肉中的功能性成分及其营养调控

近年来人们越来越重视生产具有功能性作用的肉及肉制品,作者综述了肉中的n-3多不饱和脂肪酸,共轭亚油酸、维生素E、硒等4种功能性成分,以及通过营养手段对肉中这些功能性成分进行调控。     

美拉德反应产物中三类官能团化合物的质量分布与主体香气特征

以葡萄糖、果糖、木糖和脱氧核糖4种糖类和20种氨基酸为原料,在维持碱性的条件下制备美拉德反应产物,并通过气相质谱(GC/MS)进行检测,分析杂环类、芳香族类和烯酮(醛)类三类官能团化合物作为美拉德反应产物中的关键组分,并获得其质量分布。通过感官评价描述了美拉德反应产物的主体香气特征,并对其主体香气进行评分。结果表明:不同糖类美拉德反应产物中,三类官能团化合物总质量的顺序依次为果糖、木糖、葡萄糖和脱氧核糖美拉德反应产物。不同氨基酸美拉德反应产物中,亮氨酸、赖氨酸和苯丙氨酸美拉德反应产物的三类官能团化合物总质量较高且主体香气评分也较高。大多数美拉德反应产物中三类官能团化合物的总质量对主体香气评分具有较好的关联度。但含硫氨基酸美拉德反应产物比较独特,其主体香气评分与产物中含硫化合物的分子结构形态密切相关。通过对美拉德反应产物中三类官能团化合物的质量分布和主体香气特征的研究,可以更好地掌握和应用美拉德反应产物。     

Bioactive Components and Health-Promoting Properties of Yuzu (Citrus ichangensis × C. reticulate)

Yuzu (Citrus ichangensis × C. reticulate) fruit is an important functional food that possesses several health-promoting properties. It has been widely used in commercial medical products, healthy foods, and cosmetics in many countries. Yuzu is a rich source of wide variety of non-nutritive compounds, such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, phenolic acids, carotenoids, and tannins; as well as nutritive compounds such as sugars, proteins, vitamins, fibers, and minerals. Yuzu fruit (juice, peel, and seeds) and its bioactive compounds have been demonstrated to have numerous functional properties, such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antiplatelet, angiogenesis, and antimicrobial properties, both in vitro and in vivo. These diverse applications provided by the yuzu fruit (juice, peel, and seeds) and its bioactive compounds are of great industrial importance. This review summarizes the composition, nutritional values, and functional properties of yuzu fruit, and their biological activity in relation to their potential impact on human health.     

Fermentation-induced changes in the concentrations of organic acids,amino acids,sugars, and minerals and superoxide dismutase-like activity in tomato vinegar

Various raw materials are used to produce vinegars that contain functional compounds associated with disease prevention. We evaluated changes in functional compounds during tomato vinegar production and superoxide dismutase-like activity of tomato vinegar. Tomato vinegar contained abundant anti-hypertensive compounds, e.g., γ-aminobutyric acid and potassium derived from tomatoes and acetic acid and pyroglutamic acid produced during fermentation. It had stronger superoxide dismutase-like activity than commercial vinegars because of tomato-derived superoxide dismutase-like compounds, including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and glutathione. These data indicate that tomato vinegar is a candidate dietary supplement with potential preventive effects against cardiovascular diseases due to its anti-hypertensive and superoxide dismutase-like compounds.     

Noncovalent interactions between monoaromatic compounds and dissolved humic acids: a deuterium NMR T1 relaxation study

Deuterium nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (2H NMR) spin-lattice relaxation (T1) experiments were used to examine solution-phase, noncovalent interactions between deuterated monoaromatic compounds (phenol-d5, pyridine-d5, benzene-d6) and Suwannee River, soil, and peat humic acids. Noncovalent interactions, in aqueous solution, were examined as a function of solution pH, monoaromatic hydrocarbon functional groups, and humic acid identity. Benzene interacted with dissolved humic acids at all pH values; however, these interactions increased with decreasing pH and generally were proportional with the humic acid percent aromaticity. Pyridine behaved similarly as benzene; however, two modes of interaction between pyridine and humic acids were detected as a function of pH and humic acid type: bonding with the lone pair of electrons of pyridine's nitrogen and pi-pi interactions between the aromatic ring of pyridine and aromatic components of humic acid. The latter interaction was favored by increasing humic acid percent aromaticity and decreasing solution pH. On the other hand, because of its strong capacity for hydrogen bonding, phenol interacted preferentially with water, except at pH values 5 or lower and with humic acids with 45% or greater aromaticity. Under these conditions, strong interactions between phenol and humic acids were observed. These results demonstrate that solution-phase, noncovalent interactions between monoaromatic compounds and humic acids are a function of solution pH, percent aromaticity, and the monoaromatic functional group.     

Phenolic compounds in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel and their health-promoting activities

Potato peel (PP), a by-product of food processing industry, comprising 6–10% of tuber is mostly considered as a waste. Potato peel waste (PPW) can be utilised as a natural source of antioxidants that otherwise may create disposal-related problems leading to environmental pollution. Valorisation of PPW is a fascinating area of research and is in the interest of potato-based food processing industry. PP contains phenolic compounds (mainly chlorogenic, caffeic and ferulic acids), that are known for bioactivities. Phenolic acids from PP can be efficiently recovered by improving the efficiency of extraction methods. Phenolics extracted from PPW have an immense potential for utilisation as sources of antioxidant and functional components in food. PP extract (PPE) has been evaluated for protective (antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antibacterial properties) effects and can be projected as a potential source of phenolic compounds beneficial for human health.     

温州蜜柑、椪柑采后酚类物质及抗氧化活性比较研究

通过研究温州蜜蜂柑、椪柑两个常见柑橘品种贮藏期间类黄酮、酚酸类物质及抗氧化活性的变化规律,评价其采后的营养品质。结果表明：贮藏60d后温州蜜柑较好地保持了抗坏血酸含量,而椪柑损失较大。类黄酮类物质较稳定,温州蜜柑中黄烷酮含量贮藏后有所增加,椪柑中则呈缓慢下降趋势,2种柑橘中酚酸类物质贮藏后都有所增加。总酚含量在贮藏前期呈下降趋势,贮藏后期温州蜜柑中总酚含量增加而在椪柑中进一步下降。抗氧化能力与抗坏血酸的变化趋势类似。与椪柑相比,贮藏期间温州蜜柑能更好地保持果实的营养品质及酚类物质,从而保持较高的抗氧化活性。     

Sorghum Grain: From Genotype,Nutrition, and Phenolic Profile to Its Health Benefits and Food Applications

Globally, sorghum is one of the most important but least utilized staple crops. Sorghum grain is a rich source of nutrients and health‐beneficial phenolic compounds. The phenolic profile of sorghum is exceptionally unique and more abundant and diverse than other common cereal grains. The phenolic compounds in sorghum are mainly composed of phenolic acids, 3‐deoxyanthocyanidins, and condensed tannins. Studies have shown that sorghum phenolic compounds have potent antioxidant activity in vitro, and consumption of sorghum whole grain may improve gut health and reduce the risks of chronic diseases. Recently, sorghum grain has been used to develop functional foods and beverages, and as an ingredient incorporated into other foods. Moreover, the phenolic compounds, 3‐deoxyanthocyanidins, and condensed tannins can be isolated and used as promising natural multifunctional additives in broad food applications. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of nutrition and phenolic compounds derived from sorghum and their related health effects, and demonstrate the potential for incorporation of sorghum in food systems as a functional component and food additive to improve food quality, safety, and health functions.     

Phytochemical and nutritional significance of cactus pear

This review discusses cactus pear fruit with special emphasis on its functional components. Besides their nutritional importance, their significance in plant physiology is also described. Opuntia sp. is characterized by high levels of amino acids, especially proline and taurine. The latter was recently re-evaluated in nutritional science as a conditional amino acid and was hitherto virtually unknown in plant tissues. Free amino compounds also take part in osmoregulation and play an important role in betaxanthin biosynthesis. In contrast to red beets, cactus pears offer a great palette of colour hues and therefore may be used as a food colouring free from certification. The mucilages in Opuntia sp. tissue are responsible for water retention and can be used as dietary fibre or food thickening agents. Low in acids, the fruit is suitable for use in dairy products. With readily absorbable sugars, high vitamin C and mineral content, as well as containing polyphenols, amino acids and having a pleasant flavour, cactus pear is tailor-made for functional food preparations.     

桃花中营养及功能性成分分析

目的对不同颜色桃花的营养物质和功能性成分进行分析测定,以明确桃花的化学组成。方法对桃花水提液、乙醇提取液和石油醚提取液中组分进行系统定性鉴定,并在此基础上对白色、粉色、红色三种桃花中的蛋白质、还原糖、总酚、总黄酮、花色苷含量和氨基酸及酚类物质组成进行分析。结果桃花中含有糖、蛋白质(氨基酸)、有机酸、酚类物质、游离黄酮及其苷类、皂苷、生物碱等,其中总糖含量为31.99%~34.53%,还原糖含量为18.20%~24.44%,可溶性蛋白含量为6.48%~8.19%,氨基酸含量为9.68%~12.02%,总酚含量为7.30%~9.03%,总黄酮含量为3.89%~4.69%,粉色和红色桃花中含有花色苷,含量为2.35%~9.29%,白色桃花不含花色苷;不同种类桃花具有不同的氨基酸组成和酚类物质组成。结论桃花富含营养物质与功能性成分,是一种很有开发利用价值的植物资源。     

Spray Drying for the Production of Nutraceutical Ingredients—A Review

Contributions of spray drying to food processing applications are increasing as compared to other conventional drying methods. Spray drying has not only contributed in drying of fluids but also has played a vital role in encapsulation and microencapsulation of valuable foods and functional–nutraceutical ingredients. Microencapsulation by spray drying is a cost-effective one-step process as compared to other encapsulation methods. Encapsulation using spray drying is mainly used in the food sector to protect bioactive compounds or functional foods from light, temperature, oxidation, etc. This paper reviews the work done in past years in the functional food and nutraceutical sector using spray drying. The paper focuses on the role of spray drying in vitamins, minerals, flavouring substances, antioxidant compounds and fatty acids encapsulation.     

Prophylactic components of buckwheat

Buckwheat has been grown for centuries and now it is one of the most important alternative crops and a valuable raw material for functional food production. Many nutraceutical compounds exist in buckwheat seeds and other tissues. It is a rich source of starch and contains many valuable compounds, such as proteins, antioxidative substances, trace elements and dietary fibre. Buckwheat proteins have unique amino acids composition with special biological activities. Besides high-quality proteins, buckwheat seed contain several components with healing benefits: flavonoids and flavones, phytosterols, fagopyrins and thiamin-binding proteins. The allergenic proteins and their derivatives are also present in the buckwheat seeds. For the food industry, the most attractive trend is development of new functional foods, but production of health benefit products has also perspective. In this review we focus on knowledge of protein composition and the other prophylactic compounds of buckwheat products.     

Identification and quantification of phenolic and other polar compounds in the edible part of Annona cherimola and its by-products by HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS

Annona cherimola fruit is native to inter-Andean valleys from Peru and Ecuador. In the Mediterranean region, the main producer of cherimoya is the coast of Granada–Malaga (Spain), also called ‘Costa Tropical’, where the two most important cultivars found are ‘Fino de Jete’ and ‘Campa’.Cherimoya, like most fruits, is an important source of bioactive compounds, such as phenolic compounds. Therefore, the aim of this study was the tentative identification and quantification of phenolic and organic acids in pulp, peel and seed of two cherimoya cultivars (‘Fino de Jete’ and ‘Campa’) using HPLC-DAD-ESI-QTOF-MS.By using the proposed method, 21 phenolic and organic acids were detected in the edible portion of cherimoya, 37 in peel and 22 in seed. Procyanidins were the main phenolic compound family identified in the pulp and peel of the two cultivars, whereas in cherimoya seeds higher quantities of organic acids and flavonoids were detected. Most of the compounds were identified for the first time in cherimoya.According to these results, cherimoya pulp and its by-products are a natural source of procyanidins and other phenolic and polar compounds. In particular, cherimoya peel, with a higher concentration of phenolic and polar compounds in comparison with pulp and seed, represents an interesting food by-product that could be used as an ingredient in the functional food and/or pharmaceutical industry.     

Nutritional compositions and health promoting phytochemicals of camu-camu (myrciaria dubia) fruit: A review

Camu-camu (Myrciaria dubia) fruits are promising sources of various bioactive compounds such as vitamin C, phenolic compounds and carotenoids. Camu-camu fruits are also good sources of potassium, iron, calcium, phosphorous and various kinds of amino acids such as serine, valine and leucine. Therefore, the presence of different bioactive compounds in camu-camu fruits could be used to retard or prevent various diseases such as cardiovascular and cancer. This is an update report on nutritional compositions and health promoting phytochemicals of camu-camu fruits. This review reveals that camu-camu fruits might be used as functional foods or for nutraceutical purposes.     

Comprehensive characterization of the functional activities of pressurized liquid and ultrasound-assisted extracts from Chlorella vulgaris

Chlorella vulgaris has been referred as a potential source of bioactive compounds (carotenoids and fatty acids). In this work, the ability of an environmentally friendly extraction technique such as Pressurized Liquid Extraction (PLE) and a traditional extraction technique such as Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) to obtain functional compounds from C. vulgaris, at analytical scale, has been demonstrated. Seeked bioactivities were antioxidant and antimicrobial, for their interest in the food industry. Therefore, a methodology including analytical extraction, in-vitro assays and chemical characterization via HPLC-DAD and GC–MS has been used to determine the interest of Chlorella as a source of functional food ingredients. Results demonstrated that PLE provide higher yields than UAE while similar bioactivities were obtained. Important concentration of carotenoids (lutein, neoxanthin, β-carotene, etc.), chlorophylls, sterols, phytols, and fatty acids (among others) have been found in Chlorella extracts that could be correlated to the observed biological activity.     

Ice Cream as a Vehicle for Incorporating Health‐Promoting Ingredients: Conceptualization and Overview of Quality and Storage Stability

Ice cream is a product with peculiar textural and organoleptic features and is highly appreciated by a very broad spectrum of consumers. Ice cream's structure and colloidal design, together with its low‐temperature storage, renders it a very promising carrier for the stabilization and in vivo delivery of bioactive compounds and beneficial microorganisms. To date, many applications related to the design and development of functional ice cream have been documented, including products containing probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, dietary fibers, natural antioxidants such as polyphenols, essential and polyunsaturated fatty acids, and low glycemic index blends and blends fortified with mineral or trace elements. In this review, promising strategies for the incorporation of innovative functional additives to ice cream through the use of techniques such as microencapsulation, nanoemulsions, and oleogels are discussed, and current insights into the implications of matrix, processing, and digestion on bioactive compounds in frozen dairy desserts are comprehensively reviewed, thereby providing a holistic overview of the current and emerging trends in this functional food sector.     

Applications of Chitosan in the Seafood Industry and Aquaculture: A Review

There has recently been an increasing interest in seafood products due to the growing awareness of their nutraceutical value. However, marine-based products are highly susceptible to deterioration, mainly because of their high contents of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), their high water activity, abundant free amino acids, neutral pH, and the presence of autolytic enzymes. In recent decades, various alternative methods have been developed to address this issue. Among the proposed solutions, chitosan has been highlighted as one of the most promising solutions. Chitosan, a deacetylated derivative of chitin, has attracted high consideration for its nontoxicity, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. Moreover, it is a polymer with versatile functional properties. For this reason, chitosan, which is commercially produced mostly from marine sources (e.g., crustacean shells), has been used to stabilize seafood-based products. In this review, chitosan is highlighted with respect to the various potential applications exploiting its many features, such as antibacterial and antioxidant properties, edible film- and coating-forming ability, the treatment of seafood industry effluent, enhanced gelling properties, micro- and nanocarrier abilities for bioactive compounds, functional foods, and drug compounds from aquaculture and seafood.     

The nutritional,biochemical and health effects of makgeolli – a traditional Korean fermented cereal beverage

Makgeolli is a traditional alcoholic beverage prepared from rice, barley, wheat or malt grains by fermentation using a natural starter called nuruk. The makgeolli flavour depends mainly on the content of the metabolic products (free sugars, amino acids, organic acids and aromatic compounds) produced during the fermentation of rice by moulds and yeasts. Compared with other alcoholic beverages, makgeolli contains high concentrations of nutrients, organic acids and 6–8% alcohol. Makgeolli is nutritious and is composed of 80% water, 2% protein, 0.8% carbohydrates, 0.1% fat and 10% dietary fibre, along with vitamins B and C, as well as a significant amount of lactobacilli and yeast. It has been reported that makgeolli has medicinal effects including antioxidant, anti‐hypertensive, anti‐diabetes and anti‐cancer activities. Since makgeolli is a good source of vitamins, minerals, sugars, proteins, organic acids and free amino acids, as well as having significant medicinal importance, it can be considered a functional, medicinal and probiotic beverage. Copyright © 2015 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

竹笋壳提取物中有效成分的GC/MS分析研究

为了探讨竹笋壳中生物活性物质的组成成分,利用超声波辅助-有机溶剂提取法提取竹笋壳中的活性物质,并经大孔吸附树脂初步分离纯化。以N,O-双(三甲基硅烷)三氟乙酰胺(BSTFA,含1%的三甲基氯硅烷TMCS)为衍生化试剂,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术及运用面积归一化法定性定量鉴定竹笋壳提取物中所含有效成分。结合气相色谱-质谱标准谱图库NIST进行人工结构解析确定了15种物质的化学结构,其中常见脂肪酸有11种,酚酸有2种,脂肪酸的相对含量为29.71%,酚酸的相对含量为10.96%。     

酶法改性微藻油脂制备功能性油脂的研究进展

多不饱和脂肪酸是一类对人体健康有益的生物活性物质,微藻油脂富含多不饱和脂肪酸,是天然可食用的潜在油源。利用微藻油脂开发制备型功能性油脂,替代动植物天然功能性油脂,不仅可提高天然功能性油脂的品质,解决供应问题,而且有望得到新的功能性油脂制品。对酶法制备功能性油脂的方法、常见微藻的油脂含量及其油脂的脂肪酸组成进行综述,并对酶法改性微藻油脂制备富含多不饱和脂肪酸的单酰甘油酯、结构三酰甘油酯、功能性磷脂等功能性油脂的研究进展进行了介绍。酶法改性微藻油脂制备功能性油脂是高值化利用微藻油脂的新途径。