）的研究进行了小结和展望。     

Field test of a novel combined system of a high-efficiency heating/cooling heat pump and a clathrate cool storage unit

The Research Laboratory of Kyushu Electric Power Co., Inc. (KEPCO) installed a novel system in March 1992 which is a combination of a super heat pump with about twice the performance of a conventional one and a compact chemical storage-type clathrate cool storage unit. A field test was implemented by integrating these units into an actual air-conditioning system. As a result of the test, system performance was determined and the effectiveness of the system was confirmed. © 1998 Scripta Technica. Heat Trans Jpn Res, 26(6): 410–418, 1997     

Heat-spreading analysis of a heat sink base embedded with a heat pipe

A simplified model predicting the heat transfer performance of a heat sink base with a high thermal conductivity was developed. Numerical analysis was performed using the commercial software FLUENT. The investigation indicates that for heat sink bases with a high effective thermal conductivity, such as the base embedded with a typical heat pipe, the entire heat sink can be modeled as a flat plate with a uniform temperature and an effective convection heat transfer coefficient. This simplified model can be used to determine the heat transfer performance of a heat sink embedded with a typical heat pipe or vapor chamber.     

Augmentation of heat transfer through passive techniques

The thermal performance of energy preservation systems is greatly improved by increasing miniaturization and boosting. These are imaginative (or Promethean) techniques to enhance heat transfer. Enhancement methods of heat transfer draw great attention in front of the industrial sector because of their ability to provide energy savings and raise the economic efficiency of thermal systems. Three techniques these methods are categorized; those are active, passive, and compound. Different types of components are used in passive methods because of the transfer/working fluid flow path to the enhancement of the heat transfer rate. In this article, the subject of the review was the passive heat transfer enhancement methods including inserts (conical strips, winglets, twisted tapes, baffles), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), extended surfaces (fins) and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). Recent passive heat transfer enhancement techniques are studied in this article as they are cost-effective and reliable, and also comparably passive methods do not need any extra power to promote the energy conversion systems' thermal efficiency than active methods. In the passive approaches, various components are applied to the heat transfer/working fluid flow path to improve the heat transfer rate. The passive heat transfer enhancement methods studied in this article include inserts (twisted tapes, conical strips, baffles, winglets), extended surfaces (fins), porous materials, coil/helical/spiral tubes, rough surfaces (corrugated/ribbed surfaces), and nanofluids (mono and hybrid nanofluid). From the pioneers' research work, it is clear that a lower twist ratio and lower pitch, lesser winglet angles can provide more heat transfer rate and a little bit more friction factor. In the case of nanofluids, a little bit of pumping power is enhanced. Finally, heat transfer enhancement is compared with the thermal performance factor, which is more than unity.