Structure and magnetic properties of bulk nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets prepared by hot pressing and hot deformation

Structure and magnetic properties were studied for bulk nanocrystalline Nd-Fe-B permanent magnets that were prepared at 650 °C for 3 min under 300 MPa using the SPS-3.20-MK-V sintering machine and the hot pressed magnets were then submitted to hot deformation with height reduction of 50%,60%,70%,80%,and 85%.Effects of height reduction(HR) and deformation temperature on the structure and magnetic properties of the magnets were investigated.The crystal structure was evaluated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD) and the microstructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy(TEM).The magnetic properties of the magnets were investigated by vibrating sample magnetometer(VSM).As the height reduction increased,the remanence(B r) of the magnets increased first,peaks at 1.3 T with HR=60%,then decreased again,and the coercivity(H ci) of the magnets decreased monotonically.On the other hand,as the deformation temperature increased,the B r of the magnets increased first,peaks at 1.36 T with HR=60%,then decreased again,and the H ci of the magnets decreased monotonically.Under optimal conditions,the hot deformed magnet possessed excellent magnetic properties as B r =1.36 T,H ci =1143 kA/m,and(BH) max =370 kJ/m 3,suggesting the good potential of the magnets in practical applications.     

Mechanical properties of eutectic alloys β-NiAl + γ-Re and spray coatings

We have studied the structure and mechanical properties of eutectic alloys β-NiAl + γ-Re of the ternary system Ni-Al-Re. We have established that the best combination of mechanical characteristics, determined by local loading with a rigid indentor, is exhibited by the alloy containing 2.5 at.% Re, the structure of which consists of the eutectic β-NiAl + γ-Re. Rhenium inclusions can inhibit movement of cracks in the material, and also can play the role of traps for cracks. Brittle intercrystallite fracture is characteristic of the alloy consisting of one-phase intermetallic NiAl. Mixed fracture is typical of the eutectic alloy β-NiAl + γ-Re, with transcrystallite cleavage predominating. We have shown that plastic interlayers of a rhenium phase within the microstructure increase the crack resistance of a detonation coating made from eutectic alloys β-NiAl + γ-Re. __________ Translated from Poroshkovaya Metallurgiya, Nos. 3–4(448), pp. 78–87, March–April, 2006.     

机械合金化-加压烧结制备Fe3Al金属间化合物

采用机械合金化-加压烧结在1250℃制备相对密度为99%、晶粒尺寸为300～700nm的Fe3Al烧结体材料.研究了球磨过程中Fe-Al粉末的结构转变及烧结体Fe3Al的微观结构和力学性能.Fe3Al材料的室温压缩屈服强度和压缩应变分别为1900MPa和14%,硬度61HRC,横向断裂强度和断裂韧度KIc分别高达1300MPa和49 MPa·m1/2.Fe3Al材料优异的室温力学性能来源于晶粒细化、组织均化效应.     

热等静压对铸件致密化及组织演变机理的影响研究

研究了铸件制品的热等静压致密化机理,分析了铸件制品热等静压的致密化模型,综合应用合金的蠕变理论和粉末冶金的烧结理论,利用现有的物理和数学模型对铸件在热等静压过程中的内部孔洞类缺陷闭合过程机理进行了阐述。确认了热等静压过程中起主要致密化作用的孔洞形变机制,为选择制定合适的热等静压工艺参数提供了理论参考。     

机械球磨与烧结W基材料的组织与性能

采用机械球磨与热压工艺制备了W-TiC、W-Ni、W-CNTs(碳纳米管)和W-Ni-CNTs 4种W基材料。研究结果表明,机械球磨能显著降低复合粉的晶粒尺寸和增加晶格畸变。经机械球磨后热压的样品中W-TiC的致密度最好,密度达到18.36g/cm3;W-Ni和W-CNTs的密度分别为17.97g/cm3和18.23g/cm3,具有较好的致密性;W-Ni-CNTs样品密度为15.84g/cm3,致密度略低。微观组织分析表明:添加TiC粒子可以显著改善材料的烧结行为,但晶粒较大;添加少量Ni制备的样品,不仅致密度高,而且晶粒较小;添加CNTs可以改善W的烧结行为,同时能够抑制晶粒长大和对W晶界起到强化作用;同时添加Ni和CNTs样品的致密度较低,需要对Ni和CNTs的添加量及烧结工艺条件进一步优化。结合微观组织分析与显微硬度测试结果,发现W烧结体的显微硬度不仅和材料密度有关,而且和W晶粒大小及掺杂相有关。     

热等静压在稀有难熔金属产品制备中的应用

简要介绍了热等静压技术的发展、设备原理、包套的选材与制作要求及数值模拟在热等静压技术中的应用,重点介绍了热等静压技术在稀有、难熔金属(钨、钼、钽、铌、铼及其合金)产品制备中的应用,以及热等静压处理对难熔金属微观组织及力学性能的影响研究。     

钨合金粉末的热等静压数值模拟及验证

为研究钨合金粉末热等静压(HIP)的致密化行为,采用MSC.Marc中的Shima模型针对93W-4.45Ni-2.2Fe-0.3Co-0.05Mn穿甲弹常用材料的热等静压成形过程进行模拟研究,分析钨合金粉末颗粒与包套随温度、压力加载的变化过程。为验证数值模拟的结果,进行热等静压工艺试验。结果表明:压坯的相对密度分布、变形趋势与实验结果符合得较好,径向周长误差最大,相对误差为5.6%,轴向相对误差为1.62%,轴向精度优于径向,致密度平均相对误差仅为1.4%。对于简单的柱状试件,采用数值模拟的方法可以形象、准确地预测包套的变形及粉末的致密化过程,数值模拟的方法可以为复杂结构包套的研究提供参考,从而实现热等静压过程的精确控形。     

热等静压成形2A12铝合金粉末的数值模拟研究

采用热等静压(HIP)技术成形复杂结构的2A12铝合金粉末零件,基于MSC.MARC软件的Shima模型,使用2A12铝合金材料参数实现成形过程的数值模拟。模拟结果表明,特征结构狭缝处粉末体的相对密度呈现梯度分布,侧面的粉末体相对密度分布均匀;石墨模具基本没有变形。实验结果表明,石墨和铝粉末发生了界面反应,型腔内壁存在凹坑和凸起缺陷;粉末试样的规定塑性延伸强度和抗拉强度分别为179 MPa和316 MPa;断口形貌显示试样断裂起源于粉末界面连接处,由金相显微照片分析材料已经完全致密。     

Deformation and densification behaviours of nickel-based superalloy during hot isostatic pressing

Hot isostatic pressing of nickel-based superalloys has important applications for manufacturing near-net shape parts such as turbine disks and jet engine parts, which have to operate at high temperatures. Finite element modelling can be used to predict deformation and densification behaviour of such superalloys. Thus, the cost and time of trial and error to obtain the required geometry of the part can be reduced, such that near-net shape parts can be manufactured more economically. Numerical simulations were carried out by implementing the model of ElRakayby and Kim into Abaqus-FEA. The model parameters (relative density functions f and c) for the nickel-based superalloy were obtained from the creep response and compressive strength of porous and solid powder compacts at high a temperature. The agreement between finite element calculations and the experimental data was good for densification, shape change and density distribution of nickel-based superalloy during hot isostatic pressing.     

Formation and Sintering Behavior of Nanocrystalline Fe-Ni Powder by Mechanical Alloying

Thepotentialapplicationofnanostructuredma terialsusedasnovelstructuralorfunctionalengi neeringmaterialslargelydependsontheconsolida tionofpowdersbywhichthebulknanostructuredsolidsaremade .Theretentionofthemetastablemi crostructureintheconsolidationprocessismandato ryforpreservingthesuperiormechanical,electricalorcatalyticpropertiesofthematerial.Severalau thorsshowedthatthepressure assistedsinteringisadequateforbothreachingfulldensityandprevent inggraingrowth ,besidesthenanostructuredmateri als…     

热等静压原位合成SiC–TiC复相陶瓷的微观组织与性能研究

采用纳米级β-SiC粉末、Si粉末、C粉末以及微米级TiH_2粉末为原料,利用热等静压原位合成工艺制备了SiC–TiC复相陶瓷,研究了不同原位合成反应和烧结工艺对复相陶瓷微观组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:以SiC、TiH_2、C粉末为原料的原位合成反应,无明显副反应发生,更有益于制备成分符合预期、致密度良好且性能优秀的SiC–TiC复相陶瓷。在1600℃,120 MPa,4 h等静压烧结工艺下原位合成得到的体积分数为SiC–32%TiC复相陶瓷具有最好的致密度、硬度、三点弯曲强度以及良好的断裂韧性,分别达到98.7%、21.2 GPa、428 MPa和5.5 MPa·m1/2。提高热等静压压力有助于提高材料的烧结扩散活性,从而提高材料的致密度,有益于力学性能的提升。     

热等静压工艺参数对2A12粉末铝合金性能的影响研究

对2A12铝合金粉末在不同的热等静压工艺参数下压制后的性能进行了初步的研究。结果表明:圆柱形试样的径向尺寸收缩要大于轴向尺寸的收缩;热等静压温度过高,会对零件的性能产生强烈的削弱作用,并且在其后的热处理过程中使微观组织产生裂纹和缺陷;通过调整热等静压工艺参数,可以改善材料的微观组织和力学性能。     

固溶处理对热等静压SAF3207的组织与性能影响

采用热等静压方法对特超级双相不锈钢SAF3207粉末致密化,然后对致密体进行了固溶处理,研究了固溶温度对致密体的显微组织及力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着固溶温度从1120℃到1180℃,σ相消失,铁素体含量增加,奥氏体含量减少;强度和硬度均表现出先降低后升高的趋势;延伸率和冲击韧性表现出先升高后降低的趋势。1150℃固溶处理时,可使两相比例接近1:1,抗拉强度为861.9 MPa,硬度为HRC 27.7,延伸率高达43.0%,冲击功为23.2 J。     

热等静压法制备大尺寸铝基碳化硼复合材料及性能研究

采用热等静压法制备铝基碳化硼复合材料(Al-B4C)板材,测试板材的密度和抗拉强度,并观察复合材料的微观组织和拉伸断口形貌。结果表明,Al-31%B4C(质量分数)板材的尺寸为3 mm×200 mm×5000 mm;Al-31%B4C复合材料的相对密度大于99.69%,抗拉强度大于300 MPa,断后延伸率大于3%,B4C颗粒均匀分布在基体中,并与基体紧密结合;Al-B4C复合材料板材的力学性能符合工程用中子吸收材料的要求。比较含不同质量分数B4C颗粒(10%、15%、20%、25%、30%、31%、35%、40%)的Al-B4C复合材料性能,当B4C质量分数为10%~40%时,随基体中B4C颗粒含量的增加,Al-B4C复合材料的密度和相对密度均逐渐降低;当B4C质量分数为10%~35%时,随基体中B4C颗粒含量的增加,Al-B4C复合材料的抗拉强度逐渐增大,断后延伸率逐渐降低。     

退火工艺对Ti-IF钢合金化热镀锌板微观组织织构的影响

研究了再结晶退火温度、退火时间对Ti-IF钢合金化热镀锌板的钢基组织织构及析出相的影响.研究结果表明:在生产中控制退火温度>800 ℃,退火时间≥60 s,维持机速约60 m/min,可获得具有完全再结晶钢基组织、有利织构和较多析出相的产品.此钢板具有优良的成型性能,能够满足用户的要求.     

热处理工艺对热挤压变形粉末高温合金FGH95组织与性能的影响

对比研究了FGH95合金在不同热加工工艺和热处理制度下合金的组织及γ'的分布,用光学显微镜、扫描电镜(SEM)和透射电镜(TEM)观察了不同热处理制度处理后合金的组织及时效后γ'的中心暗场相,测试了室温(20℃)和高温(650℃)材料的拉伸性能,并对高温瞬时断裂区断口进行了对比分析.结果表明:相同热处理工艺,HIP温度越高,时效析出的γ'相尺寸越大;不同热处理制度均能够改变γ'的分布;盐浴冷却明显增大中等尺寸γ'相数量,显著提高合金高温塑性.     

Influence of hot isostatic pressing on microstructure and mechanical behaviour of nanostructured Al alloy

Abstract

Aluminium alloy AA 5083 [Al–4·4Mg–0·7Mn–0·15Cr (wt-%)], powder was ball milled in liquid nitrogen via the cryomilling method to obtain a nanocrystalline (NC) structure. Samples of the powder were hot vacuum degassed to remove interstitial contaminants, then consolidated by hot isostatic pressing (HIPing) at six temperatures (from 0·46T_m to 0·89T_m), before being high strain rate forged (HSRF) to produce plate material. The microstructure was analysed at the different processing stages. The compressive properties of the as HIPed material, plus tensile properties of the final product were studied. Despite grain growth during HIPing, an ultrafine grain (UFG) structure was retained in the consolidated material, which consequently had increased strength over conventionally processed AA 5083. As the HIP temperature was increased, the density increased. Strength changes were minimal in compression and tension with varying HIP temperature, once near full density was attained at 275°C (～0·64T_M). Yield strength data indicate negligible variation in the grain size of the materials.     

Effects of mechanical properties on precipitation hardening stainless steel by selective laser melting,hot isostatic pressing,solid-solution and aging treatments

ABSTRACT

The selective laser melting (SLM) process has gained considerable attention from industry and academia over the recent years. Furthermore, the hot isostatic pressing (HIP) technique has been widely applied as a post-treatment to increase the relative density of the fabricated parts. The main aim of this study is to investigate the effects of porosity elimination and mechanical properties on precipitation hardening stainless steel using SLM, HIP, solid-solution and aging treatments. This study also applied various laser scanning pitches (170, 210 and 250?μm), so that a significant phase transformation occurred between the SLM, HIP, solid-solution and aging treatments. The results showed that the laser scanning pitch was 170?μm, and after HIP, solid-solution and aging treatments the materials possessed optimal mechanical properties. The highest hardness (48.8?±?0.5 HRC) and TRS (2247.0?±?157.8?MPa) could be acquired.     

机械合金化结合放电等离子烧结制备高软化温度Al_2O_3/Cu复合材料

Al_2O_3/Cu复合材料的软化温度是材料耐热性能的重要指标。本实验采用机械合金化法和放电等离子烧结法制备不同组分的Al_2O_3/Cu复合材料,并对Al_2O_3/Cu复合材料进行不同温度梯度的加热保温试验,探讨了Al_2O_3含量及其分散性对材料本身软化温度的影响,得到了性能优异的Al_2O_3/Cu复合材料,其软化温度区间为700~750℃,其导电率为74%IACS,硬度为142 HV。     

热等静压温度对V-4Cr-4Ti/HR2钢连接界面及性能的影响

以AuNi合金作为过渡层材料,采用热等静压(HIP)方法进行V-4Cr-4Ti/HR2钢(SS)扩散连接.利用扫描电镜(SEM)、能谱仪(EDS)及剪切试验分析了接头的扩散层显微组织、微区成分和力学性能.研究表明:采用AuNi过渡层材料,能够实现V-4Cr-4Ti/HR2的扩散连接;HIP温度为850℃时,接头质量良好,其剪切强度为39MPa;V、Fe、Ni等主要元素的平均扩散深度为20μm左右;在SS侧,扩散层较为均匀,在V-4Cr-4Ti侧,形成了Au的富集层和NixVy的富集层,两层呈相互交替的层状分布.