The Impact of Cooling Rate on the Safety of Food Products as Affected by Food Containers

In recent decades, the demand for ready‐to‐eat (RTE) food items prepared by the food catering sector has increased together with the value of cook‐serve, cook‐chill, and cook‐freeze food products. The technologies by which foods are cooked, chilled, refrigerated for storage, and reheated before serving are of prime importance to maintain safety. Packaging materials and food containers play an important role in influencing the cooling rate of RTE foods. Food items that are prepared using improper technologies and inappropriate packaging materials may be contaminated with foodborne pathogens. Numerous research studies have shown the impact of deficient cooling technologies on the survival and growth of foodborne pathogens, which may subsequently pose a threat to public health. The operating temperatures and cooling rates of the cooling techniques applied must be appropriate to inhibit the growth of pathogens. Food items must be stored outside the temperature danger zone, which is between 5 and 60 °C, in order to inhibit the growth of these pathogens. The cooling techniques used to prepare potentially hazardous foods, such as cooked meat, rice, and pasta, must be properly applied and controlled to ensure food safety. This paper critically reviews the effects of cooling and its relationship to food containers on the safety of RTE foods produced and sold through the food service industry.     

食品加工过程中致病菌控制的关键科学问题

致病性细菌是导致食源性疾病暴发的罪魁祸首,也是我国建立食品质量安全控制体系必须面对的重要危害.在食品加工过程中,食源性致病菌由于能够形成菌膜,进行亚致死损伤修复,调节抗性基因的表达等,从而对加工过程中的高温、高压、冷冻、脱水、光照、真空以及氧化等环境胁迫产生耐受性.此外,致病菌也能够分泌各种胞外毒力因子等,给食品安全带来极大的威胁.本文针对近年来食品加工过程中致病菌安全控制关键科学问题的研究进展进行阐述,并对未来的发展方向作展望.     

光动力技术研究进展及其在食品工业中的应用前景

食品安全已成为全球关注的热点问题,由各种食源性致病菌引起的食品安全事故屡有发生。因此,开发更加安全高效的杀菌方法,一直以来是食品工业的研发热点之一。光动力技术作为一种新型非热杀菌技术,因其操作简便、杀菌效果优异、安全可靠、绿色环保、成本低等特点而受到多领域学者的广泛关注。本文概述了光动力技术的作用机理,总结了光敏剂及光动力技术应用的研究进展,重点阐述了光动力技术在食品工业中的应用进展和发展前景,可为进一步开发及优化光动力技术应用于食品工业提供借鉴和参考。     

Electrolyzed Water as a Novel Sanitizer in the Food Industry: Current Trends and Future Perspectives

Electrolyzed water (EW) has gained immense popularity over the last few decades as a novel broad‐spectrum sanitizer. EW can be produced using tap water with table salt as the singular chemical additive. The application of EW is a sustainable and green concept and has several advantages over traditional cleaning systems including cost effectiveness, ease of application, effective disinfection, on‐the‐spot production, and safety for human beings and the environment. These features make it an appropriate sanitizing and cleaning system for use in high‐risk settings such as in hospitals and other healthcare facilities as well as in food processing environments. EW also has the potential for use in educational building, offices, and entertainment venues. However, there have been a number of issues related to the use of EW in various sectors including limited knowledge on the sanitizing mechanism. AEW, in particular, has shown limited efficacy on utensils, food products, and surfaces owing to various factors, the most important of which include the type of surface, presence of organic matter, and type of tape water used. The present review article highlights recent developments and offers new perspectives related to the use of EW in various areas, with particular focus on the food industry.     

Culture‐Independent Rapid Detection Methods for Bacterial Pathogens and Toxins in Food Matrices

Rapid detection of bacterial pathogens and toxins in foods is necessary to provide real‐time results to mitigate foodborne illness outbreaks. Cultural enrichment methods, although the most widely used, are time‐consuming and therefore inadequate for rapid pathogen detection from food samples. The development of novel “rapid” detection methods has decreased detection time dramatically. This review presents an overview of detection methods for various foodborne pathogens, including Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica, and shiga toxin‐producing Escherichia coli, and bacterial toxins in food matrices, with emphasis on those methods which do not require cultural enrichment. Discussed methods include nucleic acid‐, immunological‐, and biosensor‐based techniques. A summary of each type of detection method is given, including referenced methods from the literature. Since these discussed methods do not require cultural enrichment, there is a higher probability of interference from the food matrices. Therefore, the review also discusses the potential interference of food components on detection methods and addresses preprocessing strategies to overcome matrix associated inhibition and to concentrate low quantities of pathogens and toxins in food. Development of rapid and sensitive detection technologies advances and ensures public health safety and security.     

噬菌体在食品安全控制中的研究进展

近年来,噬菌体在食品科学领域中的应用受到国内外研究学者的广泛关注。噬菌体的自身特性表明,其可 作为一种杀菌/抑菌的生物制剂来控制食源性病原菌对食品的污染,是保障食品安全的理想工具。此外,基因工程 技术的发展进一步促进了噬菌体及其产物的安全、高效使用及噬菌体产品的出现。本文就噬菌体在食品安全控制中 的研究进展以及应用前景等方面进行综述。     

风险评估在食品加工中的应用

目前食品安全问题已成为一个日益受关注的问题,开展与食品加工相关的风险分析是保障食品安全的重要手段之一。风险评估在食品加工中的应用主要是针对食品加工过程中的物理、化学、生物等不良影响做出的科学评估。本文将介绍风险评估,并对其在食品加工中的应用做简单介绍。     

延边地区2011~2015年食品中食源性致病菌的监测

【目的】 了解食品中主要食源性致病菌的污染状况,确定高危食品,为预防和控制食源性疾病提供科学依据。 【方法】 按照《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》 的检测技术要求,2011 － 2015 年在延边地区的几个监测点采集食品样品1069份,对沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特菌（定量）、金黄色葡萄球菌（定量）、铜绿假单胞菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌的污染情况进行监测。 【结果】 1069份样品中,共检出致病菌115株,总检出率为10.76%.熟肉制品、生食动物性水产品、凉拌菜、熟制米面制品、婴幼儿食品、乳及乳制品、速冻米面品、特殊膳食用食品、饮用水、三明治以及流动早餐样品的致病菌检出率分别为17.65%（3/17)、15.79%（3/19)、11.76%(4/34)、34.48%(10/29)、33.80%（24/71）、40.00%(12/30)、6.67%(1/15)、42.86%(6/14)、58.33%（7/12）、10.00%（1/10）和71.43%（10/14）;2011-2015年食源性致病菌检出率分别为0.94% 、1.87% 、6.83% 、0.65%、0.19%。 【结论】 乳及乳制品、特殊膳食用食品、饮用水和流动早餐是延边地区食品的主要污染品种,作为直接入口食品的熟肉制品、凉拌菜、熟制米面制品和婴幼儿食品可能导致较高的食源性疾病风险。     

2017—2019年辽宁省市售食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解2017—2019年辽宁省市售食品中食源性致病菌的污染及其分布情况.方法 2017—2019年辽宁省共采集12类4694份样品,按照《国家食品污染物和有害因素风险监测工作手册》对食源性致病菌进行检测分析.结果 4694份样品中各种致病菌的总检出率差异较大,其中蜡样芽胞杆菌的检出率最高为12.78％.不同种类食...     

食品生物腐败及新型防腐技术研究进展

概述了食品生物腐败的原因和机理、食源性致病菌的类群和新型杀菌技术在食品防霉防腐领域的研究进展,并展望了新型防腐技术在食品安全生产和品质保证环节的应用前景。     

加工过程对食品中农药残留的影响

食品加工过程不仅能改变食品的品质特性,而且还会对食品的安全性产生影响,如农药残留的变化。大部分加工过程可降低食品中的农药残留,如清洗、去皮、榨汁、杀菌、发酵等;但也有一些如浓缩、干燥以及油脂提炼等过程,可能会导致农药残留水平升高;另外,加工过程还可能使某些农药成分发生改变。了解加工过程对食品中农药残留的影响,不仅可为优化产品加工工艺提供依据,更重要的是为开展食品安全风险评估提供基础数据。本文以食品加工过程为出发点,综述常用食品加工方式对农药残留的影响。     

食品加工过程中多环芳烃生成机理的研究进展

多环芳烃是一类对环境和食品极具危害的污染物。早期对环境中多环芳烃的检测、安全评价、食品加工过程中的污染及产生的机理和控制方法开展了大量的工作,本文重点对多环芳烃形成的化学机制及食品加工过程中多环芳烃的产生机制进行综述,并对研究现状进行简要总结,以期为食品中多环芳烃控制提供新思路。     

徐州市2007-2011年食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解徐州市食品中食源性致病菌污染状况,为食源性疾病监测提供科学依据.方法 依据《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》对食源性致病菌进行监测.结果 2007-2011年间共监测630份食品,总检出率为15.08％:检出沙门菌、大肠杆菌O157:H7、单增李斯特菌、副溶血性弧菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;阪崎杆菌、志贺菌、创伤弧菌未检出.生肉类和水产品污染较严重,生肉以单增李斯特菌和沙门菌污染程度高,检出率为分别为18.28％和10.75％;水产品以副溶血性弧菌检出率最高,为23.08％.结论 徐州地区食品中存在食源性致病菌污染,卫生监督部门应加强食品安全管理.     

辐照技术对食源性病原菌的影响研究

食源性病原菌,指在食品加工和流通过程中引入的病原菌,是引发食源性疾病的重要因素。这些病原菌以食品作为载体进行传播,一定程度上增加了某些食源性疾病爆发的可能,而传统的控制措施抑菌效果有限,当务之急是寻求革新的食品杀菌技术。食品辐照技术作为一种高新的冷杀菌技术,具有安全、无污染等优点,近年来在保障食品质量安全方面发挥的作用也引起了社会的高度重视,关于辐照技术对食品中病原菌致死作用的系统描述相对较少。本文结合国内外关于食品辐照灭菌的研究报道,综述了辐照技术的发展、辐照技术控制食品病原菌进展、辐照杀菌机制以及影响辐照灭菌效果的主要因素,并对该技术存在的问题和未来的研究进行了探讨,以期为进一步预防和控制食源性疾病提供新的思路。     

The microbiological safety of minimally processed vegetables

Summary Demand for fresh, convenient, minimally processed vegetables has led to an increase in the quantity and variety of products available to the consumer. Modified atmosphere packaging, in combination with refrigeration, is increasingly being employed as a mild preservation technique to ensure quality and storage-life. The fresh nature of these products, together with the mild processing techniques and subsequent storage conditions, have presented indigenous and pathogenic microorganisms with new ecosystems and potential infection vehicles; a number of outbreaks of foodborne disease being attributed to their consumption. Psychrotrophic pathogens and pathogens which are capable of maintaining an infectious potential under mild preservation regimes are of particular concern; Listeria monocytogenes , Aeromonas hydrophila and Clostridium botulinum being amongst the most notable. This review describes the processing, packaging and storage procedures involved in the production of minimally processed vegetables, and details their impact upon the survival and growth of associated pathogens. Gaps in our current understanding of the consequences of this novel technology for microbiological safety are highlighted.     

现代激光技术在食品和农产品加工中的应用

本文综述了激光技术在食品和农产品加工中的应用。分别介绍了激光在酿造食品中的应用;激光用于酵母菌诱变;激光用于食品加工和农产品加工的检测和监控;激光切削技术用于食品和农产品加工;激光技术在食品包装中的应用。     

2016~2017年上海市嘉定区食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解嘉定区食品中食源性致病菌的污染情况。方法 2016~2017年嘉定区食品中微生物及其致病因子监测共采集12大类样品433件, 检测460件样品, 并根据《国家食品污染和有害因素风险监测工作手册》中的方法进行检测。结果 监测样品中有49件样品检出食源性致病菌, 总检出率10.65%。其中, 蜡样芽胞杆菌检出率最高(32.09%), 其次分别为金黄色葡萄球菌(1.27%)、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌(0.62%)、沙门氏菌(0.23%)。检出食源性致病菌较多的前4位食品品种分别为冷面、即食非发酵豆制品、即食发酵豆制品、即食凉面(粉、皮)。结论 根据本研究显示本区食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染, 应加强重点食品在各个环节的监管, 继续加强食品安全宣传教育。     

2011~2015年保山市食品中食源性致病菌监测结果分析

目的 了解保山市食品中食源性致病菌污染状况, 为监督管理提供科学依据。方法 2011~2015年按照《食品安全风险监测方案》样品采样要求抽样9类, 1404份食品样品。根据《食源性致病菌检验标准操作程序》方法对抽取的样品进行蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌等12种致病菌监测。结果 2011~2015年间检测样品中, 阳性样品83份, 检出6种食源性致病菌85株, 致病菌污染率为5.91%, 其中蜡样芽孢杆菌检出率最高为19.63%。不同年份食源性致病菌污染率差异有统计学意义(P<0.001)。9类食品中婴幼儿食品及餐饮食品致病菌污染率最高, 分别为17.27%、14.81%; 散装食品致病菌污染率7.92%, 高于预包装食品3.28%(P<0.001); 第3季度的致病菌污染率为10.2%, 显著高于其他季度(P<0.008); 餐饮服务环节6种致病菌总污染率高于流通环节及生产加工环节。结论 保山市食品中存在食源性致病菌的污染, 食品安全监管部门应加强食品安全监督管理, 重点对散装食品进行监测监督, 在污染率高的第3季度及餐饮服务环节加强监管。     

食品非热杀菌研究中的科学问题分析

热力杀菌技术不仅能有效保障微生物引起的食品安全,而且非常经济,已广泛应用于食品工业,但其会导致食品品质劣变,包括颜色变化、口味改变、香气损失、营养破坏和质构变化。近年来,非热杀菌技术(nonthermalprocessing,NTP)引起了国内外政府部门、食品工业界和食品领域专家的关注,作为新兴食品杀菌技术,其能在较低温度下达到杀菌钝酶的效果,其中高静压技术已经成功商业化。本文通过对有关文献的分析以及结合自身的研究,对NTP 的有关研究进行了归纳总结,提出了NTP 研究中应该关注的杀菌、钝酶、品质、安全以及其他等5 个方面的问题,并进行了深入的分析和讨论。