PBT／PET共聚酯及其纤维的热性能

本文利用差示扫描量热分析研究了ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ共聚酯及其纤维热性能与形态结构的关系。实验结果表明ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ共聚酯高温稳定性好，其结晶结构为ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ共晶结构，随ＰＢＴ含量增加，其熔融热增加，熔点下降，ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ共聚纤维的熔融热随拉伸倍数增加而增加，这表明纤维结晶度随拉伸倍数而增加，适宜于ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ共聚纤维的拉伸温度为８０℃。     

PET共聚酯结晶性能的研究

用ＤＳＣ，广角Ｘ射线衍射等方法研究了ＰＥＴ共聚酯的结晶行为，并与纯ＰＥＴ体系作了比较。以冷结晶峰温，等温结晶半周期ｔ１／２及结晶度等来表征它们的性能。结晶表明，共聚酯对ＰＥＴ结晶有明显的促进作用，共聚体系中再加入成核剂具有加和的促进作用，共聚体系的结晶度比纯ＰＥＴ体系和共聚核剂体系的高。     

软段结构对聚酯型聚氨酯结晶性影响的研究

用３种聚酯二醇ＰＥＡ、ＰＢＡ、ＰＨＡ和ＭＤＩ，以溶液聚合法合成了３个系列的线型嵌段聚氨酯胶粘剂（ＰＥＡＵ、ＰＢＡＵ、ＰＨＡＵ）。以Ｘ－Ｒａｙ衍射法测定了３种聚酯和３个系列聚氨酯的结晶度，讨论了聚酯类型、聚酯分子量、聚氨酯中硬段含量等因素对聚氨酯结晶能力的影响。结果表明，在硬段含量不高（＜２５％）情况下，聚氨酯中的结晶部分主要是由聚酯软段引起的，而聚酯结晶能力大小的次序为ＰＨＡ＞ＰＢＡ＞＞ＰＥＡ，增     

液晶共聚酯酰胺对PET/PA66共混体系的增容作用

将ＰＥＴ、ＰＡ６６和ＬＣ３０进行熔融共混，采用ＳＥＭ、热台偏光显微镜、ＤＳＣ、Ｉｎｓｔｒｏｎ３２１１型毛细管流变仪测定了共混物的形态结构、热行为和流变性能，系统地研究了热致液晶共聚酯酰胺（ＬＣ３０）对聚对苯二甲酸乙二酯（ＰＥＴ）／聚酰胺６６（ＰＡ６６）共混物的增容作用。结果表明，ＬＣ３０对ＰＥＴ／ＰＡ６６共混物的增容作用，有效地改善了ＰＥＴ／ＰＡ６６共混物的形态结构和流变性能，增强了ＰＥＴ链与ＰＡ６６链间的相互作用，使ＰＥＴ／ＰＡ６６共混物的熔点降低，结晶度提高，流变行为由原来的负偏差行为转变为正偏差行为。     

4,4‘—二苯醚二甲酸改性PET的热性能研究

采用示差扫描量热和热重分析的方法和对合成的不同４，４‘－二苯醚二甲酸（ＯＢＢＡ）的含量的共聚酯的热性能进行了研究。结果发现共聚酯的熔点和热结晶温度与ＰＥＴ相比有所降低；而冷结晶温度则升高。随着ＯＢＢＡ添加量的增加，在恒温热分析中热失重速率常数减小；在升温热重分析中，热失重活化能则增加。所有的实验结果皆表明，芳族醚键的引入对提高共聚酯的热性能有重要作用。     

PHB／PET／HQ－TPA液晶共聚芳酯热分解动力学研究

对所合成的ＰＨＢ／ＰＥＴ／ＨＱ－ＴＰＡ三元液晶共聚酯样品进行了热失重曲线测试。采用Ｆｒｅｅｍａｎ和Ｃａｎｒｄｌ的微商法对ＴＧ曲线所得到的主要数据进行了处理，研究了共聚芳酯样品的热分解动力学。结果表明，随着第三单体（ＨＱ－ＴＰＡ）加入量的提高，共聚芳酯的热稳定性提高。由微商法求出热分解反应级数ｎ＝１～３，反应活化能Ｅ＝１６７～２９３ｋＪ／ｍｏｌ。     

PET－PBT共聚酯的结构与结晶性能

用差示扫描量热法（ＤＳＣ）、核磁共振技术（ＮＭＲ）以及红外光谱等方法对经共缩聚而制得的ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯进行了结构和性能分析。ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯为嵌段共聚物，两种链段的非晶区是相溶的，只观察到１个玻璃化转变温度Ｔｇ，而它们的晶相是分离的。随着ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯中ＰＢＴ链段含量提高，共聚结晶熔点不断下降，Ｔｇ也有下降趋势。ＰＢＴ链段的引入增强了ＰＥＴ分子链段的柔顺性，有利于提高ＰＥＴ链段的结晶能力。另一方面，少量ＰＢＴ链段的引入，也破坏了ＰＥＴ分子链的规整性，不利于其结晶。由于这两方面的原因，在低ＰＢＴ链段含量时，ＰＥＴ－ＰＢＴ共聚酯的结晶能力改善并不十分明显。     

PHB／PET／HQ—TPA液晶共聚芳酯热分解动力学研究

对所合成的ＰＨＢ／ＰＥＴ／ＨＱ－ＴＰＡ三元液晶共聚酯样品进行了热失重曲线测试。采用Ｆｒｅｅｍａｎ和Ｃａｎｒｄｌ的微商法对ＴＧ曲线所得的主要数据进行了处理，研究了共聚芳酯样品的热分解动力学。     

主链型液晶共聚酯的WAXD研究

应用广角Ｘ射线衍射（ＷＡＸＤ）对２，２－以（４羟基苯基）丙烷，１，１０癸二醇与２－甲基－１，４－苯撑双（４氯甲酰）苯甲酸酯的一系列共聚酯进行了研究，发现组成不同时，共聚酯可形成３种不同的晶型，以此解释了其熔点变化的规律。对结晶度 粒尺寸变化的研究表明，晶粒尺寸与熔点的变化规律相一致，而结晶度与组分中刚性链段的增加有关。     

聚酯含量对PBT/PET/PA-6三元共混物性能影响

采用ＤＳＣ、ＳＥＭ等方法对ＰＢＴ／ＰＥＴ／ＰＡ６三元共混物中聚酯含量的变化与共混物性能之间的关系进行了研究。实验结果表明,共混物中ＰＥＴ含量的增加有利于提高该三元共混物的热性能和结晶性能;另外,ＰＢＴ含量的增加则大大提高了共混物的抗冲击能力。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Thixotropy of Systems with Shear Thinning and Plastic Flow Behavior

The definition of the thixotropy is a decrease in viscosity with time in shear and a subsequent recovery of viscosity after the shear deformation is removed.We ...