均匀壁面热流下太阳能腔式吸热器的自然对流数值模拟

在考虑变物性以及腔体固壁与流体间流固耦合的基础上,采用定热流的热边界条件和RNG k-ε紊流模型,对相同热流密度不同倾角以及相同倾角不同热流密度下的圆柱形腔式吸热器的腔体内的自然对流特性进行了三维数值模拟。结果表明:随着腔体壁面上的热流密度增加,内壁面上平均温度将升高,平均努塞尔特数增加;随着吸热器倾角的增大,平均努塞尔特数减小;随着离采光口距离的增大,腔体壁面温度近似呈线性规律升高,同一截面不同位置处的壁面温差减小,但减小的幅度不大。     

非均匀温度边界条件下圆环通道横截面内温度场的解析解

对圆环通道的导热问题,利用直接代入法推导得到壁面周向非均匀温度分布条件下圆环通道横截面内温度分布的通用解析解.结合工程实际,以太阳能高温吸热管壁面温度实测分布函数为例,利用上述通用解析解,获得吸热管横截面内温度分布的解析解.利用COMSOL Multiphysics软件开展有限元数值模拟,结果表明该解析解与有限元数值解吻合良好.基于该解析解开展参数研究,分析各参数对温度分布的影响.结果表明:圆环通道内横截面温度随圆心角呈周期性变化,越接近管外壁处,温差越大,越接近管内壁处,温差越小;内外径之比越大,导热效果越明显;温度分布与热流密度呈线性关系,且低导热系数材料有较好的导热效果.     

塔式太阳能腔式吸热器热性能的实验研究

在自行建立的太阳能腔式吸热器热性能实验台上,研究热流密度、入口工质水体积流量、风速等参数对腔式吸热器热性能的影响.结果表明：太阳能模拟器的热流密度整体上呈高斯分布,吸热管的轴向壁温差可以高达50 ℃;正对太阳能模拟器的#5号吸热管出口水温升最高,可达40 ℃.吸热器的热损失随热流量的增大、入口流量的减小及风速的增大而增大,且热流量因素的影响最大;腔式吸热器具有较高的热效率,正向平衡计算热效率大于85%,且正、反向能量平衡的计算热效率偏差在3%以内.     

高温高热流密度熔盐吸热管传热试验研究

以三元熔盐为传热介质,在熔盐吸热传热实验平台上进行高温高热流密度下316L不锈钢熔盐吸热管传热特性试验。吸热管外径为20 mm,实验流体温度控制在250~500℃,热流密度为180~470 kW/m2。实验揭示了不同温度及不同热流密度下熔盐吸热管内对流换热的Nu-Re关系,Nu随Re增加显著增大,实验Nu数普遍高于按Sieder-Tate关联式计算的值。分析了温度及热流密度对熔盐吸热管传热特性的影响,发现熔盐平均温度相同时,低热流密度下的Nu数大于高热流密度下的Nu数,同时实验结果显示高温高热流密度下熔盐吸热管的传热性能主要取决于熔盐流速,且高热流密度对传热过程中的温度影响非常显著。     

顶部侧开缝的倾斜通道热流场及开口中性面研究

为了掌握通道在上壁面不同宽度的开缝条件下,不同倾斜角度的通道内热流场特性及两端开口处中性面高度的变化规律,对一200 cm长的通道内一靠近低端开口一侧火源产生的热流场进行了实验与基于Vreman亚格子模型的大涡模拟研究.通过实验值与数值模拟结果的对比,验证了构建的数学模型对于上壁面有侧开缝的倾斜通道内热流场模拟的有效性;确定了通道上壁面的开缝对于通道内热流场的温度分层特性、通道两端开口处U速度以及中性面高度随着通道倾角变化的规律影响不大;对于一定的通道倾斜角度,随着通道上壁面侧开缝宽度增大,火源两端温度分布的对称性增强,通道上壁面附近的温度降低,通道内的高温区域向下壁面的偏移幅度减弱,通道两端开口处靠近上壁面附近的空气流速逐渐降低,两端开口处中性面高度升高;上壁面有开缝的通道两端开口处中性面的高度曲线随着通道倾斜角度的增大有一个交叉,交叉发生在通道倾斜角度小于5°时.     

塔式电站吸热器开口处热功率的计算

针对塔式太阳能热发电系统中太阳能自定日镜反射至吸热器开口处的能量利用情况,通过数值模拟,对北纬40°设计条件下吸热器开口处的热功率进行计算,并对其影响因素进行了分析。研究结果表明,可通过最近一排定日镜和当地定日镜利用效率大小来限定定日镜场的布置范围,并对定日镜进行合理地摆放,以更有效地聚集太阳辐射能。吸热器开口处所能获得热功率大小与接收塔光学高度、吸热器开口倾斜角度以及吸热器开口尺寸等因素有关,其中,吸热器开口尺寸对于吸热器开口处热功率的影响最大。在当地太阳辐射资源一定的情况下,要想在吸热器开口处获得较大热功率,需优先考虑增大吸热器开口尺寸,同时优化选取其他参数。     

超临界裂解煤油的并联通道流量分配特性研究

以周向热流分布极为不均匀的RBCC发动机为应用背景,采用经过校验的高精度数值仿真方法,基于超临界裂解煤油开展了并联再生冷却通道流量分配特性的三维数值模拟研究,分析了壁面热流强度、非均匀热流以及入口集液腔对并联再生冷却通道流量分配特性的影响规律。结果表明,当均匀热流条件下的热流强度增大时,分支管不均匀分配特性增强,但是当壁面加热量使得给定质量流率的煤油出口温度大于完全裂解温度时,非均匀分配特性有所缓和;壁面非均匀加热时,会造成分支管流量不均匀度急剧增大,且热流越大的分支管对应的质量流量越小,进而增大了该位置发生壁面超温的可能性,在热流相差仅0.25 MW/m2时,分支管热流相差最大为33.2%;通过增大入口集液腔流通面积可以改善并联分支管的流量分配特性,但是同时也会带来换热效率降低和压降增大的影响,在所研究工况中,入口集液腔为分支管总流通面积的4倍时,可以得到一个较好的流量分配特性。     

周向不均匀加热圆管内熔盐传热特性数值研究

建立周向不均匀加热圆管物理模型,采用标准k-ε模型,在熔盐入口温度200℃~400℃,速度0.6~3.0 m/s,加热面热流密度200~400 k W/m2参数范围内,对内径16 mm,壁厚2 mm的集热管内熔盐传热特性进行数值模拟。分析集热管出口截面温度分布规律和集热管传热性能,对比不同参数管内壁周向温度不均匀分布特性。研究结果表明:集热管出口截面管壁温度差异较大,熔盐存在温度梯度;熔盐入口温度越低,换热效果越好;不同热流密度对Nu影响很小,Re相同时Nu几乎相同;集热管内壁周向温度分布不均匀,增加入口速度和降低热流密度有助于改善温度周向不均匀性。     

有限体积法求解立体角离散误差

为解决采用有限体积法求解辐射传输方程时引起离散误差的问题,从有限体积法立体角内热流密度的求解过程出发,运用泰勒级数推导了近似误差的表达式,并分析影响离散误差的各种因素,包括离散射线数,辐射强度分布,假散射及网格比.根据分析结果,采用辐射强度的连续分布模型,模拟了各种因素对误差的影响.结果表明,辐射强度的分布函数对于有限体积法的离散误差有一定程度影响.当增加网格数及减小网格尺寸比时,可以有效地减小离散误差.假散射与离散误差间呈较强的非线性耦合关系.     

液滴撞击圆柱外表面蒸发换热的数值模拟

为进一步研究液滴撞击加热壁面过程中的破裂现象及不同参数对液滴蒸发换热的影响,采用CLSVOF方法和相变模型对液滴撞击加热圆柱外表面进行三维数值模拟.模拟过程中考虑了壁面温度、接触角以及撞击速度对液滴蒸发换热的影响.结果表明:液滴产生破裂的位置与液滴撞击壁面时的速度有关,当撞击速度较小时,破裂产生于液滴中心处;当撞击速度较大时,破裂处位于中间和边缘两部分液体之间.液滴撞击壁面后,在三相接触线和液滴破裂处附近产生了蒸汽旋涡,强化了液滴与壁面间的换热,增加了液滴侧的壁面热流密度.短时间内壁面温度对液滴蒸发量的影响较小,但撞击速度与接触角对其蒸发量的影响较大,且接触角越小,撞击速度越大,壁面平均热流密度越大,液滴蒸发量越大,有利于液滴与壁面间的换热.     

A design method and numerical study for a new type parabolic trough solar collector with uniform solar flux distribution

The non-uniform concentrated solar flux distribution on the outer surface of the absorber tube can lead to large circumferential temperature difference and high local temperature of the absorber tube wall,which is one of the primary causes of parabolic trough solar receiver(PTR)failures.In this paper,a secondary reflector used as a homogenizing reflector(HR)in a conventional parabolic trough solar collector(PTSC)was recommended to homogenize the solar flux distribution and thus increase the reliability of the PTR.The design method of this new type PTSC with a HR was also proposed.Meanwhile,the concentrated solar flux distribution was calculated by adopting the Monte Carlo ray-trace(MCRT)method.Then,the coupled heat transfer process within the PTR was simulated by treating the solar flux calculated by the MCRT method as the heat flux boundary condition for the finite volume method model.The solar flux distribution on the outer surface of the absorber tube,the temperature field of the absorber tube wall,and the collector efficiency were analyzed in detail.It was revealed that the absorber tube could almost be heated uniformly in the PTSC with a HR.As a result,the circumferential temperature difference and the maximum temperature could be reduced significantly,while the efficiency tended to decrease slightly due to the inevitably increased optical loss.Under the conditions studied in this paper,although the collector efficiency decreased by about 4%,the circumferential temperature difference was reduced from about 25 to 3 K and the maximum temperature was reduced from667 to 661 K.     

太阳照射下吸附床内部温度的数值模拟

为了研究在太阳照射下不同时刻吸附床内部温度的变化情况以及不同冷却条件对吸附床温度场的影响,在充分了解太阳辐射强度变化规律的基础上,建立了真空管吸附床的二维导热模型,并采用FLUENT软件对恒壁温冷却和空气自然对流冷却2种边界条件下吸附床内部的温度变化进行数值模拟研究,观察其吸附床内部温度场分布.模拟结果表明:太阳照射下吸附床内部的温度分布明显是不均匀的;恒壁温冷却和空气自然对流冷却2种边界条件下吸附床内部达到的最大温度差值接近100℃.因此,可以得出恒壁温的冷却效果远比空气自然对流冷却的效果好;吸附床内温度的不均匀分布将不利于整个吸附床的吸附性能.     

Effect of pore size and porosity distribution on radiation absorption and thermal performance of porous solar energy absorber

In this paper, experimental and numerical study were both conducted to investigate the effect of pore size and porosity distribution on radiation absorption and thermal performance of porous solar energy absorber. Ultraviolet-visible-near infrared(UV-Vis-NIR) spectrophotometer was used to measure the transmittance of porous media to reflect its radiation absorption capabilities. Numerical model was established based on the assumption of thermal nonequilibrium condition as well as using P1 model to consider the radiation heat transfer. The UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer measurement showed that:(1) With smaller pore size, the spectral transmittance of the porous media would be lower and the solar radiation absorption would be better;(2)Among the materials with different pore size distributions, pore-size-decreased combo and pore-size-increased combo have almost equal absorption coefficient which are higher than that of uniform structure. Numerical simulation demonstrated that:(3)For materials with different pore size distributions, pore-size-decreased structure has the best radiation absorption due to its ability of maximizing the volumetric absorption effect, which is agreed with the UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer experimental results;(4) For materials with different porosity distributions, porosity-gradually-increased structure has the highest mean fluid/solid temperatures because it can utilize the enhanced convective/conductive heat transfer to improve the overall thermal performance of porous receiver;(5) Porous structure with pore-size-decreased distribution and porosity-gradually-increased distribution has the best thermal performance of which the mean temperatures of fluid/solid phases are the highest among all the studied cases.     

两级反射线性菲涅尔中高温集热系统热性能

针对复合抛物面集热器(compound parabolic collector, CPC)作为二级反射器和单层玻璃盖板的反射式线性菲涅尔中高温集热系统(linear Fresnel reflector concentrator, LFRC)的集热性能,基于稳态传热平衡原理,建立了集热系统稳态传热模型。系统地研究了风速、温度、太阳辐照度、聚光比、传热工质流速和流体进口温度等参数对接收器集热性能的影响,并给出了沿接收器管长的温度和能量分布情况。数值模拟结果表明:对于该集热系统,太阳辐照度、聚光比和工质进口温度是影响集热性能的关键影响因素,最高可达到72％,风速和环境温度对集热效率影响较小。因此增加接收器的长度能够很好地提高集热温度。     

槽式太阳能集热器传热模型及性能分析

槽式太阳能集热器一维和二维传热数学模型是一组非线性代数方程,为改进求解的稳定性和计算精度,将槽式太阳能集热器一维和二维传热模型的求解看作有约束优化问题,建立了集热器传热过程求解的有约束优化数学模型,应用MATLAB软件优化函数fmincon进行求解。分析了传热流体入口温度及太阳能辐射热流密度变化对集热器性能的影响。采用fmincon函数求解集热器传热过程,计算速度快,计算过程稳定。分析表明,传热流体温度变化对集热器效率的影响大于太阳能辐射热流密度对集热器效率的影响。     

Radiative heat transfer and thermal characteristics of Fe-based oxides coated SiC and Alumina RPC structures as integrated solar thermochemical reactor

This paper investigated radiative heat transfer and thermal characteristics of Fe-based oxides coated SiC and Alumina reticulated porous ceramic structures as integrated solar thermochemical reactor. High-flux solar radiation absorption and axial temperature distribution in the ceramic foams reactor were analyzed by adopting surface-to-surface radiation model coupled to the P1 approximation for radiation heat transfer. The radiative heat transfer and thermal characteristics of different foam-type RPC structures, including SiC, CeO₂, FeAl₂O₄, NiFeAlO₄, Fe₃O₄/SiC, and NiFe₂O₄/SiC were evaluated. The mass flow rate and foam structural parameters, including the permeability, pore mean cell size, and extinction coefficients have significantly affected the axial temperature distribution, pressure drop, heat transfer, and fluid flow. Integrated porous structure to the solar receiver could maximize the incorporation of redox powder in the reacting medium, lower the pressure drop, and enhance the thermal performance of the thermochemical reacting system. SiC structure was the candidate materials in the case where more heat flux and high axial temperature distribution is needed. However, Fe-based oxide coated Al₂O₃ structure could be considered regarding the heat transfer enhancement along with the catalyst activity of oxygen carriers for solar thermochemical reacting system performance.     

太阳辐射强度模型的建立及验证

通过建立太阳辐射的数学模型,推导出了任意角度采光面的太阳直射辐射和散射辐射计算公式.此外还讨论了云层对太阳辐射强度的影响,得到云遮修正系数,使非晴天的太阳辐射强度计算成为可能.通过实验验证,所采用的太阳辐射强度计算模型是较为准确的.     

空间薄膜充气管的太阳辐射压力及外热流分析

本文分析了不同轨道高度以及同一轨道高度不同位置,空间薄膜充气管所受太阳辐射压力及其扭矩大小,以及所受外热流情况.研究发现影响空间薄膜充气管的太阳辐射压力及其产生的扭矩与轨道高度无关,但随轨道位置变化而变化;外热流是轨道高度和位置的函数：随着高度的增加,太阳直接辐射热流不发生变化,但在所有外热流中其数值最大,地球红外辐射热流和地球反照热流则随着轨道的增加而下降,且后者下降的速度更快.