微藻制备生物柴油的研究进展

总结了国内外利用微藻制备生物柴油的研究进展,首先分析了微藻自身的概况,以微藻为原料生产的生物柴油是真正的环保可再生能源;其次对微藻制备生物柴油的现状做了进一步阐述,藻类生物柴油的生产技术仍不成熟,需要进一步的深入研究;最后归纳了微藻生物柴油存在的问题,并对其今后的研究重点及前景做出了展望。     

微藻制备生物柴油技术综述

随着化石燃料的日益枯竭,生物柴油作为一种可再生的生物能源,其制备方法成为了各国研究开发的重点,藻类生物质则是生产生物柴油的优良原料。综述了制备微藻生物柴油的研究进程,着重阐述了酸催化法、碱催化法、酶催化法以及超临界法等国内外微藻制备生物柴油几种技术,并对其今后的研究重点进行了总结和展望。     

生物柴油制备的研究进展

介绍了能够制备生物柴油的原材料,植物油脂、废弃油脂、动物油脂、微藻等的可行性,结合我国国情分析了原料的优缺点,最后对我国生物柴油的发展进行了展望。     

生物柴油制备技术研究进展

生物柴油来源于动植物油脂是一种绿色可再生、生物可降解和无毒的替代燃料,引起了人们极大的关注.本文论述了直接混合、微乳状液、高温热裂解及酯交换等方法制备生物柴油的研究进展.     

微流体技术在微藻生物柴油中的应用进展

聚焦于微流体技术在微藻生物柴油中的应用,归纳了限制微藻生物柴油商业化的技术障碍,重点介绍了微流体技术在产油微藻的筛选、鉴定、培养、采收、浓缩、脂质提取以及微藻原位酯交换中的应用进展,讨论了微流体装置在微藻生物柴油中发挥的作用,最后提出了微流体技术在微藻生物柴油应用中面临的问题并展望了其应用前景.     

生物柴油的应用现状及技术进展

介绍了生物柴油的主要特性、原料来源及生产工艺;评述了国际上现有的各种生物柴油生产方法;给出了国内外生物柴油应用现状及技术进展;对我国生物柴油发展应解决的技术问题进行了概述,展望了我国生物柴油的发展前景.     

微藻生产生物柴油的研究进展

微藻相对于其他的生物柴油原料有占地面积少、含油量高、生长周期短等不可比拟的优点。微藻生物柴油在试验规模下容易实现,但放大到工业化生产比较困难,生产中的瓶颈问题主要是生产成本高及微藻生长速率和油脂积累量间存在着严重的矛盾。对微藻生物柴油的研究历程、流程、存在问题及前景进行了分析。     

微藻制备生物柴油研究现状与应用前景

综述了近年来采用微藻来制备生物柴油相关技术的发展,指出微藻制备生物柴油应注意的事项。     

利用微藻生产生物柴油的研究进展

介绍了利用微藻生产生物柴油的优势及技术进展,对利用微藻生产生物柴油的经济性和可行性进行了分析和探讨,并指出了可以提高微藻柴油可行性的方法.     

微藻超临界甲醇直接酯交换法制备生物柴油

以规模化养殖的小球藻为原料,采用超临界甲醇酯交换法开展了制备生物柴油的实验研究。通过对原料藻粉的主要组成和实验产物的元素、化合物组成及基本理化特性进行分析,考察了不同工艺条件对产率的影响。结果表明,在甲醇与湿藻（50%含水量）配比为8∶1（mL∶g）、反应温度260℃、反应压力8 MPa和停留时间10 min的条件下,微藻生物柴油产率高达9%以上,具有与石化柴油接近的理化性质和成分组成。     

The Effect of Pulsed Microwave Power on Transesterification of Chlorella sp. for Biodiesel Production

Pulsed microwave technique was employed for the production of biodiesel from Chlorellasp. via transesterification. Real-time microwave power and temperature profiles were used for the evaluation of efficiency of biodiesel production. The effect of power setting was determined in the range of 100–1000 W at the fixed reaction time (10 min) and temperature (60°C). In this work, the highest yield of biodiesel per unit energy consumption observed was 0.53% by weight of crude lipid per kilo joule at 250 W. From the results in this study, the efficiency of biodiesel production was correlated to the uniform pulse intensity and pulse frequency during the reaction process provided at the power setting of 250 W.     

生物柴油技术在国内的研究进展

简单介绍了生物柴油的优点及其制备技术.以及生物柴油在一些发达国家的生产和使用现状。介绍了生物柴油在国内的研究开发现状,分析了当前生物柴油生产与使用过程中存在的一些问题,并对生物柴油在国内的发展前景作了展望。     

微藻制备生物柴油及其案例经济性分析

微藻生物柴油作为一种新型生物质能源,受到广泛关注。本文简述了微藻制备生物柴油研究发展概况,通过一个案例分析了微藻制备生物柴油的经济性,指出了现今微藻生物柴油的发展瓶颈,为未来微藻生物柴油的发展方向提出了建议。     

生物柴油的生产技术进展

综述了生物柴油的化学合成法、生物酶法、超临界流体法和工程微藻法。以碱为催化剂的化学合成法是生产厂家大都采用的方法,目前围绕该方法的研发工作主要集中于催化剂方面,新开发的催化剂有有机碱、固体酸、固体碱、分子筛和金属催化剂等。我国的清华大学和北京化工大学均在研究生物酶法合成生物柴油,已经建立了200 t/a的中试装置。超临界流体法和工程微藻法仍处于实验室研究阶段。还简述了影响生物柴油技术进展的生产原料、设备和产品标准等方面内容。     

Acid-Catalyzed Homogeneous Esterification Reaction for Biodiesel Production from Palm Fatty Acids

This work deals with esterification of palm fatty acids to produce biodiesel in a batch reactor, using homogeneous acid catalysts, evaluating the effect of the alcohol used, presence of water, type and concentration of catalysts. Methanesulfonic and sulfuric acid were the best catalysts. Reaction with methanol showed greater yields. It was showed very clearly that the presence of water in the reaction medium showed a negative effect in the reaction velocity. Kinetic parameters were estimated and molecular modeling was performed. Protonation of the carboxylic moiety of the fatty acid were defined as rate determinant step for the reaction.     

Glycerolysis of Crude Methyl Esters with Crude Glycerol from Biodiesel Production

Glycerolysis of crude fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) with crude glycerol derived from biodiesel production was performed. The reaction was accomplished at temperatures ranging between 160 and 200 °C and molar ratios of FAME to glycerol ranging between 1.5 and 3.0. Increasing the temperature improved the formation rate of monoglycerides (MG) and diglycerides (DG). However, increasing both the temperature and the molar ratio of glycerol to FAME diminished the formation of MG. Best results (43 % MG and 26 % DG in 10 min) were obtained at 200 °C using the lowest concentration of glycerol. The effects of soap and NaOH present in crude glycerol were controlled by carrying out the reaction with pure glycerol. In comparison with NaOH-catalyzed reactions, soap-catalyzed reactions resulted in a slower formation rate of products. However, soap-catalyzed reactions were less prone to secondary reactions, affording maximum yields of MG and DG, which were higher than those obtained with NaOH-catalyzed reactions at 180 and 200 °C.     

Variables Affecting the Production of Standard Biodiesel

Biodiesel is composed of fatty acid methyl esters, currently made from vegetable oils using basic catalysts. The oils must be reacted two or three times with methanol, in the presence of sodium methoxide to make products which meet the ASTM and European biodiesel standards. It is also believed that sodium hydroxide can never be used as the catalyst because it causes soap formation, which either lowers the yield or raises the acid number and makes product isolation difficult. Methods for producing standard biodiesel from low-acid-number soybean oil, in one chemical reaction using sodium hydroxide and a cosolvent, were recently reported. This study reports the effects of variables on the acid numbers and chemically bound glycerol contents of the products which led to the methods. These variables were the molar ratio of alcohol to oil, catalyst concentration, cosolvent volume, and reaction time. The alcohol-to-oil molar ratio must be at least 14, and the sodium hydroxide concentration should be at least 1.2 wt% (based on oil), to meet the necessary acid number and glycerol contents of the biodiesel. The volume of tetrahydrofuran cosolvent used must be 90–130% of that required to just create complete miscibility at the beginning of the reactions.     

酸性离子液体催化制备生物柴油的研究进展

主要总结了国内外利用酸性离子液体催化合成生物柴油的进展,介绍了离子液体特性及其催化制备生物柴油的优点。简述了酸性离子液体在酯化和制备生物柴油反应中的应用,对酸性离子液体催化制备生物柴油的研究方向进行了展望。     

Biodiesel usage at low temperature

This paper deals with numerical and experimental analysis of the influence of fuel temperature on the injection process. The tested injection system is the mechanically controlled diesel fuel injection M system of a bus diesel engine. The considered fuels are neat biodiesel from rapeseed oil and neat mineral diesel. All injection parameters, obtained with biodiesel, are compared to those of mineral diesel. At first, attention is focused on a single injection assembly (plunger-in-barrel assembly, high pressure tube, and injector). The flow through a single assembly to one cylinder is investigated numerically by using an one-dimensional mathematical model. The injection process is simulated at different operating regimes. On the basis of the numerical results, the influence of fuel temperatures on the injection characteristics, especially on fuelling at some stage of injection, mean injection rate, mean injection pressure, injection delay, and injection timing is investigated in view of harmful emissions reduction. Furthermore, the fuel flow through the whole injection system (all six injection assemblies) to all six cylinders is investigated experimentally with respect to fuel temperature. The pressure drop through the fuel filter and fuelling through each of six injection assemblies are analyzed.