工程陶瓷预压应力下超声振动辅助划痕实验研究

目的结合超声振动加工方法,探究工程陶瓷预压应力加工过程的工件表面损伤特性。方法建立预压应力下工程陶瓷超声振动辅助加工过程的工程学模型,结合Al_2O_3陶瓷划痕过程的离散元仿真结果和实验结果进行分析,采用扫描电镜对加工表面进行观察,使用三向动态压电测力仪测量划痕力。结果预压应力下超声振动辅助划痕过程能够去除沟槽边缘处的材料堆积,并且划痕沟槽边缘破碎呈现周期性。当预压应力为200 MPa、理论划痕深度为10μm时,普通划痕深度为7.58μm,宽度107.5μm,超声振动辅助划痕深度为8.55μm,宽度为143.5μm。结合仿真结果,超声振动辅助划痕过程可减小划痕沟槽的径向裂纹数量,增大径向裂纹深度。同时,两种划痕过程动态切向力出现明显差异,超声振动辅助划痕过程动态切向力较小,变化相对平稳。结论超声振动辅助加工过程可以减小工程陶瓷预压应力加工过程的切削力,提高材料加工效率。     

氧化锆陶瓷旋转超声加工脆塑转变特性研究

目的揭示旋转超声振动对硬脆材料脆塑转变特性及工艺参数对材料脆塑转变临界切削深度的影响规律。方法以氧化锆陶瓷为研究对象,在硬脆材料压痕断裂试验基础上,从理论上分析了超声振动加工硬脆材料脆塑转变的临界条件,并进行了纵向振动及纵扭共振形式的旋转超声振动划痕与普通划痕对比试验。结果在相同试验条件下,超声振动划痕较普通划痕有较高的材料脆塑转变临界切削深度。适当地增大超声能量,纵扭共振比纵向振动具有更大的脆塑转变临界切削深度值;而随着进给速度的增大,纵向振动比纵扭共振具有更大的材料脆塑转变临界切削深度。结论通过不同划痕条件的对比,超声振动能有效提高氧化锆陶瓷的脆塑转变临界切削深度,增大塑性域加工范围,提高材料表面加工质量,验证了理论分析的正确性。     

纵扭超声辅助磨削氮化硅亚表面损伤及其试验研究

目的 探究纵扭超声辅助磨削工艺参数对氮化硅陶瓷亚表面损伤的影响规律。方法 首先,建立纵扭超声振动下单颗磨粒的切削轨迹及其切削弧长模型,分析纵扭超声辅助磨削独特的加工机理。其次,考虑砂轮表面磨粒的随机分布特性,并基于硬脆材料脆塑转变特性及其临界转角界定,给出纵扭超声辅助磨削单颗磨粒未变形切屑厚度的概率学模型,进而建立纵扭超声辅助磨削过程中单颗磨粒的平均法向磨削力模型。最后,建立纵扭超声辅助磨削氮化硅亚表面损伤深度模型,并进行试验验证。结果 纵扭超声振动的引入增大了纵扭超声辅助磨削过程中单颗磨粒的切削弧长,减小了单颗磨粒平均未变形切屑厚度,降低了单颗磨粒的法向磨削力,最终降低了氮化硅陶瓷亚表面损伤的深度,获得了较好的氮化硅陶瓷表面加工质量。氮化硅亚表面损伤深度随着超声振幅的增大而降低,当超声振幅为6μm时,亚表面损伤深度为5.65μm,相较于普通磨削亚表面损伤深度降低了33.6%。理论模型预测结果与试验结果趋势一致,预测结果与试验结果的最大误差为13.38%,平均误差为8.34%,因此该模型能够为氮化硅实际加工中亚表面损伤深度的预测提供一定参考。结论 纵扭超声辅助磨削能够有效降低氮化硅陶瓷...     

超声辅助磁性磨料光整加工工艺对钛合金表面完整性的影响

为了研究超声辅助磁性磨料光整加工工艺对钛合金表面完整性的影响,采用对比试验和建立切削力和材料去除模型理论分析相结合的方法,分析加工后的表面形貌、粗糙度、显微硬度、残余应力和亚表面组织,并讨论了加工中超声的作用机理。结果表明：在超声频率为21.91 kHz、振幅10 μm,主轴转速1000 r/min,加工间隙1.5 mm,磁性磨料粒径300 μm条件下,经过40 min加工后,表面粗糙度Ra降低到0.075 μm,与普通磁性磨料光整加工相比降低近60%。超声的引入,增大了切削力和材料去除率,由于加工的尖点效应,使超声辅助磁性磨料光整加工的表面粗糙度快速降低;同时超声振动的碰撞作用使加工后的表面更加均匀光滑,在亚表面可形成一层近20 μm的组织细化层,表面显微硬度可达到450.6 HV_0.2,与普通磁性磨料光整加工相比提高了15%,表面残余应力由普通磁性磨料光整加工的+68 MPa的拉应力变为-34.1 MPa的压应力,可有效改善工件表面完整性,提高加工表面的综合性能。     

纵-扭超声磨削氧化锆陶瓷磨削力仿真分析

为揭示纵-扭超声振动对磨削氧化锆陶瓷磨削力的影响,分析纵-扭超声磨削（L-TUG）运动特性,利用ABAQUS开展单颗金刚石磨粒划擦氧化锆仿真模拟,并进行单磨粒磨削氧化锆试验验证。在此基础上,分析仿真条件下普通磨削（OG）与L-TUG材料表面应力的差异性;探讨磨削表征参数对L-TUG磨削力的影响规律。结果表明：OG与L-TUG磨削力仿真结果和试验结果吻合度较高,验证了仿真模拟的可行性;与OG相比,超声振动能够有效降低材料表面磨削应力;在相同表征参数下,整体上L-TUG轴向力始终大于法向力,且对轴向力与法向力的影响程度和变化趋势呈现不同的规律性。     

振幅对超声辅助磨削C/SiC复合材料表面形貌的影响

目的 通过超声振动辅助磨削加工技术加工C/SiC复合材料可以改变材料的去除方式,通过改变超声振幅能够提高材料去除率并获得较好的表面质量,从而成为C/SiC复合材料的新型加工方式。方法 采用超声辅助磨削技术对C/SiC复合材料进行加工,通过改变超声振幅,观察C/SiC复合材料在不同切削角度下的纤维去除机理、纤维断裂形式,测量不同切削角度下工件表面粗糙度Sa。结果 磨削过程中C/SiC复合材料的去除方式以脆性去除为主,纤维损伤形式以纤维断裂、纤维破碎为主。增大超声振幅后,纤维断裂形式增大并伴随出现基体破碎现象。随着超声振幅的增大,不同切削角度(0°、45°、90°、135°)下测得的表面粗糙度Sa显著减小,降低约15%~41%。结论 由于超声振动的作用,C/SiC复合材料在不同切削角度(0°、45°、90°、135°)下的材料去除方式发生改变,相比于常规磨削的纤维断裂形式,施加超声振动后,磨削过程中产生的纤维折断和基体破碎被去除,在提高材料去除率的同时,表面质量明显提高。随着超声振幅的增大,不同切削角度(0°、45°、90°、135°)下的表面粗糙度Sa都减小,且减小程度也不同,减小程度由大到小的顺序为45°>135°>90° >0°。     

Cf/C-SiC烧蚀行为及激光复合超声磨削可行性研究

目的 揭示激光与Cf/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料相互作用机理,分析激光能量密度对材料形性演变的影响规律。提出Cf/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料激光复合超声磨削加工方案,探究硬脆材料多能场复合加工的可行性。方法 使用不同能量密度的激光束扫描Cf/C-SiC陶瓷基复合材料表面,以明确材料烧蚀行为。在材料表面预制不同间距的平行纹理沟槽,进而对比传统磨削、超声辅助磨削和激光复合超声磨削的加工效果,同时研究不同扫描间距的预制沟槽对磨削效果的影响规律。结果 陶瓷基复合材料(CMC)在激光作用下可呈现2种截然不同的状态,改性状态时材料以氧化等热化学变化为主,样件内出现热影响区和裂纹区。烧蚀状态时材料以热物理和热机械变化为主,样件内出现烧蚀凹坑、重铸层、热影响区和裂纹区。纤维束中界面经整体脱黏后,裂纹向下延伸并发生偏转。基体中的裂纹多起源于纤维界面处,并在扩展过程中发生偏转、分叉。激光烧蚀作用可改变材料的可加工性,有利于后续超声磨削加工。激光复合超声磨削的两方向磨削力相较传统磨削分别减小了51.4%和56.5%,同时表面粗糙度Sa可降低至4.228 μm。结论 激光复合超声磨削可有效降低磨削力和加工表面粗糙度,从而提高加工质量,该方法在实现硬脆材料高质量低成本加工方面具有较大的潜能。     

工程陶瓷磨削表面裂纹损伤深度模型研究

使用金刚石砂轮磨削是对陶瓷进行加工最常用的方法,但由于磨削抗力大,使被磨陶瓷零件常常会产生裂纹等表面损伤.文章基于压痕断裂力学建立陶瓷磨削表面裂纹损伤深度模型,通过针对氮化硅材料进行单行程磨削实验和表面裂纹损伤深度观测实验,确定了损伤深度模型中的参数,并对模型预测结果和实验结果进行比较,验证了陶瓷磨削表面裂纹损伤深度模型的有效性.陶瓷磨削亚表面裂纹损伤深度正比例于磨削深度和工件台速度,反比例于砂轮转速,其中磨削深度对陶瓷磨削表面裂纹损伤深度的影响最高.运用该模型,根据磨削输入参数可以预测和控制陶瓷的磨削损伤深度,从而可以优化陶瓷磨削过程,提高磨削效率、降低加工成本和降低加工损伤.     

MoSi2/Mo涂层热震过程中界面应力分布和裂纹扩展的有限元模拟

在氢气保护下将MoSi₂/Mo涂层加热至1000 ℃,再迅速冷却至室温进行热震循环,表征了材料在热震循环过程中裂纹的演变过程并评估了MoSi₂/Mo涂层的热冲击行为。采用Abaqus软件计算了MoSi₂/Mo涂层在热冲击过程中的应力分布,讨论了热震循环中裂纹的发展过程。结果表明：Mo基体与MoSi₂涂层之间存在较高的热冲击应力,这将导致裂纹的萌生和扩展。计算结果显示：在最初的10次热震循环中,涂层产生了垂直于界面的裂纹,在界面上没有出现裂纹,涂层与基体仍结合良好;在随后的热震循环中开始出现界面裂纹,界面裂纹开始于垂直裂纹的末端区域,当垂直裂纹与界面裂纹汇聚,会导致涂层剥离和涂层失效。     

纳米单晶γ-TiAl合金应变率效应的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学方法模拟不同应变率下纳米单晶γ-TiAl合金中裂纹的扩展,利用速度加载方式对预置裂纹的单晶γ-TiAl合金进行动态单向拉伸,模拟过程中施加应变率为5.0*10₇S_-1~7.5*10₉ S_-1。研究结果表明：不同的应变率范围下裂纹的扩展形式差异很大。在不敏感区(≤4*10₈S_-1),裂纹呈解理扩展;在敏感区(4.0*10₈S_-1＜应变率≤1.0*10₉S_-1),前期呈现解理扩展特征,后期裂纹扩展通过裂尖发射滑移位错,位错塞积萌生空洞,空洞形核长大形成子裂纹,应变率≤5.0*108 S_-1时,子裂纹发生偏向,与主裂纹呈45度方向串接,5.0*10₈ S_-1＜应变率≤1.0*10₉S_-1时,子裂纹与主裂纹同向串接,最终导致裂纹扩展直至断裂;在突变区(≥1.0*10₉ S_-1),因应变强化作用使裂纹不在应力最大时刻启裂,出现裂纹扩展后应力持续增加一段时间后减小的现象,高应变率导致裂尖前端多处区域的原子结构局部非晶化,最终在原子结构混乱处萌生微裂纹,微裂纹扩展导致“试件”多处开裂。     

Scratching of Al2O3 under pre-stressing

Pre-stressing scratching tests have been preformed on polished surfaces of Al₂O₃ ceramic under a Rockwell diamond indenter which moved with uniform speed and constant normal load to investigate how the pre-stress contributes to the material removal mechanism. With the measurement of acoustic emission signals as well as indenter tangential forces, surface damages and cross-section of grooves of Al₂O₃ ceramic were evaluated under the action of different values of pre-stress. It was found that the scratched groove width was increased with the increasing of pre-stress when same normal loads were applied. The existence of pre-stress tends to restrain the crack propagation along the direction of pre-stress, and obvious plastic deformation at the bottom of scratched groove has been observed. Moreover, the fluctuation of tangential force was obviously enhanced, and the magnitude of tangential force in the test of pre-stress was higher than that of without pre-stress. The acoustic emission signals showed that fewer damages were produced in the process of scratching with an appropriate pre-stress. However, the continuing increase of pre-stress would aggravate the machining process.     

不同材料去除模式下激光加热辅助切削氮化硅陶瓷表面粗糙度研究

激光加热辅助切削因其工艺空间大、经济性高、可得到高质量表面成为工程陶瓷等脆硬材料的高效加工方式。通过改变激光功率和切削深度两组单因素试验,研究了激光加热辅助切削氮化硅陶瓷（Si3N4）不同加工状态下表面粗糙度值的变化规律。结果表明:材料被塑性去除时,Ra和Rq值均小于被脆性去除和产生热损伤时得到的值。未产生热损伤时,Ra和Rq值随工件软化程度增大而减小。在塑性去除模式下,轮廓高度幅值曲线更加趋于对称和正态分布,表面轮廓更加精细。     

An investigation of laser-assisted machining of Al2O3 ceramics planing

Laser-assisted machining (LAM), an alternative method of fabricating difficult-to-machine materials, uses primarily laser power to heat the local area (without necessarily evaporating or melting any material) before the material is removed. It not only efficiently reduces the cutting force during the manufacturing process but also improves the machining characteristics and geography with regard to difficult-to-machine materials, especially structural ceramics.This study on the application of laser-assisted machining to Al₂O₃ ceramics examines the measurements of cutting force and workpiece surface temperature as well as surface integrity and tool wear. Specifically, it uses the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) to calculate the temperature distribution inside the ceramic workpiece during the LAM process and ensure that the laser energy causes no subsurface damage. The experimental results reveal that the LAM process efficiently reduces the cutting force by 22% (feed force) and 20% (thrust force) and produces better workpiece surface quality than conventional planing.     

圆柱平压头压电陶瓷压痕过程中接触应力和电场的奇异性

采用有限元方法,针对横观各向同性压电材料进行轴对称纳米压痕的机电耦合响应数值仿真。结果表明：当压入过程中不施加预设电压,压痕载荷与压痕位移之间呈线性关系;导电压头上电势与压痕位移也呈现相似关系,压头边缘附近的接触应力和电场存在奇异性,且二者均随压头下固体厚度呈指数变化。通过对不同压痕深度和材料厚度下,从压头内部到接触边缘向应力、法向电势和切向电势分布情况的拟合公式得到了不同压电材料厚度下电场和应力场的奇异常数,并对其变化规律进行了分析。     

微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮磨削氧化铝陶瓷的磨削力和表面粗糙度特征

在不同磨削深度、砂轮转速和进给速度组合下,研究微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮磨削氧化铝陶瓷过程的磨削力及工件的表面粗糙度的变化规律,并筛选出低磨削力和低工件表面粗糙度的加工工艺参数。试验结果表明:在微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮的磨削过程中,氧化铝陶瓷主要通过脆性断裂的方式去除;随着磨削深度、进给速度的增加,砂轮在进给方向和切深方向的力以及工件表面粗糙度都上升;随着砂轮转速的增加,进给方向和切深方向的力以及工件表面粗糙度都下降。试验获得的低磨削力和低工件表面粗糙度精密加工工艺参数分别为:磨削深度为1.0 μm,进给速度为12 mm/min,砂轮转速为24 000 r/min和磨削深度为1.0 μm,进给速度为1 mm/min,砂轮转速为20 000 r/min。低磨削力磨削时,微粉金刚石钎焊砂轮受到的X方向和Z方向的磨削力分别为0.15 N和0.72 N;精密加工后的氧化铝陶瓷的表面粗糙度值可达0.438 μm。      

Research on the surface characteristics in ultrasonic grinding nano-zirconia ceramics

Nano-ceramics possesses ascendant mechanical property and physical characteristics contrast with traditional engineering ceramics, and its machining with ultrasonic assistance has been considered as one of the most efficient methods. In the present paper a novel ultrasonic grinding vibration device has been designed and the theoretical models of surface roughness was created for ultrasonic vibration grinding. The influences of grinding parameters on surface roughness were tested. According to the experimental data and AFM pictures, the microsurface characteristics and the critical ductile depth of cut with/without ultrasonic assistance was analyzed. It has been discovered that the critical ductile depth of cut is larger than that in common grinding and than that of traditional ZrO₂ engineering ceramics. The experimental results showed that machining nano-ZrO₂ ceramics with ultrasonic assistance by nano-class scale is feasible.     

Al2O3 tools towards effective machining of wood-based materials

Tools made of sub-μm-grain Al₂O₃ ceramics have already been successfully tested in the machining of hardened steels (since they have good technological characteristics), but there is no scientific and technological experience in machining wood-based materials. The aim of the present study was to examine the cutting properties of the edges made of sub-μm-grain Al₂O₃ ceramic with various structures and properties when used for milling wood-based materials not easily workable.The properties of sub-μm-grain Al₂O₃ ceramics were correlated with the sharpening ability and wear behavior of the cutting edges made of these ceramics by testing the edges in machining wood-based materials. It has been found that there is strong dependence between the microstructure (which defines the material properties) and the technological properties of the ceramics. The grain size affects both the possibility of shaping appropriately the micro-geometry of the milling knife and its wear behavior: the character of the wear changes from the outbreaking type when the grain size exceeds 500 nm to abrasive with the grain size below 500 nm. Since abrasive wear is not typical of the materials with the mechanical properties predominated by brittle fracture, we can consider 500 nm to be the threshold value above which the material is no longer classified as nano-crystalline for this application.     

Prediction of cutting forces in three and five-axis ball-end milling with tool indentation effect

Simulation of multi-axis ball-end milling of dies, molds and aerospace parts with free-form surfaces is highly desirable in order to optimize the machining processes in virtual environment ahead of costly trials. This paper presents a mechanics model that predicts the cutting forces in feed (x), normal (y) and axial (z) directions by modeling the chip thickness distribution, and cutting and indentation mechanics. The shearing forces are based on commonly known cutting mechanics models. The indentation of the cutting edge into the work material is modeled analytically by considering elasto-plastic deformation of the work material pressed by a rigid cutting tool edge with a positive or negative rake angle. The distribution of chip thickness and geometry of indentation zone are evaluated by considering five-axis motion of the tool along the toolpath. The proposed model has been experimentally validated in plunge indentation, as well as in three and five-axis ball-end milling of free-form surfaces. The prediction of axial (z) cutting forces is shown to be improved significantly when the proposed indentation model is integrated into the mechanics of ball-end milling.     

Electrically conductive ZTA–TiC ceramics: Influence of TiC particle size on material properties and electrical discharge machining

Processing of highly abrasive materials via powder injection molding or extrusion requires mold materials with high wear resistance to increase the durability of the tools and to sustain a high quality of the manufactured products. High performance ceramics which exhibit high hardness, bending strength and toughness show the perfect combination of properties for these applications. However they also have the usual drawback that they cannot be economically customized in complex shapes and low quantities, as they are required for tool and mold design. Recent material development enabled EDM of electrically conductive oxide ceramics, the most widespread machining process for machining of hard materials, as an alternative to conventional ceramic manufacturing and hard machining technologies.This study focuses on the influence of TiC particle sizes on material properties and EDM machinability of ZTA–TiC ceramics with 24 vol.% TiC, 17 vol.% ZrO₂ and 59 vol.% Al₂O₃. Fracture toughness, bending strength and electrical conductivity were analyzed for samples produced from TiC powders with particle sizes varying from 0.43 μm to 2.54 μm. Surface integrity of wire cut samples and feed rate during machining were investigated. It was shown that reducing the size of electrical conductive grains strongly increases the electrical conductivity and slightly decreases mechanical properties. Therefore also the machining characteristics are influenced by TiC grain size. The feed rate increases with decreasing particle size to a maximum at d₅₀ = 1–1.3 μm. Reduction of TiC particle size also leads to significantly decreasing surface roughness after the main cut. Additionally the necessary number of trimming steps to achieve a distinct surface roughness is also minimized for low particle sizes.     

Strength weakening effect of high static pre-stressed granite subjected to low-frequency dynamic disturbance under uniaxial compression

This study aimed to elucidate the strength weakening effect of high static pre-stressed rocks subjected to low-frequency disturbances under uniaxial compression. Based on the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) of granite under static loading, 70%, 80%, and 90% of UCS were selected as the initial high static pre-stress (σ_p), and then the pre-stressed rock specimens were disturbed by sinusoidal stress with amplitudes of 30%, 20%, and 10% of UCS under low-frequency frequencies (f) of 1, 2, 5, and 10 Hz, respectively. The results show that the rockburst failure of pre-stressed granite is caused by low-frequency disturbance, and the failure strength is much lower than UCS. When the σ_p or f is constant, the specimen strength gradually decreases as the f or σ_p increases. The experimental study illustrates the influence mechanism of the strength weakening effect of high static pre-stress rocks under low-frequency dynamic disturbance, that is, high static pre-stress is the premise and leading factor of rock strength weakening, while low-frequency dynamic disturbance induces rock failure and affects the strength weakening degree.