电波传播抛物方程模型在航空通信中的应用

针对航空通信中电波传播损耗预测需要满足精确性、实时性及复杂环境适应性的要求,在分析电波传播损耗对航空通信系统作用范围的影响基础上,采用抛物方程模型研究了航空通信中电波在空间区域的传播特性。该模型利用分步傅里叶算法实现快速求解,采用边界平移法处理复杂地形边界,并通过非均匀网格技术提高空间任意一点的场强计算精度,从而改善了复杂环境下电波传播损耗预测的精确性和实时性。将该模型应用于真实地形环境下的航空通信仿真算例中,仿真结果表明：该模型能有效预测复杂环境下电波的传播损耗,评估在正常通信条件下飞行器的飞行范围、最大飞行距离以及最低飞行高度等性能。     

复杂地形条件下电波传播特性预测

电磁环境计算是战场电磁环境预测仿真系统的核心,为了准确预测不同环境下的电波传播特性,从复杂地形条件展开研究,给出一种基于PE模型的电场强度计算方法,仿真比较了辐射源在不同地表类型下的传播损耗,仿真预测了复杂地形条件下电波传播特性,仿真结果表明地表电磁特性对传播损耗的影响较小,相比于地表电磁特性,不规则地形对电波传播影响更为明显。     

复杂电磁环境仿真在射频辐射特性评估中的应用

针对复杂电磁环境中射频辐射特性的评估,本文给出了分布式仿真系统的设计与实现方法,阐述了系统架构、组成与工作原理。同时,根据常用电波传播模型的特征提出了基于层次分析法的电磁传播模型匹配算法来适配仿真场景中各用频设备的传播路径。最后通过仿真实例结合射频辐射特性评估方法证明采用该匹配算法能有效提高复杂电磁环境下射频辐射特性评估的逼真度。     

抛物方程法在森林环境电波传播特性预测中的应用

为提高大区域森林环境电波传播特性预测的准确性,研究抛物方程（PE）法在森林环境电波传播特性预测中的应用,提出了基于抛物方程的森林模型。该模型采用PE法实现准确快速求解,考虑森林在垂直方向上的非均匀性,引入森林分层模型,将森林分为树冠、树干两个均匀有耗介质层,并根据森林区域的特性参数确定各有耗介质层的等效介电常数,相比于传统将森林等效为一个给定介电常数的均匀有耗介质层,能够更准确地描述森林对电波传播的影响。将其应用于三种常见绿叶林的电波传播特性预测中,仿真结果表明,该模型能够反映不同区域、不同植被种类的森林对电波传播的影响差异,有效预测大区域森林环境电波传播特性。     

复杂地形中的电波传播损耗预测研究

远距离不规则复杂地形中,电波传播损耗计算精度较低,对此,文中提出了一种基于地理信息系统并根据实际地形提高电波传播损耗计算精度的算法模型,构建了可视化的软件显示平台。首先,根据国际电信联盟(ITU-R)的P系列电波传播建议书,结合实际地理信息情况获取了地形和环境因子的数据。然后,通过数字地图模型,针对传播路径上各种不同地形区域,分别建立传播模型来计算电波传播损耗,并完成仿真计算界面的设计和实现。最后,给定收发天线高度和频率,依据实际地形,建立完整的电波传播模型进行仿真实验。结果表明,该算法模型不仅能得到传播路径上每一个点的损耗,而且与传统的Hata模型对比,该算法在不同区域和地形中敏感度更高,可以有效提升传播损耗计算精度,更适用于计算实际地形中远距离不规则复杂地形下的电波传播损耗,帮助改善通信质量。     

空白电视频段下考虑船体晃动的海上无线电波传播特性研究*

为设计基于空白电视频段的海上无线传输系统,需要了解在该频段下无线电波在海面传播特性.在海上环境下,海面波动会引起船体晃动,导致发射和接收天线间的角度变化,从而影响海上电波传播损耗和通信链路性能.对海浪波动引起的船体晃动进行了三维建模,然后考虑地球曲率并结合晃动时天线角度改变引起的天线接收增益变化改进了海上电波传播损耗模型.借助该模型仿真分析了空白电视频段下不同船体晃动类型和在不同传播距离时对海上无线电波传输路径增益的影响程度.     

战场环境中的电波传播模型优化选择方法

针对战场级的复杂电磁环境仿真过程中涉及到全频段覆盖、环境影响、仿真速度要求高等问题,提出了一种综合考虑用频装备、环境信息和模型自身特点的电波传播模型选择方法。该方法首先通过频段对用频装备及电波传播模型进行划分,再结合环境信息中降雨量、海拔、植被覆盖率、气候类型、导电特性等参数进行综合分析,最终得到传播模型的优化选择方案。在典型作战场景仿真应用中,该方法为传播模型的合理选择提供了思路,保证了仿真的精度,同时也为电磁环境仿真中传播模型本地化提供了依据。     

基于三维抛物方程的路径损耗预测模型

为实现通信网络的优质覆盖和基站选址的优化布局,研究城市环境中电波传播的路径损耗预测模型尤为必要。文章通过STL数据的三维重建技术,结合K-means聚类算法对传播环境进行电磁建模,采用三维抛物方程解算电波传播过程,形成了路径损耗预测模型。仿真结果与经验模型相比,表明本模型不仅能准确地反映出电波的衰减趋势,还可预测环境反射、散射造成的多径衰落;街道场景下本模型的仿真结果和实测路径损耗基本吻合,验证了本文模型的正确性。     

一种基于支持向量机的电波传播损耗计算方法

当前,电磁环境日益复杂,电波传播损耗作为电磁环境分析领域的重要研究对象,其预测结果的准确性将直接影响频谱态势生成、用频兼容分析等实际效果。由于电磁波在传播过程中易受环境影响,传统方法采用单一模型计算电波传播损耗,潜在误差较大。本文提出一种基于支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）的电波传播损耗计算方法。在训练阶段,采用不同传播环境下的感知数据对支持向量机模型进行训练;在测试阶段,以一定步长对传播路径进行分段,运用训练得到的支持向量机模型来对传播环境分段识别,继而采用各段识别结果相匹配的电波传播损耗模型分段计算损耗值并叠加为总的路径损耗值。仿真结果表明,相较于采用单一模型的传统方法,本文所提方法能够显著提高电波传播损耗计算精度。     

城市微区角度色散移动信道特性的建模与仿真

城市微蜂窝数字移动通信网无线电信道的一个非常重要的传播特征就是多径传播环境结构所造成的电波入射角度色散。这种现象是移动台在随机游走过程中，由于周围随机分布的复杂建筑结构和随机变化的人为及自然环境使得经过等效反射路径到达接收机的电波入射角度随着移动速度而产生的其分布不断变化的任意扩散结果。因此角度色散信道是在多普勒效应的作用下伴随着频率色散而出现的，而对其信道特性进行研究的关键就是了解各种传播环境下的电波入射角分布结构。本文在研究角度色散信道传播特性理论模型的基础上，构造了一种用代表其信道物理量的特征参数表示任意传播信道电波入射角分布的一般结构模型，并根据这种入射角分布模型来研究和分析在不同城市环境中移动无线电多径色散信道的信号传播特性，最后通过计算机模拟仿真进一步分析了不同的电波入射角角度分布对信道传播特性的影响。     

UHF propagation prediction for wireless personal communications

Propagation characteristics of radio signals in the UHF band place fundamental limits on the design and performance of wireless personal communications systems, such as cellular mobile radio (CMR), wireless LANs, and personal communication services (PCS). Because the radio link is direct to each subscriber, the prediction of signal characteristics is most important in urban areas where subscriber density is high, and the buildings have a profound influence on the propagation. The paper starts by reviewing the characteristic signal variations observed in CMR systems employing high base station antennas to cover macrocells having radius out to 20 km. Theoretical models incorporating diffraction are shown to explain the observed range dependence and shadow loss statistics. For the low base station antennas envisioned to cover microcells of radius out to 1 km for PCS applications, signal propagation is more strongly dependent on the building environment and on the location of the antennas in relation to the buildings. Various levels of theoretical modeling of this dependence are discussed in conjunction with measurements made in various building environments. Finally, the paper discusses advances in site specific prediction for outdoor and indoor propagation     

3-D double-directional radio channel characterization for urban macrocellular applications

We measured the spatial properties of the three-dimensional (3D) double-directional radio channel in urban macrocell environments separately at both ends of the link. In this paper, we study propagation conditions pertaining to reception and transmission at the mobile terminal, measured using a wideband channel sounder and a dual-polarized spherical antenna array. We were able to refine the results of the measurements conducted at the base station, and extend the study to full double-directional 3D channels. Individual propagation paths could be identified precisely, in some cases even considerable scattering from lampposts was observed. Our results show that over-rooftop-dominated propagation often occurs via building roofs with LOS to the base station antenna, acting as strong secondary signal sources. Based on measurements along continuous routes we demonstrate that the dominant propagation mechanisms can vary considerably when the mobile moves in the environment. We also present typical directional properties of the 3D radio channel at the mobile terminal in urban macrocell environments characterized by street canyons, showing how the angular distribution of energy is correlated with the excess delay.     

基于漏波电磁透镜的高速飞行列车无线接入研究

随着高速铁路近几年的迅猛发展,下一代交通技术也正渐渐突破桎梏.当前制约轮轨高铁发展的关键因素是稠密大气,真空管道高速飞行列车是一种新型轨道交通技术,它突破了介质限制,利用磁浮技术,可实现列车在接近真空的密闭管道中超高速（大于1 000 km/h）行驶.为解决列车运行在全封闭金属管道中,路边基站信号无法穿透管道壁与列车建立无线链路的问题,文中采用漏泄波导方式来实现管道内无线覆盖.通过特殊的漏泄波导缝隙设计,使得漏泄电磁波在管道腔体内以柱面波形式向列车辐射,从而有效抑制超高速带来的极高Doppler频移.在列车侧,提出一种车顶电磁介质透镜结构,漏泄波导辐射信号可透过透镜直达车内用户,从而实现车载结构与漏泄波导间有效的、无缝的上、下行通信.基于人工介质厚度与相位的定量关系来设计电磁透镜,使得电磁波透过透镜后从柱面波转化为平面波,从而实现更均匀的车厢内无线覆盖.     

Fiber optic microcellular radio

A distributed antenna system consisting of optical fiber connected canisters is proposed to replace or supplement the base station antennas required for cell splitting of growing cellular mobile radio systems. The end-to-end linear transmission of RF signal voltage can be maintained over the wide dynamic range of mobile radio. The technical feasibility of multiplexed subcarrier transmission using available lightwave components has been verified by signal-to-noise ratio and intermodulation distortion measurements. Measurements of a two-way audio link over both simulated and real radio paths have demonstrated the compatibility of a prototype lightwave transceiver, designed for the canister, with the existing base station and mobile equipment     

Smart Antennas with Two-Dimensional Array Configurations for Performance Enhancement of a Joint Detection CDMA Mobile Radio System

Smart antennas for base stations of cellular mobile radio systems offer the potential of system performance enhancement by taking advantage of the directionally inhomogeneous signal reception at the receiver. In this paper, two-dimensional array configurations employed at the uplink receiver of a joint detection CDMA (JD-CDMA) mobile radio system are investigated. This smart antenna concept can be split up into a novel channel estimator and data detector which incorporate explicitely the information of the direction-of-arrival (DOA) of signals emerging from users assigned to the considered base station. Proceeding from channel models that model the directional inhomogeneity of the mobile radio channel with single DOAs, the link level performance of a JD-CDMA mobile radio system using this smart antenna concept is evaluated for the rural propagation environment. The performance evaluation is based on Monte Carlo simulations of data transmission and average bit error rates versus the average signal to noise ratio per net information bit are presented for different array configurations. Although these results should be considered as upper bounds for the link level performance, they reveal the advantages of implementing two-dimensional array configurations at the uplink receiver of a JD-CDMA mobile radio system.     

基于机器学习和卫星图像的路径损耗预测

基于反向传播神经网络（back propagation neural network,BPNN）构建了一种路径损耗预测模型.通过卫星图像的红、绿、蓝（red, green and blue,RGB）通道的颜色信息来表征无线通信电波传播路径的环境特征,结合路测点与基站的距离特征构建数据集,迭代训练网络参数,以预测传播路径损耗.结果表明,对跨基站路测点的预测结果与实测数据之间的相关系数达到0.83,绝对平均误差控制在0.66 dB,标准差控制在6.65 dB,说明在缺乏某一场景的详细模型和材质参数时,本文模型也能可靠预测无线通信电波的传播路径损耗.此外,本文信道模型与传统信道建模方法多方面的对比与分析表明,本文模型在相同计算资源下可以提供和传统信道建模方法相差很小的预测结果,同时大大缩短预测所需的时间,说明本文模型对传播路径损耗做出快速预测的能力可以用于无线通信网络系统的优化.     

基于多源异构数据融合与RT的高铁网络优化系统

在高速铁路建设中,采用的电力拖车、路堑、站台、桥梁、明洞等特殊、形状不规则的建筑物,会对电磁波传播机理和多通路产生一定的影响,使其呈现出明显的衰减特性。从空间上看,呈现出强烈的空间异同性和频度相关,从而导致经验模型无法准确表征铁路场景的电波传播特性,成为制约无线网络规划精确度与效率、限制铁路移动通信系统高质量发展的理论瓶颈之一。针对这一挑战性难题,本文开展了基于多源异构数据融合的铁路移动通信高精确度网络规划及优化系统研究。采用高性能射线跟踪(RT)技术针对铁路通信930 MHz频段下的高铁场景进行了网络优化仿真。仿真结果表明,90%的接收信号强度相较于优化前提高了13.9 dB,显著提升了铁路复杂场景中的无线网络质量。     

光载射频拉远技术的应用

光载射频拉远系统是一种新型的分布式网络覆盖模式,它通过基带与射频分离的方式,将基带部分集中处理,采用光纤将基站中的射频模块拉到远端射频单元,分置于需要覆盖的站点上,从而节省了常规解决方案所需要的大量机房。同时,通过采用大容量宏基站支持大量的光纤拉远,可实现容量与覆盖之间的转化。此外,射频拉远系统可以还可以支持高速铁路,超远距离覆盖等场景,是3G网络中应用最为广泛的一种技术。     

The double-directional radio channel

We introduce the concept of the double-directional mobile radio channel. It is called this because it includes angular information at both link ends, e.g., at the base station and at the mobile station. We show that this angular information can be obtained with synchronized antenna arrays at both link ends. In wideband high-resolution measurements, we use a switched linear array at the receiver and a virtual-cross array at the transmitter. We evaluate the raw measurement data with a technique that alternately used estimation and beamforming, and that relied on ESPRIT (estimation of signal parameters via rotational invariance techniques) to obtain superresolution in both angular domains and in the delay domain. In sample microcellular scenarios (open and closed courtyard, line-of-sight and obstructed line-of-sight), up to 50 individual propagation paths are determined. The major multipath components are matched precisely to the physical environment by geometrical considerations. Up to three reflection/scattering points per propagation path are identified and localized, lending insight into the multipath spreading properties in a microcell. The extracted multipath parameters allow unambiguous scatterer identification and channel characterization, independently of a specific antenna, its configuration (single/array), and its pattern. The measurement results demonstrate a considerable amount of power being carried via multiply reflected components, thus suggesting revisiting the popular single-bounce propagation models. It turns out that the wideband double-directional evaluation is a most complete method for separating multipath components. Due to its excellent spatial resolution, the double-directional concept provides accurate estimates of the channel's multipath-richness, which is the important parameter for the capacity of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) channels