手性修饰催化剂在多相不对称氢化中的研究进展

手性修饰金属催化剂是最具发展潜力的多相不对称催化剂之一。本文综述了近年来三个具有代表性的多相不对称氢化反应体系的研究进展,即酒石酸修饰镍催化剂催化β-酮酯不对称加氢体系、金鸡纳生物碱修饰铂催化剂催化α-酮酯不对称加氢体系以及金鸡纳生物碱修饰钯催化剂催化C=C和C=N双键不对称加氢体系。概述了催化体系的影响因素,探讨了酒石酸及金鸡纳生物碱修饰型催化剂的手性识别机理模型。指出开发高效催化剂,修正或提出手性识别机理模型仍是今后多相不对称催化氢化反应研究的方向。     

手性修饰剂辛可尼丁在多相不对称氢化应用中的研究进展

本文综述了以辛可尼丁作为手性修饰剂的Pt不对称催化加氢反应，还有它修饰Pd催化潜手性碳-碳双键不对称加氢反应和修饰Pd催化潜手性碳-氮双键不对称加氢反应。讨论了辛可尼丁在这些体系中所起的作用。     

甲苯/酸性离子液体两相中顺酐选择性加氢生成四氢呋喃的研究

在甲苯/离子液体两相催化体系中,以三苯基膦和三氯化钌活化生成的配合物为催化剂,研究了顺酐选择性加氢生成四氢呋喃的反应,考察了离子液体、反应时间、反应温度、反应压力、顺酐与催化剂物质的量比以及离子液体用量对加氢反应的影响,同时考察了离子液体的循环使用。在453 K、12 h、4 MPa和n(PPh₃)∶n(RuCl₃)＝3∶1的条件下,反应的转化率和选择性分别为100%和962%。由于催化剂“负载”于离子液体中且产物不溶于离子液体,通过简单的相分离即可分离催化剂和产物。离子液体催化体系重复使用5次后,其催化活性基本不变。     

烯烃不对称环氧化反应研究进展

综述Salen-Mn配合物,手性酮,生物酶催化剂催化的不对称环氧化反应研究进展情况,详细介绍了酮催化剂的发展趋势。     

钛催化的不对称硫醚氧化研究进展

手性亚砜是重要的手性中间体和辅剂、手性配体和催化剂、手性药物.手性亚砜可以采用生物方法和化学方法来合成,化学方法包括手性辅剂诱导、手性氧化剂氧化、手性拆分和不对称催化等.手性金属络合物催化硫醚的不对称氧化是合成手性亚砜最有效的方法.理性设计各种手性金属络合物催化剂应用于催化对映选择性氧化潜手性硫醚反应中,近年来引起了化学家们较大的关注.作者简要综述了钛络合物催化剂在不对称硫醚氧化反应制备手性亚砜中的应用.     

合成碳酸乙烯酯催化剂的研究与展望

简述了碳酸乙烯酯合成方法,详细介绍了环氧乙烷和二氧化碳羰基化反应制备碳酸乙烯酯催化剂的研究状况,比较了主族元素配合物催化体系、过渡金属配合物催化体系、季铵盐与季膦盐和碱金属盐催化体系、离子液体等催化体系的优势与不足,阐明了离子液体催化剂的催化机理与优势,展望了新型功能化离子液体催化体系催化羰基化反应的应用前景。     

铑催化剂催化烯烃不对称加氢反应研究进展

不对称催化氢化反应具有完美的原子经济性和清洁高效等特点,是最受青睐的不对称合成方法之一。C=C、C=O、C=N的不对称加氢反应仍主要依赖过渡金属催化剂。过渡金属催化剂,尤其是铑催化剂,催化碳碳双键的不对称加氢反应仍是一个不断发展的领域。本文对近年来利用铑催化剂催化烯烃进行不对称氢化反应的研究进展进行了综述,着重介绍了铑-双膦配体催化体系催化烯烃不对称加氢反应的催化机理,以及铑催化剂在烯胺、不饱和羧酸及衍生物、烯醇酯和非官能团烯烃不对称氢化中的应用,并通过对现有文献的总结指出了今后铑催化剂催化烯烃氢化反应的研究重点,即:①铑-单膦配体催化烯烃不对称氢化反应的作用机理须待提出;②非官能化底物不对称催化氢化反应的手性配体亟待拓宽。     

手性金属络合物催化剂在不对称合成中的应用

不对称合成是当前有机合成中热门研究领域，利用手性金属络合物催化剂催化不对称硅氢化、烷基化，以烯烃、酮、亚胺、醛等合成手性醇、手性胺、手性酮等具有很好的工业应用前景。本文论述了手性金属络合物催化剂在不对称硅氢化反应及其在二烷基锌对醛的不对称烷基化反应中的应用。     

固载手性双(口恶)唑啉的合成及其在不对称合成中的应用

本文综述了近年来固载手性双噁唑啉的合成及其金属配合物作为手性催化剂在催化不对称反应中的研究进展。     

多相手性催化剂的制备及其对不对称加氢反应的催化作用

综述了不对称加氢反应中多相手性催化剂的研究进展,包括将均相手性催化剂固定到有机聚合物、磁性的Fe₃O₄纳米颗粒、功能化修饰的分子筛等载体上;直接利用有机金属配合物中的阳离子和分子筛骨架中的阴离子相互作用实现多相化;采用金鸡纳生物碱等手性小分子为修饰剂和天然高分子为手性源制备多相催化剂。同时对不同途径制备的多相手性催化剂的结构特性、催化性能和立体选择性进行了评价。     

Polyethylene Glycol as an Environmentally Friendly and Recyclable Reaction Medium for Enantioselective Hydrogenation

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) was found to be an inexpensive, non‐toxic and recyclable reaction medium for ruthenium‐ and rhodium‐catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of 2‐arylacrylic acids (Ru‐catalyzed CC bond reduction), enamides (Rh‐catalyzed CC bond reduction), β‐keto esters and simple aromatic ketones (Ru‐catalyzed CO bond reduction). In all cases, high catalytic activities and enantioselectivities have been achieved, which are comparable to those obtained in conventional organic solvent systems. The Ru and Rh catalysts prepared with commercially available chiral diphosphine ligands could be readily recycled by simple extraction, as in the case of ionic liquids, and reused up to nine times without obvious loss of catalytic activity and enantioselectivity. The reduced products were obtained from the extracts in high isolated yields. These results indicate that PEGs as new reaction media are attractive alternatives to room temperature ionic liquids.     

SiO_2固载磺酸功能化离子液体的制备及其催化合成4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷

采用3种方法成功制备了固载型磺酸功能化离子液体,对其催化苯胺与甲醛缩合制备4,4′-二氨基二苯甲烷(4,4′-MDA)的反应性能进行了评价,并考察了其重复使用性能。结果表明,固载型磺酸功能化离子液体的催化效果与其固载量正相关,Si O2@[HSO3-ppim]CF3SO3-Ⅰ的固载量最高,催化效果最好。以Si O2@[HSO3-ppim]CF3SO3-Ⅰ为催化剂,4,4′-MDA合成反应适宜的反应条件为:w(cat.)/w(HCHO)=1.5,n(AN)/n(HCHO)=4,反应时间7 h,反应温度80℃。在此条件下,4,4′-MDA的收率和选择性分别为74.9%和94.5%。通过酸碱滴定法测定酸量和红外谱图分析发现,苯胺与离子液体的酸中心发生化学作用导致回收催化剂活性下降。利用CF3SO3H对回收催化剂进行酸化处理,其活性得以恢复,重复使用4次,催化活性没有明显降低。     

离子液体在Suzuki偶联反应中的应用

过渡金属Pd催化的Suzuki偶联反应是构建C-C键的重要反应之一,在许多领域都有着广泛应用.在离子液体中进行的Suzuki偶联反应具有反应活性高、选择性好等特点.含有Pd配体的功能化离子液体直接催化Suzuki偶联反应可提高催化活性,容易实现产物与催化剂分离.固载化离子液体可有效地解决催化剂难以重复使用的问题.     

固载化BrФnsted酸离子液体催化合成环状碳酸酯的研究

制备了一系列聚苯乙烯树脂(PS)固载的系列BrФnsted酸性离子液体,并对其结构进行了表征。考察了固载化离子液体在二氧化碳与环氧化合物环加成反应中的催化性能,并对其反应条件进行了优化。在固载化离子液体PS-羧基异丁基-咪唑溴盐(PS-HBIMBr)的催化作用下,在反应温度为120℃、反应压力2.0 MPa的优化条件下反应3 h,碳酸丙烯酯的收率高达92.7%,该催化剂对二氧化碳与环氧化合物环加成反应具有良好的重复使用性能。     

固载化离子液体催化酯化反应研究进展

固载化离子液体兼具载体材料高比表面积与离子液体的高催化活性等优点,不仅提升了离子液体的利用率,大幅度降低了离子液体的用量,而且可以显著提高离子液体在酯化反应中的催化活性。本文主要综述了固载化离子液体在催化酯化反应方面的研究进展,分别介绍了以硅胶、介孔分子筛、磁性介孔二氧化硅纳米材料以及高分子等为载体的固载化离子液体在酯化反应中的催化性能,简要分析了固载化离子液体催化酯化反应的机理与影响固载化离子液体催化活性的因素,并对固载化离子液体目前存在的问题以及今后的发展方向进行了总结,建立系统的载体与离子液体的构效关系,并对其性能进行长期的工业评测是今后的主要努力方向。     

Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCA) for Preparation of Organic Chemicals

Supported Ionic Liquid Catalysts (SILCA) designed by immobilization of catalytic species residing in an ionic liquid layer, which in turn was immobilized on a solid support, were applied on the selective hydrogenation of citral in a batch reactor and in a continuous reactor. Different ionic liquids with and without addition of acid modificators were studied in terms of the catalyst activity and product selectivity. Consequently, mechanistic kinetic models describing the differences in the activity and selectivity of the catalysts consisting different ionic liquids, were developed.     

Asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by thermoregulated ionic liquid-regulating ruthenium complexes

A sulfonated chiral diamine ligand anion-based functionalized ionic liquid has been synthesized. Then the new ionic liquid-regulating ruthenium complexes were prepared successfully and employed as efficient catalysts for the asymmetric transfer hydrogenation of various ketones. The catalysts were highly efficient for the hydrogenation of a wide range of substrates bearing different functional groups and could be separated easily from the reaction mixture by thermoregulated phase separation, which can be efficiently recycled five times without significant changes in catalytic activity and enantioselectivity.     

On the Use of Ruthenium Dioxide in 1-n-Butyl-3-Methylimidazolium Ionic Liquids as Catalyst Precursor for Hydrogenation Reactions

The H₂ reduction of RuO₂ hydrate “dissolved” in 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium ionic liquids with different counterions, hexafluorophosphate (BMI ? PF₆), tetrafluoroborate (BMI ? BF₄) and trifluoromethane sulfonate (BMI ? SO₃CF₃), is a simple and reproducible method for the preparation of ruthenium nanoparticles of 2.0–2.5?nm diameter size and with a narrow size distribution. The Ru nanoparticles were characterized by TEM and XRD. The isolated Ru nanoparticles are reoxidized in air, whereas they are less prone to oxidation when imbibed in the ionic liquids. These nanoparticles are active catalysts for the solventless or liquid–liquid biphasic hydrogenation of olefins under mild reaction conditions (4 atm, 75°C). The catalytic system composed of nanoparticles dispersed in BMI ? PF₆ ionic liquid is very stable and can be reused several times without any significant loss in the catalytic activity. Total turnover numbers greater than 110 000 (based on total Ru) or 320 000 (corrected for exposed Ru atoms) were attained within 80?h for the hydrogenation of 1-hexene.     

Highly Enantioselective Synthesis of Chiral Tetrahydroquinolines and Tetrahydroisoquinolines by Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Hydrogenation in Ionic Liquid

Asymmetric hydrogenation reactions of quinolines and 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines using the chiral cationic ruthenium complex Ru(TsDPEN) [TsDPEN=N‐(p‐toluenesulfonyl)‐1,2‐diphenylethylenediamine] as catalyst in neat imidazolium ionic liquids have been investigated. The catalytic performance was influenced by the anion of the ionic liquids for both substrate classes. A range of 2‐alkyl‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroquinolines and 1‐alkyl‐substituted 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydroisoquinolines was obtained in high yields with up to >99% ee. Interestingly, the hydrogenation of quinoline derivatives bearing a carbonyl group was selective for the CN (quinoline) over the CO (ketone) bonds, while such a unique chemoselectivity was not observed in methanol. Furthermore, the ruthenium catalysts could be easily recycled at least 5 times in the asymmetric hydrogenation of 3,4‐dihydroisoquinoline by solvent extraction. To further facilitate the recovery of catalyst and reduce the use of organic solvent, a thin film of ionic liquid containing Ru(TsDPEN) was supported on silica gels. This supported ionic liquid‐phase catalyst was effective in the asymmetric hydrogenation of quinoline, and could be recycled at least 6 times by simple filtration.

     

Heterogeneous Catalytic Sulfimidation using Immobilized Cu(acac)2

The heterogeneous sulfimidation of various sulfides by microencapsulated copper(II) acetylacetonate, [MC‐Cu(acac)₂], and Cu(acac)₂ immobilized in ionic liquids using [N‐(p‐tolylsulfonyl)imino]phenyliodinane (PhINTs) as nitrene donor has been developed to afford the corresponding sulfimides in good to excellent yields. In the presence of a chiral bis(oxazoline) as ligand, asymmetric induction occurs to afford the chiral sulfimides (up to 50% ee). The ionic liquid containing the immobilized bis(oxazoline)‐copper catalyst can be reused for several cycles with consistent activity and enantioselectivity.