Laser cladding in repair of IN738 turbine blades

Abstract

Laser cladding with additive powder can be used for repairing high cost components such as industrial turbine blades. Repair of damaged blades is important for electrical power companies to reduce operating costs. The repair of IN738 gas turbine blades using laser cladding is reviewed. A laser cladding system for blade repair and the associated heat treatment procedures before and after repair are discussed. In general, laser cladding with IN625 powder does not require preheating and can be used for repairing IN738 blades in low stress areas. For laser cladding with a higher strength material, e.g. IN738 powder, preheating to high temperatures is necessary to avoid cracking. In a process simulation, test coupons were employed to compare the microstructures and mechanical properties of the IN738 clad region and base metal. Blade repairs with IN738 additive powder were found to be stronger but much more difficult to process than those with IN625 powder. Therefore, extreme caution is required when repairing IN738 blades in high stress areas using a matching filler metal.     

QT-500球墨铸铁表面激光熔覆镍基合金的组织与性能

利用DL-T5000型二氧化碳激光器在QT-500球墨铸铁表面熔覆镍基合金,分析了激光熔覆层的显微组织,测试了其显微硬度及磨损性能。结果表明:所制得熔覆层组织致密、无裂纹,与基体形成了良好的冶金结合。从熔覆层表面到基体热影响区,组织依次为大量的树枝晶、等轴晶、树枝晶。熔覆层的硬度较基体提高了5倍,熔覆层的总磨损率大约为基体的1/6。熔覆层耐磨性能增强的主要原因是镍基合金与涂层元素镍、铬等固溶强化和碳化物等析出相的强化作用。     

Weldability of spheroidal graphite cast iron

Summary

The weldability of a spheroidal graphite cast iron (SGCI) with a specific chemical composition is analysed. Manual metal arc welding (MAW) and oxy‐acetylene welding (OAW) were used on sample castings of 300 × 900 × 10 mm, with a groove angle of 60°. The influence on weldability of the chemical composition of the different electrodes used is also analysed, as well as that of the preheating temperature. Finally, the micro‐structure of joints is examined in the heat affected zone (HAZ) (near the weld), at the metal‐weld interface and in the fusion zone (the weld bead). The mechanical properties of the joints and their microstructure are correlated.     

Effect of Filler Metal and Postwelding Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy Weldments

This study investigated the effect of three filler metals, namely ER5356, ER5183, and ER5556, and various postwelding heat treatments, including natural aging, artificial aging, T6 and T73, on mechanical properties of AA7005 and AA7003 alloys. Microhardness in the fusion zone, heat-affected zone, and base metal were measured. Both scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy analyses were also conducted. Results show that AA7005 and AA7003 welded with filler metal ER5356 achieved significant enhancement both in hardness and ultimate tension strength after postwelding heat treatments, indicating that ER5356 is the most suitable filler metal for welding Al-Zn-Mg alloys. While both T6 and T73 heat treatments can enhance precipitation hardening in the fusion zone, T73 yields a wider precipitation free zone on the grain boundary; thus making it a better approach to increasing fusion zone strength in weldments. In sum, appropriate choice of filler metal and heat treatment can enhance overall mechanical strength of welded alloys.     

A Study of the Microstructure,Mechanical Properties and Weldability of Low-carbon Ductile Iron

Abstract

Low-carbon cast iron (1.7–1.8% C, 1.7–2.2% Si) test bars and castings were prepared in a production foundry for evaluation of their microstructures and mechanical properties. The experimental variables were (a) inoculant types and (b) heat treatment cycles. Results indicate that low-carbon ductile cast irons with graphite present in spheroidal/compacted form may be satisfactorily produced on an industrial scale, after appropriate inoculation. However, a short normalising cum tempering heat treatment is necessary for the development of optimum mechanical properties. Low carbon irons can be satisfactorily welded to similar grades of cast irons as well as to steel.     

Explosively welded copper‐stainless steel bimetal and an example of its application

Summary

Friction welding was carried out under various welding conditions using high strength 7075 aluminium alloy; an investigation into the structure and the mechanical properties of joints thus obtained leads to the following conclusions: The fibrous structure at the heat affected zone changed to align in the direction of flash expulsion and the fibrous structure at the weld zone disappeared and a non-directional fine grain structure was evident. The hardness at the weld interface had a lower value than that of the base metal and an even more softened zone than the weld interface was noted at the heat affected zone. The hardness values at the weld interface and the softened zone were seen to recover after friction welding due to natural ageing but did not recover fully. Both the values of the tensile strength and the elongation declined compared with the base metal in joints made under the conditions that gave the maximum value of tensile strength; the former was 81% and the latter was 83% that of the base metal. The joint impact value of a specimen with a notch on the weld interface was 73% that of the base metal.     

Application of the Same-Stuff and Equal-Strength Laser Cladding Technology on the Repaired Semishrouded Impeller

0Cr17Ni4Cu4Nb powder was used to investigate the same-stuff laser repair(LR)technology on the semishrounded impeller.To improve the repaired effect,heat treatment was used after LR forming process.By means of optical microscopy,scan electron microscopy(SEM),micro-hardness tester and tensile tests,the microstructure of the coating was investigated and mechanical properties were measured.The experimental results show that cladding layer is well bonded to the substrate,the microstructure of the laser repaired zone(LRZ)is coarse martensite which will be refined after heat-treatment.The mechanical property experiments indicate that the micro-hardness and toughness would be increased after heat-treatment,the strength of LRZ after heat-treatment is 1050～1200 MPa,while the strength of normal laser repaired sample is 1000～1050 MPa.The refinement effect due to the heat treatment plays an important role in the improvement of the mechanical properties of samples.Overspeed examination and the real operation of the impeller after repairing also confirmed the reliability of this same-stuff and equal-strength laser cladding technology.     

400MPa球墨铸铁光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊接头的断裂特征

采用填充308L不锈钢焊丝光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊方法,焊接厚度为5mm的风电关键部件用400 MPa级球墨铸铁,获得了表面成形良好且熔透的焊缝,研究了MIG电弧热输入对接头拉伸性能和断裂特征的影响.结果表明,电弧热输入较小时,接头的拉伸性能差,断裂沿熔合线发生,断口为脆性断口;电弧热输入较大时,接头的拉伸性能较好,断裂自半熔化区顶部沿母材发生,断口顶部为脆性断口,底部为韧性断口.接头断裂特征的差异是由接头中焊缝和半熔化区底部莱氏体的量的不同导致的.基于以上研究,获得了抗拉强度为346.4 MPa、断后伸长率为5.4％,断裂发生在母材上的优质接头.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of laser welded austenitic high manganese steels

Abstract

The microstructure of laser welded austenitic twinning induced plasticity steel sheets joints was investigated by means of optical microscopy, SEM and electron backscattering diffraction in order to differentiate the fusion zone, heat affected zone and base material, as well as to establish present phases, grain size distribution and grain misorientation distribution caused by the welding process. Measurements of EDX were taken into account to evaluate the effect of Mn segregations. Microhardness measurements and tensile tests were performed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the joints. In addition, the twinning phenomena progress was assessed by investigating the texture evolution in the base material and fusion zone of samples plastically deformed by 5, 10 and 15%. Grain refinement was found in the fusion zone affecting substantially the mechanical properties of the welding, being the most resistant and harder region.     

铁基合金+WC激光熔覆层的显微组织与性能

在Q235钢和QT-600球铁表面激光熔覆铁基合金+WC粉末.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、光学显微镜(OM)、能谱仪(EDS)和X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了熔覆层的微观组织,测试了熔覆层硬度和磨损性能.结果表明,Q235钢表面熔覆层组织较细,熔覆层与基体结合界面波形不明显,且出现白亮层.QT-600球铁表面熔覆层组织粗大,界面波形较大,基体混入多,无白亮层,硬度、耐磨性相对较低.分析认为,组织与性能的不同是由于Q235钢熔点较高,熔化量少,且熔池冷速快,组织细化.QT-600球铁表面熔覆层组织不均匀,其中等轴品的耐磨性高于柱状晶,原因在于较细的等轴晶晶界较多,增大了滑动阻力.     

An analysis of induction hardening of ferritic ductile iron

Achievements of the induction hardening of ferritic ductile iron were investigated. Ductile iron is not advisable for use in induction hardening because of the small carbon content in the metal matrix of ferritic ductile iron. The carbon content in the metal matrix of ductile iron can be increased by additional preparation of metal matrix before final induction heat hardening. Wear resistance of the induction hardened ferritic ductile iron can increase as result of increased carbon content of the metal matrix and higher hardness after induction hardening. Some heat pretreatments for metal matrix preparation were applied before the induction hardening of ferritic ductile iron. The process parameters of the induction hardening heat pretreatment were analyzed and optimized. According to recommended elemental composition of ferritic ductile iron and required mechanical properties, the process parameters of the investigated induction heat pretreatment were optimized. The efficiency of pretreatment processes of induction hardening was analyzed. Applicability and manufacture ability of engineering components by proposed heat pretreatments were investigated. The limitations of the investigated heat pretreatment applications were estimated by the comparison of mechanical properties of heat-treated specimens.     

球铁光纤激光-MIG复合焊接头的裂纹倾向与力学性能

以308L不锈钢焊丝作为填充材料,采用光纤激光-MIG电弧复合焊在5mm厚的球墨铸铁上进行焊接,重点关注了工艺参数对裂纹倾向的影响,获得了成形良好且无裂纹的焊接接头．结果表明,随着激光功率的减小和电弧电流的增加,接头熔合比减小,裂纹倾向降低．接头显微硬度和组织的分析结果表明,由熔合比带来的碳含量变化是影响裂纹倾向的直接原因．在厚度10mm的球墨铸铁试件上开X形坡口进行多层多道焊,所得焊接接头的强度和断后伸长率分别为母材的73％和20％,接头断裂机制为脆性断裂,半熔化区的莱氏体是造成断裂的原因．     

Joint strength of Inconel 718 alloy and its improvement by post-weld heat treatment – joint performance and its controlling factors in friction welding of Inconel 718 alloy

The influences of welding parameters on tensile properties of friction-welded joints of Inconel 718 alloy (subjected to a post-weld heat treatment (PWHT) consisting of a solution treatment at 1253 K and double ageing treatments at 993 and 893 K) have been investigated to reveal the controlling factor of the joint performance. All joints obtained were fractured near the bond interface at smaller elongations and area reductions than the base metal on tensile tests, although most of them showed tensile strengths comparable with that of the base metal. The observations of fractured surface and its cross-sectional microstructure suggested that an interfacial fine grain zone including numerous fine Laves phase particles 30–100 nm in size was responsible for a low ductility fracture at shorter friction time and lower friction pressure. As the friction time and pressure were increased, the fine grain zone disappeared, and a reduction in hardness near the bond interface became significant, causing a rather ductile fracture near the bond interface. With an increase in friction time, coarse Laves phase particles, a few micrometres in size remaining near the bond interface increased and they acted as a crack nucleation site of ductile fracture. An increase in the solution treatment temperature during the post-weld heat treatment enhanced the dissolution of the coarse Laves phase in the low-hardness region, and enabled us to obtain joints that were free from unacceptable grain growth and fractured in the base metal at a solution treatment temperature of 1323 K.     

液-固双金属复合界面研究新进展

综述了液固双金属复合材料的研究现状,从复合界面成分变化、显微组织、力学性能方面介绍了高速钢和高铬铸铁复合界面研究的新进展,阐述了界面结合机制,并对今后研究提出建议。     

液-固双金属复合界面研究新进展

综述了液固双金属复合材料的研究现状，从复合界面成分变化、显微组织、力学性能方面介绍了高速钢和高铬铸铁复合界面研究的新进展，阐述了界面结合机制，并对今后研究提出建议。     

Effectiveness of cold metal transfer process for welding 7075 aluminium alloys

Abstract

Cold metal transfer (CMT) welding is a promising process to improve the mechanical characteristics of the hard to weld 7075-T6 aluminium alloy owing to its unique advantages in contrast to conventional metal inert gas welding process. The welded joints, using ER5356, were identified and characterised by means of optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectroscopy. Mechanical properties were measured by tensile and hardness tests. Results indicate that CMT provides better joint tensile strength and ductility compared to metal inert gas welding. The softness in the heat affected zone was very low, but a big hardness gap was recognised in the welded metal compared to base metal. The joint had mechanical property coefficients of 77%, 60% and 69% for yield strength, ultimate tensile strength and elongation respectively.     

ZTC4激光熔覆修复力学性能及失效分析

采用同轴送粉式激光熔覆技术对ZTC4板材的圆孔形缺陷进行修复,通过采用封边搭接和旋转搭接的方式研究了不同工艺、不同扫描路径及不同热处理工艺下激光熔覆修复对ZTC4修复件力学性能的影响。结果表明,封边搭接和旋转搭接的修复质量及修复效率相近,能在保证修复效率的情况下保证一定的修复质量。光斑直径相较于修复层数是更主要影响修复质量的工艺参数。对深3 mm和5 mm孔进行封边搭接及旋转修复时,发现采用φ2.5 mm光斑直径的封边搭接工艺所获得的力学性能优于光斑直径φ1.0 mm封边搭接和旋转修复工艺。光斑直径φ2.5 mm封边搭接拉伸结果呈韧性断裂;光斑直径φ1.0 mm封边搭接拉伸结果呈准解理断裂。同时,修复试样的综合力学性能在经过固溶处理和固溶时效处理前后变化不大。     

不同金相组织的QT450-10铸态球铁所对应的机械性能

研究了具有不同金相组织的ＱＴ４５０１０铸态球铁所对应的机械性能。研究表明,对ＱＴ４５０１０铸态球铁的机械性能影响最大的因素是球铁的石墨形态,并给出了球化级别———机械性能曲线。在一定的条件下,当ＱＴ４５０１０铸态球铁的石墨球化级别为１～４级时,其机械性能合格。     

Prediction of the Vickers hardness in austempered ductile irons using neural networks

To the design engineer, hardness often means an easily measured quantity which indicates something about the strength and heat treatment of a metal. Austempered ductile iron (ADI) is an alloyed and heat treated ductile cast iron which has a good combination of mechanical properties. This paper describes a neural network model created with a Bayesian framework using published data. The model created is capable of successfully expressing the hardness of austempered ductile irons and can be used as a tool in the processing or design of ADI. The computer programs associated with the work have been made freely available at: http://www.msm.cam.ac.uk/map/mapmain.html     

奥-贝球铁焊接研究进展

介绍了近１０年来奥－贝球铁焊接研究进展,重要介绍了奥－贝球铁焊接冶金,获得奥－贝球铁焊缝金属的等温热处理工艺和焊接工艺特点,焊态直接获得奥－贝球铁焊缝的途径及奥－贝球铁焊接新材料。奥－贝球铁焊缝金属可以通过等温热处理获得,也可以在焊态下直接获得。对于前者,研究工作主要集中在合金元素对球铁焊缝白口倾向的影响,球铁焊缝金属等温转变及组织结构特点,等温热处理工艺对奥－贝球铁焊缝组织与力学性能的影响。而对于后者的研究则更多地集中于焊缝化学成分和冷却速度对焊态奥－贝球铁焊缝组织与力学性能的影响。研制成功的奥－贝球铁焊接新材料,其焊缝的组织与力学性能满足奥－贝球铁的要求。