导电聚合物在纳米太阳能电池中的应用研究

导电聚合物以其特殊的性质及种种优点而越来越广泛地应用于光电化学太阳能电池,文中主要介绍了导电聚合物作为全固态太阳能电池的电解质以及作为纳米光电化学太阳能电池敏化剂的应用研究。     

陷光结构应用于太阳能电池的研究进展

在太阳能电池中引入陷光结构是提高光电转换效率的一种重要方法。本文主要从晶体硅太阳能电池、薄膜太阳能电池和其他新型太阳能电池三方面,综述了近年来国内外陷光结构用于太阳能电池的最新研究进展,分析了陷光结构对各类太阳能电池性能的影响、陷光作用的原理及工艺手段,最后指出其发展潜力及未来的研究方向。     

NiO层作为空穴传输层的钙钛矿太阳能电池的制备和性能研究

有机-无机杂化钙钛矿太阳能电池因具有光吸收强、载流子扩散长度长等优点,近年来在光伏领域吸引了广泛的关注,其中,无机NiO薄膜在电池结构中作为空穴传输层已发展成为钙钛矿电池研究的重要方向。采用溶液旋涂法制备了NiO薄膜,系统优化了不同烧结温度和不同浓度条件下NiO薄膜对钙钛矿电池性能的影响。采用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、紫外-可见分光光度计、电流-电压测试、光量子效率等方法分别观察和分析了NiO薄膜以及相应电池的光电性能。结果表明:溶液旋涂法制备的NiO薄膜具有良好的覆盖性、非常低的表面粗糙度,当制备NiO的预制溶液浓度为0.05mol/L,NiO的烧结温度为500℃时,获得了最优的电池性能,最高电池转换效率为14.62%。     

影响共混结构聚合物光电池性能的因素

共混结构聚合物光电池是一种极有前途的太阳能电池, 其性能主要由器件的开路电压Voc,短路电流Isc,填充因子FF,能量转换效率η等因素决定.笔者结合自己的实验经验,从溶剂、给体与受体材料的比例、器件后处理、电极等方面综述了这些因素对器件的性能影响,为提高聚合物光电池工艺提供了有意义的信息.     

Effects of nanostructured back reflectors on the external quantum efficiency in thin film solar cells

Hydrogenated amorphous Si ( α-Si:H) is a promising material for photovoltaic applications due to its low cost, high abundance, long lifetime, and non-toxicity. We demonstrate a device designed to investigate the effect of nanostructured back reflectors on quantum efficiency in photovoltaic devices. We adopt a superstrate configuration so that we may use conventional industrial light trapping strategies for thin film solar cells as a reference for comparison. We controlled the nanostructure parameters via a wafer-scale self-assembly technique and systematically studied the relation between nanostructure size and photocurrent generation. The gain/loss transition at short wavelengths showed red-shifts with decreasing nanostructure scale. In the infrared region the nanostructured back reflector shows large photocurrent enhancement with a modified feature scale. This device geometry is a useful archetype for investigating absorption enhancement by nanostructures.     

Infrared Solution‐Processed Quantum Dot Solar Cells Reaching External Quantum Efficiency of 80% at 1.35 µm and Jsc in Excess of 34 mA cm−2

Developing low‐cost photovoltaic absorbers that can harvest the short‐wave infrared (SWIR) part of the solar spectrum, which remains unharnessed by current Si‐based and perovskite photovoltaic technologies, is a prerequisite for making high‐efficiency, low‐cost tandem solar cells. Here, infrared PbS colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells employing a hybrid inorganic–organic ligand exchange process that results in an external quantum efficiency of 80% at 1.35 µm are reported, leading to a short‐circuit current density of 34 mA cm^?2 and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) up to 7.9%, which is a current record for SWIR CQD solar cells. When this cell is placed at the back of an MAPbI₃ perovskite film, it delivers an extra 3.3% PCE by harnessing light beyond 750 nm.     

Extending the Photovoltaic Response of Perovskite Solar Cells into the Near‐Infrared with a Narrow‐Bandgap Organic Semiconductor

Typical lead‐based perovskites solar cells show an onset of photogeneration around 800 nm, leaving plenty of spectral loss in the near‐infrared (NIR). Extending light absorption beyond 800 nm into the NIR should increase photocurrent generation and further improve photovoltaic efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, a simple and facile approach is reported to incorporate a NIR‐chromophore that is also a Lewis‐base into perovskite absorbers to broaden their photoresponse and increase their photovoltaic efficiency. Compared with pristine PSCs without such an organic chromophore, these solar cells generate photocurrent in the NIR beyond the band edge of the perovskite active layer alone. Given the Lewis‐basic nature of the organic semiconductor, its addition to the photoactive layer also effectively passivates perovskite defects. These films thus exhibit significantly reduced trap densities, enhanced hole and electron mobilities, and suppressed illumination‐induced ion migration. As a consequence, perovskite solar cells with organic chromophore exhibit an enhanced efficiency of 21.6%, and substantively improved operational stability under continuous one‐sun illumination. The results demonstrate the potential generalizability of directly incorporating a multifunctional organic semiconductor that both extends light absorption and passivates surface traps in perovskite active layers to yield highly efficient and stable NIR‐harvesting PSCs.     

Conjugated Polymer Photovoltaic Materials with Broad Absorption Band and High Charge Carrier Mobility

Polymer solar cells (PSCs) have attracted great attention in recent years because of their advantages of easy fabrication, low cost, light weight, and potential for flexible devices. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the PSCs needs to be improved for future commercial applications. Factors limiting the PCE of the PSCs include the low exploitation of sunlight due to the narrow absorption band of conjugated polymers, and the low charge‐transport efficiency in the devices due to the lower charge‐carrier mobility of the polymer photovoltaic materials. In this Research News article, recent progress in new conjugated polymer photovoltaic materials fabricated by our group and others is reviewed, including polythiophene (PT) and poly(thienylene vinylene) derivatives with conjugated side chains for a broad absorption band, crosslinked PT derivatives with conjugated bridges for higher hole mobility, and low‐bandgap donor–acceptor copolymers for broad, red‐shifted absorption to match the solar spectrum.     

Perovskite Solar Cells: From Materials to Devices

Perovskite solar cells based on organometal halide light absorbers have been considered a promising photovoltaic technology due to their superb power conversion efficiency (PCE) along with very low material costs. Since the first report on a long‐term durable solid‐state perovskite solar cell with a PCE of 9.7% in 2012, a PCE as high as 19.3% was demonstrated in 2014, and a certified PCE of 17.9% was shown in 2014. Such a high photovoltaic performance is attributed to optically high absorption characteristics and balanced charge transport properties with long diffusion lengths. Nevertheless, there are lots of puzzles to unravel the basis for such high photovoltaic performances. The working principle of perovskite solar cells has not been well established by far, which is the most important thing for understanding perovksite solar cells. In this review, basic fundamentals of perovskite materials including opto‐electronic and dielectric properties are described to give a better understanding and insight into high‐performing perovskite solar cells. In addition, various fabrication techniques and device structures are described toward the further improvement of perovskite solar cells.     

利用高度稳定的发光薄膜提高多晶硅太阳能电池的光伏效率（英文）

硅基太阳能电池已经主导了整个光伏市场,但是仍然面临着光电转化效率低的问题,其中部分原因是其对紫外线的利用率较低.稀土铕配合物能够将紫外光转化为可见光,有望提高硅基太阳能电池的光电转化效率.然而,这类配合物较低的稳定性限制了它们的实际应用.本文中,我们制备了一种高度稳定的EVA/Eu(ND)4-CTAC发光薄膜,将其覆盖在大尺寸的多晶硅太阳能电池表面(110 cm^2)可以使得光电转化效率从15.06%提高到15.57%.在500 h的加速老化实验中荧光性能几乎没有下降,证明了发光薄膜的超强稳定性.在如此大的有效面积上,发光薄膜使硅基太阳能电池的转换效率提高0.51%的绝对值,同时实现超高的稳定性,说明该发光膜在光伏工业上具有广阔的应用前景.     

我国太阳能光伏产业现状及未来展望

太阳能光伏发电是可再生能源利用的重要形式,也是我国目前重点发展的、为数不多的具有全球竞争力的战略性新兴产业之一。本文详细分析了太阳能光伏产业国内外发展现状及未来趋势,分析了我国太阳能光伏产业现状和存在的问题,对光伏产业的健康发展提出了若干建议并对光伏产业的未来发展进行了展望。     

氧化锌纳米棒形貌对ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的影响

采用电化学沉积法制备了ZnO纳米棒,首先讨论了电化学沉积参数对氧化锌(ZnO)纳米棒形貌的影响,并对不同长度ZnO纳米棒的光吸收和反射等性质进行了研究.实验发现沉积时间是影响纳米棒长度、直径的重要因素,ZnO纳米棒的微观形貌对其光学性质有重要影响.然后以氧化锌纳米棒为n型材料,以氧化亚铜为p型材料,通过电化学沉积法构筑了ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池,并测试了其光伏性能,研究表明增长纳米棒阵列的长度使得开路电压、短路电流密度及光电转换效率等性能得到提升.最后,综合分析了氧化锌纳米棒形貌与所组装电池的性能之间的关系,发现调控氧化锌纳米棒的形貌是提高ZnO/Cu2O异质结太阳能电池光伏性能的有效途径.     

Advances in Solution‐Processed Multijunction Organic Solar Cells

The efficiency of organic solar cells can benefit from multijunction device architectures, in which energy losses are substantially reduced. Herein, recent developments in the field of solution‐processed multijunction organic solar cells are described. Recently, various strategies have been investigated and implemented to improve the performance of these devices. Next to developing new materials and processing methods for the photoactive and interconnecting layers, specific layers or stacks are designed to increase light absorption and improve the photocurrent by utilizing optical interference effects. These activities have resulted in power conversion efficiencies that approach those of modern thin film photovoltaic technologies. Multijunction cells require more elaborate and intricate characterization procedures to establish their efficiency correctly and a critical view on the results and new insights in this matter are discussed. Application of multijunction cells in photoelectrochemical water splitting and upscaling toward a commercial technology is briefly addressed.     

Ternary semitransparent organic solar cells with a laminated top electrode

Abstract

Tinted and colour-neutral semitransparent organic photovoltaic elements are of interest for building-integrated applications in windows, on glass roofs or on facades. We demonstrate a semitransparent organic photovoltaic cell with a dry-laminated top electrode that achieves a uniform average visible transmittance of 51% and a power conversion efficiency of 3%. The photo-active material is based on a majority blend composed of a visibly absorbing donor polymer and a fullerene acceptor, to which a selective near-infrared absorbing cyanine dye is added as a minority component. Our results show that organic ternary blends are attractive for the fabrication of semitransparent solar cells in general, because a guest component with a complementary absorption can compensate for the inevitably reduced current generation capability of a high-performing binary blend when applied as a thin, semitransparent film.     

新型光伏储电原位集成电池研究进展

随着光伏智能电子产品日益融入到日常生活, 人们不仅对高性能光伏发电设备的需求增加, 同时对智能化、可持续和快速充电/放电能源集成设备的需求也急剧增加, 将能量产生部件和能量存储部件结合成独立设备已经成为一种极具有吸引力和挑战性的前沿技术。原位逐层制备光电转换功能薄膜与储电功能薄膜并组装, 获得光伏储电原位集成电池的技术, 既减少了太阳光波动对能量输出的影响, 又可以实现光伏自供电、弱光缓冲和可穿戴等功能, 因此具有良好的发展前景。本文综述了硅基光伏储电原位集成电池、敏化光伏储电原位集成电池、钙钛矿光伏储电原位集成电池的最新研究成果, 介绍了此类新型电池性能的评价方法, 分析了其工作原理、构造特点和性能参数, 并对此新兴研究领域的发展趋势进行了展望。     

L-精氨酸掺杂钙钛矿太阳电池性能研究

钙钛矿太阳电池以其优异的性能和发展潜力而成为新能源领域研究热点, 但仍然存在缺陷密度大、稳定性差等不足。本研究通过实验对比多种常见氨基酸的掺杂效果后, 将小分子有机物L-精氨酸引入钙钛矿前驱体溶液, 并通过二元两步法制备钙钛矿太阳电池。L-精氨酸掺杂提升了器件的光电性能, 光电效率由18.81%提升到21.86%。L-精氨酸通过降低钙钛矿层缺陷密度(由4.83×10¹⁶ cm^-3降低到3.45×10¹⁶ cm^-3), 减少了载流子非辐射复合, 延长了载流子的平均寿命, 且钙钛矿晶粒尺寸增大、晶界减少、薄膜吸光能力增强且稳定性提升, 迟滞效应得到抑制。这是由于L-精氨酸的多种基团与钙钛矿材料作用钝化了缺陷造成的。本研究为钙钛矿太阳电池的性能优化提供了一种借鉴方法。     

影响硫化镉/碲化镉性能的关键制备技术探讨

CdTe多晶薄膜具有接近理想光谱响应状态的禁带宽度(1.45eV)和高达10-5cm-1的光吸收系数,是较具前途的光伏材料,而CdTe薄膜太阳能电池由于具有低的制造成本和高的转换效率,使其成为最具发展前途的薄膜太阳能电池。CdS和CdTe膜层的质量对CdTe薄膜太阳能电池的性能有很大影响,如何完善CdS和CdTe的制备技术,获得高质量的膜层,引起了广泛关注。笔者综述了影响CdS和CdTe质量的关键制备因素,提出了一些新的制备方法。     

Recent progress in efficient hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells

The efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been improved from 9.7 to 19.3%, with the highest value of 20.1% achieved in 2014. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics and balanced charge transport properties with long diffusion lengths of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. In this review, some fundamental details of hybrid lead iodide perovskite materials, various fabrication techniques and device structures are described, aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient PSC devices. In addition, some advantages and open issues are discussed here to outline the prospects and challenges of using perovskites in commercial photovoltaic devices.     

PbSe纳米晶的制备及在太阳能电池中的应用

基于简单的溶剂注射工艺制备了PbSe纳米晶，利用平均粒径为5nm的PbSe米晶制备了P3HT／PbSeeh,P3HT／PbSe／PCBM两种结构的纳米晶聚合物太阳能电池，P3HT／PbSe电池的最高光电转换效率为O．19％，而基于三相体系P3HT／PbSe／PCBM池的光电转换效率为2．09％，说明PCBM对提高电池的光电转换效率具有重要的作用。     

Recent progress in efficient hybrid lead halide perovskite solar cells

Abstract

The efficiency of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has been improved from 9.7 to 19.3%, with the highest value of 20.1% achieved in 2014. Such a high photovoltaic performance can be attributed to optically high absorption characteristics and balanced charge transport properties with long diffusion lengths of the hybrid lead halide perovskite materials. In this review, some fundamental details of hybrid lead iodide perovskite materials, various fabrication techniques and device structures are described, aiming for a better understanding of these materials and thus highly efficient PSC devices. In addition, some advantages and open issues are discussed here to outline the prospects and challenges of using perovskites in commercial photovoltaic devices.