铝合金电弧增材制造成形质量研究

基于机器人电弧填丝增材制造成形技术,进行了铝合金零件的成形表面不平整问题的分析及改善方法的试验探究。分析了CMT焊接技术的增材成形效果,以及应用在不同焊道时对成形质量产生的影响;分别探究了起弧与熄弧参数、层间轨迹方式、层间冷却时间等因素对成形质量的影响及改善方法。增材制造翼肋零件中,层间沉积中采用了焊道表面测量,再进行铣削加工的方式,作为进一步探究提高成形质量的试证。结果表明,加大起弧电流、降低熄弧电流,往复的层间轨迹方式及不同层间的冷却时间等方法可以提高零件的成形质量。     

超音频MIG辅助三丝电弧增材制造工艺研究

多丝多弧的增材技术具有更高的成形效率,但是较大的热输入会影响形貌和性能,因而引入超音频电弧以达到细化晶粒并提高熔深的目的。以316L不锈钢作为试验材料,采用MIG焊工艺,自主搭建超音频三丝电弧增材制造平台,基于单丝单道模型,进行了三丝单道单层以及三丝单道多层增材工艺试验研究。结果表明,30 kHz超音频电弧可显著细化熔敷道组织并破坏树枝状结构,横向和水平平均抗拉强度分别提高了81 MPa和23 MPa,水平平均断裂延伸率从18.5%提升到39.3%,且整体提高试件的显微硬度。但若频率过高,超声波带来的能量会过高,从而减缓冷却速度,导致晶粒粗化。     

TIG丝材电弧增材制造铝合金薄壁件层宽层高预测

基于TIG电弧增材铝合金多层单道薄壁件成形过程,采用二次回归通用旋转组合设计建立了焊道宽度、层高与主要工艺参数(焊接线能量、送丝速度、层间温度)的预测模型。研究结果表明:焊道层高与层宽预测值与实验测量值相差较小,焊道宽度的最大误差为3.25%,层高的最大误差为4.76%,均在合理范围内,预测精度较高。在成形过程中,影响焊道宽度的主要因素有焊接线能量和层间温度,且影响程度存在交叉;影响层高的主要因素为送丝速度。     

自保护药芯焊丝激光-电弧复合热源堆焊参数对焊道表面成形的影响

以自保护药芯焊丝(414N-O)为研究对象,借助焊道表面成形系数来评价自保护药芯焊丝激光-电弧复合热源堆焊焊道的表面成形特征,研究了自保护药芯焊丝激光-电弧复合热源堆焊过程中堆焊参数对焊道表面成形的影响. 结果表明,复合热源堆焊过程中,激光的加入明显降低了自保护药芯焊丝电弧作用点漂移概率,有效地克服了自保护药芯焊丝长弧堆焊气孔问题,降低了电弧对工件表面的作用能量. 堆焊参数中,光丝前后位置和光丝间距对焊道表面成形特征起决定性影响,激光前置时光丝间距对焊道表面成形影响显著,激光后置时则影响较小;光丝间距DLA=0 mm和DLA=+2 mm时,有利于焊道表面成形;光丝间距DLA=-2 mm时,恶化了焊道表面成形;激光功率、堆焊速度、堆焊电流和堆焊电压对焊道余高影响显著,激光功率、堆焊电流和堆焊电压对焊道表面成形系数影响显著,焊丝伸出长度对焊道余高和焊道表面成形系数影响较小.     

Mo元素对货油舱下底板用船板钢耐腐蚀性能的影响

在模拟油船货油舱下底板所处的腐蚀环境中进行了腐蚀试验,并利用电子探针和电化学分析等方法研究了Mo元素对货油舱下底板用船板钢耐腐蚀性能的影响。结果表明:Mo元素可细化组织,提高自腐蚀电位,促进Cu在锈层中富集,提高钢板在货油舱下底板环境中的腐蚀均匀性,抑制局部腐蚀,提高耐腐蚀性能;但Mo含量超过0.1%(质量分数)后,组织过分细化,由于整体表面反应自由能降低,耐腐蚀性能有所降低。     

等通道转角挤压Zn-22Al合金在NaCl水溶液中的腐蚀行为

研究了等通道转角挤压 (ECAP) 工艺处理对Zn-22Al合金耐腐蚀性能的影响,考察了显微组织演变对Zn-22Al合金在3.5% (质量分数) NaCl溶液中的失重及电化学腐蚀行为的影响。结果表明：相比铸态Zn-22Al合金,经过ECAP处理后的试样组织明显细化,晶粒尺寸均匀。晶粒细化导致晶界大量增加及应力增大,试样表面缺陷增多,富铝相被优先腐蚀后,导致被富铝相包围的富锌相脱落,腐蚀速率加快,腐蚀失重随着挤压道次的增加而增加。电化学测试结果表明,随着挤压道次的增加,Zn-22Al合金腐蚀电流密度逐渐增加,腐蚀电位逐渐下降,合金的耐腐蚀性能随挤压道次的增加而逐渐降低。     

Q345R/316L复合板埋弧焊接头组织及耐蚀性研究

采用埋弧焊(SAW)焊接方法分别焊接2种厚度的Q345R/316L不锈钢复合板,得到2种复合板焊接接头,通过金相、成分分析、晶间腐蚀试验和电化学测试等方法研究了复合板焊接接头不同焊道的组织及耐蚀性。结果表明,厚规格复合板不锈钢盖面焊接了5道次,焊接接头不锈钢各焊道主要为奥氏体组织,无晶间腐蚀倾向;薄规格复合板不锈钢盖面焊接了2道次,不锈钢焊缝组织为奥氏体/马氏体双相组织,出现晶间腐蚀开裂现象;焊缝自腐蚀电位受Cr含量控制,适量的马氏体相表面也能形成稳定的钝化膜,且在腐蚀过程中优先溶解,起到阴极保护的作用。     

CMT电弧增材制造Inconel 718高温合金成形工艺研究

Inconel 718高温合金具有组织稳定、抗热腐蚀、高温下强度高的特点,可以应用于高温、复杂应力等苛刻环境。文中以CMT电弧增材制造技术为研究对象,以Inconel 718高温合金为成形材料,探索工艺参数影响成形形貌的内在机理,采取电流电压信号采集、高速CCD拍摄熔滴过渡行为的方法,通过控制变量法研究不同工艺参数下的熔滴过渡行为,在此基础上分析工艺参数对单层焊道成形的影响。研究发现：较大的送丝速度成形质量更好,且利于搭接,同时伴随着大量的飞溅;当焊丝伸出长为10 mm时,可获得最小的单道熔宽;对单层单道熔覆层成形影响的大小顺序为送丝速度大于焊丝伸出长。     

电子束熔丝增材制造GH4169组织及力学性能研究

对电子束熔丝增材制造GH4169多道多层沉积试样块进行了研究,分析了电子束熔丝增材制造沉积块不同高度与不同成形方向的显微组织以及力学性能.结果表明,电子束熔丝增材制造的GH4169组织及力学性能存在明显的各向异性.成形试样的显微组织主要为γ相和共晶γ+Laves相以及碳化物相,枝晶间存在大量的Laves条带;不同成形方向上的组织有所差异,沿送丝方向(Ds)为等轴"十字形"γ枝晶,沉积高度方向(Dd)、水平方向(Dt)的典型组织为柱状晶.EDS结果显示,同一层有少量的Nb、Mo元素偏析.沿沉积高度方向显微硬度呈现逐渐上升趋势,水平方向硬度基本围绕某一值浮动.拉伸性能有明显的各向异性,沿着送丝方向(Ds)和水平方向(Dt)抗拉强度明显高于沉积高度方向(Dd),整体低于高温合金锻件室温拉伸强度.     

通过温度场数值模拟分析窄间隙埋弧焊过热区组织演化

多层多道焊时,后层焊道的热量会对前层焊道起到热处理的作用,使前层焊道的热影响区组织尤其是过热区组织发生转变,进而改变接头的力学性能.文中采用数值模拟技术,从温度场与组织转变对应关系的角度分析特定焊接工艺下的单丝、双丝窄间隙埋弧焊坡口侧壁过热粗晶区的组织演化过程.模拟结果表明,针对两种焊接形式,焊道厚度为4 mm时,单丝焊原过热区约有50%最终经历正火作用,双丝焊约有55%~60%.针对双丝焊前后焊丝的不同作用,改变焊接工艺,适当降低前丝焊接电流,可以获得更小的坡口侧壁过热粗晶区,并且后层焊道对前层焊道的热处理效果更好.     

Dissimilar metal joining of aluminum alloy to galvanized steel with Al-Si, Al-Cu, Al-Si-Cu and Zn-Al filler wires

Aluminum alloy sheets were lap joined to galvanized steel sheets by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) with Al-5% Si, Al-12% Si, Al-6% Cu, Al-10% Si-4% Cu and Zn-15% Al filler wires. Different amounts of Si, Cu and Zn were introduced into the weld through different filler wires. The effects of alloying elements on the microstructure in the weld and tensile strength of the resultant joint were investigated. It was found that the thickness of the intermetallic compound (IMC) layer decreased and the tensile strength of the joint increased with the increase of Si content in the weld. The thickness of the IMC layer could be controlled as thin as about 2 μm and the tensile strength of the dissimilar metal joint reached 136 MPa with Al-12% Si filler wire. Al-Si-Cu filler wire could result in thinner interfacial layer than Al-Cu filler wire, and fracture during tensile testing occurred in the weld for the former filler wire but through the intermetallic compound layer for the latter one. A Zn-rich phase formed in the weld made with Zn-15% Al filler wire. Moreover, the Zn-Al filler wire also generated thick interfacial layer containing a great amount of intermetallic compounds and coarse dendrites in the weld, which led to a weak joint.     

焊丝对T2紫铜/316L不锈钢GTAW接头组织及性能的影响

采用钨极氩弧焊,分别填充纯铜焊丝和307Si焊丝对T2紫铜/316L不锈钢异种金属进行对接焊,探究焊丝对铜/不锈钢异种金属接头微观组织、力学性能和耐蚀性的影响.结果表明,铁-铜液相分离对焊缝组织的形成起主导作用,但由于过冷度不同,填充两种焊丝制备焊缝的液相分离程度不同:铜焊丝制备焊缝中生成了初次液相分离富铁球,其内部又...     

采用镍基和奥氏体焊材焊接Cr13钢焊接接头性能

采用ER309L氩弧焊丝的奥氏体焊材和ERNiCrFe-3镍基焊丝的镍基焊材对Cr13钢母材进行TIG焊接,通过无损检测、显微组织、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能试验,对两种焊材的焊接接头性能进行研究.结果表明,两种焊接接头均未发现焊接缺陷,焊接接头属于高强匹配,弯曲性能合格.与奥氏体焊材焊缝相比,镍基焊材的焊缝冲击韧性低,硬度高,耐电化学腐蚀性能高.     

含钪与不含钪铝镁钪合金焊接接头的组织与性能

分别采用Al-Mg-Zr和Al-Mg-Zr-Sc合金焊丝为填充材料,对2 mm厚的Al-Mg-Sc合金薄板进行惰性气体保护焊接,然后对两种焊接接头的显微组织和力学性能进行对比研究。结果表明:采用两种焊丝焊接的Al-Mg-Sc合金薄板的焊接接头强度系数均大于0.9。但采用Al-Mg-Zr-Sc合金焊丝为填充材料时,焊缝晶粒组织明显细化,熔合区形成的细小等轴晶层提高了基材与焊缝填充材料的结合力,焊接接头的屈服强度比采用Al-Mg-Zr合金焊丝为填充材料时提高了100 MPa,显著提高了Al-Mg-Sc合金焊接构件的许用强度,因此焊接Al-Mg-Sc板材更宜采用Al-Mg-Sc-Zr焊丝。     

AZ91D镁合金电火花堆焊组织及腐蚀性能

采用与母材同质的电极材料,在AZ91D镁合金母材上进行电火花堆焊,研究了焊缝的组织、界面特征及腐蚀性能.结果表明,通过优化的工艺参数可以获得组织均匀、致密的电火花堆焊焊缝.焊缝组织晶粒尺寸在1~5μm之间,由过饱和的α-Mg相、Mg₁₇Al₁₂相以及亚稳态Al Mg相所组成;焊缝与母材之间为冶金结合,形成超薄层熔化互扩散结晶型结合界面,母材一侧没有形成明显热影响区,焊缝保持电极原有的成分;焊缝耐蚀性能优于母材,细化的晶粒组织提高腐蚀的均匀性,过饱和的α-Mg相和晶界上网状连续分布的β相降低腐蚀速率,是其耐蚀性能提高的主要因素.     

利用双层辉光等离子技术进行镍基耐蚀合金表面合金化的研究

研究了在 2 0钢和不锈钢基材上 ,利用双层辉光离子渗金属技术进行Ni Cr Mo Cu多元共渗表面合金化 ,采用电化学方法对两种基材表面形成的渗层在 5 %HCl中的腐蚀性能进行了测定。结果表明 :在两种基材上都能得到类似于源极HastelloyC - 2 0 0 0合金的表面合金渗层 ,在不锈钢表面上形成的渗层的耐蚀性能接近HastelloyC - 2 0 0 0合金并且优于Alloy 5 9合金 ,在 2 0钢表面上形成的渗层耐蚀性能优于不锈钢Cr18Ni9     

Corrosion of NiTi Wires with Cracked Oxide Layer

Corrosion behavior of superelastic NiTi shape memory alloy wires with cracked TiO₂ surface oxide layers was investigated by electrochemical corrosion tests (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy, Open Circuit Potential, and Potentiodynamic Polarization) on wires bent into U-shapes of various bending radii. Cracks within the oxide on the surface of the bent wires were observed by FIB–SEM and TEM methods. The density and width of the surface oxide cracks dramatically increase with decreasing bending radius. The results of electrochemical experiments consistently show that corrosion properties of NiTi wires with cracked oxide layers (static load keeps the cracks opened) are inferior compared to the corrosion properties of the straight NiTi wires covered by virgin uncracked oxides. Out of the three methods employed, the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy seems to be the most appropriate test for the electrochemical characterization of the cracked oxide layers, since the impedance curves (Nyquist plot) of differently bent NiTi wires can be associated with increasing state of the surface cracking and since the NiTi wires are exposed to similar conditions as the surfaces of NiTi implants in human body. On the other hand, the potentiodynamic polarization test accelerates the corrosion processes and provides clear evidence that the corrosion resistance of bent superelastic NiTi wires degrades with oxide cracking.     

Dissolution of Ti wires in sulphuric acid and hydrochloric acid solutions

Ti wire electrodes were immersed in acidic solutions containing H₂SO₄ and HCl of various concentrations at 353 K to evaluate corrosion rate by measurement of electric resistance change (resistometry). Addition of hydrochloric acid to sulphuric acid solution promoted depassivation of Ti. After depassivation, the immersion potential dropped to the hydrogen evolution potential and a hydride layer was formed on the surface. The hydride layer dissolved continuously in the acidic solution. SEM observation showed that Ti wires dissolved almost uniformly in the early stage and that the dissolution then trace became irregular due to nonuniform growth of the hydride layer. Dissolution rate of a Ti wire was estimated almost accurately by resistometry.     

Comparative evaluation of corrosion behaviour of type K thin film thermocouple and its bulk counterpart

This paper investigates the corrosion behaviour of type K thermoelements and their thin films, and compares the performance of chromel–alumel thin film thermocouple with its wire counterpart before and after exposure to 5% NaCl medium. Potentiodynamic polarisation tests reveal that chromel and alumel films are more “noble” than their respective wires. Alumel corrodes faster when coupled with chromel in films than as wires. Secondary electron micrographs and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements suggest that chromel shows localised corrosion while alumel undergoes uniform corrosion. Corrosion adversely affects the thermocouple output and introduces an uncertainty in the measurement.     

The corrosion of tin under thin electrolyte layers containing chloride

The corrosion of tin under thin electrolyte layers containing chloride was investigated by electrochemical measurements and surface characterization. The results show that the corrosion rate increases as the electrolyte layer thickness deceases in the initial stage. Moreover, the corrosion rate under the same electrolyte layer thickness increases firstly and then decreases with the exposure time. In the later stage, the anodic processes under thin electrolyte layers of 50 and 100 μm are inhibited due to the difficult diffusion of dissolved metal ions. The corrosion products formed on tin surface are composed of stannous and stannic oxides and hydroxides.