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1.
Johnathan A. Napier 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2006,108(11):965-972
Long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) now have a proven role in human health and nutrition, including the n‐3 forms normally found in fish oils. Unfortunately, global fish stocks are now more than ever subject to over‐fishing and environmental pollution, indicating the need for an alternative source of fish oils. Recent efforts have focussed on the production of LC‐PUFA in transgenic plants to provide a sustainable and clean source of fish oils. The current progress in this area is considered, as well as the bottlenecks that remain to be overcome. 相似文献
2.
Fatty acids,the immune response,and autoimmunity: A question of n−6 essentiality and the balance between n−6 and n−3 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
Harbige LS 《Lipids》2003,38(4):323-341
The essentiality of n−6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is described in relation to a thymus/thymocyte accretion of arachidonic
acid (20∶4n−6, AA) in early development, and the high requirement of lymphoid and other cells of the immune system for AA
and linoleic acid (18∶2n−6, LA) for membrane phospholipids. Low n−6 PUFA intakes enhance whereas high intakes decrease certain
immune functions. Evidence from in vitro and in vivo studies for a role of AA metabolites in immune cell development and functions shows that they can limit or regulate cellular
immune reactions and can induce deviation toward a T helper (Th)2-like immune response. In contrast to the effects of the
oxidative metabolites of AA, the longer-chain n−6 PUFA produced by γ-linolenic acid (18∶3n−6, GLA) feeding decreases the Th2
cytokine and immunoglobulin (Ig)G1 antibody response. The n−6 PUFA, GLA, dihomo-γ-linolenic acid (20∶3n−6, DHLA) and AA, and
certain oxidative metabolites of AA can also induce T-regulatory cell activity, e.g., transforming growth factor (IGF)-β-producing
T cells; GLA feeding studies also demonstrate reduced proinflammatory interleukin (IL)-1 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α
production. Low intakes of long-chain n−3 fatty acids (fish oils) enhance certain immune functions, whereas high intakes are
inhibitory on a wide range of functions, e.g., antigen presentation, adhesion molecule expression, Th1 and th2 responses,
proinflammatory cytokine and eicosanoid production, and they induce lymphocyte apoptosis. Vitamin E has a demonstrable critical
role in long-chain n−3 PUFA interactions with immune functions, often reversing the effects of fish oil. The effect of dietary
fatty acids on animal autoimmune disease models depends on both the autoimmune model and the amount and type of fatty acids
fed. Diets low in fat, essential fatty acid deficient (EFAD), or high in long-chain n−3 PUFA from fish oils increase survival
and reduce disease severity in spontaneous autoantibody-mediated disease, whereas high-fat LA-rich diets increase disease
severity. In experimentally induced T cell-mediated autoimmune disease, EFAD diets or diets supplemented with long-chain n−3
PUFA augment disease, whereas n−6 PUFA prevent or reduce the severity. In contrast, in both T cell- and antibody-mediated
autoimmune disease, the desaturated/elongated metabolites of LA are protective. PUFA of both the n−6 and n−3 families are
clinically useful in human autoimmune-inflammatory disorders, but the precise mechanisms by which these fatty acids exert
their clinical effects are not well understood. Finally, the view that all n−6 PUFA are proinflammatory requires revision,
in part, and their essential regulatory and developmental role in the immune system warrants appreciation. 相似文献
3.
Crude enzyme isolate was prepared from the intestine of rainbow trout. Positional specificity of the crude enzyme isolate
was determined from both 1(3)- and 2-MAG products after in vitro lipolysis of radioactive-labeled triolein. The ratio of 2-MAG/1(3)-MAG was 2∶1, suggesting that the overall lipase specificity
of the enzyme isolate from rainbow trout tended to be 1,3-specific; however, activity against the sn-2 position also was shown. In vitro lipolysis of four different unlabeled oils was performed with the crude enzyme isolate. The oils were: structured lipid [SL;
containing the medium-chain FA (MCFA) 8∶0 in the sn-1,3 positions and long-chain FA (LCFA) in the sn-2 position], DAG oil (mainly 1,3-DAG), fish oil (FO), and triolein (TO). MCFA were rapidly hydrolyzed from the SL oil. LCFA
including n−3 PUFA were, however, preserved in the sn-2 position and therefore found in higher amounts in 2-MAG of SL compared with 2-MAG of FO, DAG, and TO. Lipolysis of the
DAG oil produced higher amounts of MAG than the TAG oils, and 1(3)-MAG mainly was observed after lipolysis of the DAG oil.
The positional specificity determined and the results from the hydrolysis of the different oils suggest that n−3 very long-chain
PUFA from structured oils may be used better by aquacultured fish than that from fish oils. 相似文献
4.
Replacement of Marine Fish Oil with de novo Omega-3 Oils from Transgenic Camelina sativa in Feeds for Gilthead Sea Bream (Sparus aurata L.)
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Mónica B. Betancor M. Sprague D. Montero S. Usher O. Sayanova P. J. Campbell J. A. Napier M. J. Caballero M. Izquierdo D. R. Tocher 《Lipids》2016,51(10):1171-1191
Omega‐3 (n‐3) long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) are essential components of the diet of all vertebrates. The major dietary source of n‐3 LC‐PUFA for humans has been fish and seafood but, paradoxically, farmed fish are also reliant on marine fisheries for fish meal and fish oil (FO), traditionally major ingredients of aquafeeds. Currently, the only sustainable alternatives to FO are vegetable oils, which are rich in C18 PUFA, but devoid of the eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acids (DHA) abundant in FO. Two new n‐3 LC‐PUFA sources obtained from genetically modified (GM) Camelina sativa containing either EPA alone (ECO) or EPA and DHA (DCO) were compared to FO and wild‐type camelina oil (WCO) in juvenile sea bream. Neither ECO nor DCO had any detrimental effects on fish performance, although final weight of ECO‐fed fish (117 g) was slightly lower than that of FO‐ and DCO‐fed fish (130 and 127 g, respectively). Inclusion of the GM‐derived oils enhanced the n‐3 LC‐PUFA content in fish tissues compared to WCO, although limited biosynthesis was observed indicating accumulation of dietary fatty acids. The expression of genes involved in several lipid metabolic processes, as well as fish health and immune response, in both liver and anterior intestine were altered in fish fed the GM‐derived oils. This showed a similar pattern to that observed in WCO‐fed fish reflecting the hybrid fatty acid profile of the new oils. Overall the data indicated that the GM‐derived oils could be suitable alternatives to dietary FO in sea bream. 相似文献
5.
Jenna C. Sullivan Suzanne M. Budge M. St-Onge 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2009,86(8):743-748
The long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) found in fish oil, specifically eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and docosahexanoic
acid (DHA) play an important part in human health. As a result, fish oil supplements are commonly consumed by people around
the world. Supplements in the form of triacylglycerols (TAG) can be sold at a premium price, compared to those in the ethyl
ester (EE) forms. Producers of TAG supplements require a simple, rapid method to determine the authenticity of their raw material.
Here, we describe a method to quantify EE in fish oil using solid phase microextraction headspace analysis and GCMS. Despite
the variation in linear ranges of the calibration curves with volatility of the EE, 30 individual FA were quantified including
common saturated FA such as palmitic and stearic acid, as well as longer chain PUFA, such as EPA and DHA. The method was then
applied to three commercial fish oils in the TAG form and two of the products were found to contain EE, with one containing
EE above 1.5% w/w, indicating that contamination had occurred. With growing consumer interest in fish oil products, the method
proposed here will help resolve future issues of authenticity in fish oils. 相似文献
6.
Chylomicrons transport absorbed fat from the intestine to the circulation. During dietary fat absorption, the chylomicrons
become larger in diameter, and in some studies an increase in chylomicron number has been observed as well. In the present
study, we compared particle size and number in rat lymph following administration of four different oils. We administered
fish oil, medium-chain TAG (MCT), and two structured oils differing in intramolecular structure, with either medium-chain
FA in the outer positions of the TAG and long-chain n−3 PUFA in the sn-2 position (MLM oil) or with the reverse structure (LML oil), to lymph-cannulated rats and collected lymph in fractions for
the following 8 h. Chylomicron size was measured by a particle size analyzer immediately after collection, and from these
data the number of chylomicrons present was estimated. The number of particles in lymph increased during the absorption of
oils containing long-chain PUFA (MLM, LML, and fish oil), whereas it was not affected by administration of MCT. The FA from
MCT were probably absorbed via the portal vein; therefore, only a small number of particles were measured in lymph. When comparing the two structured oils,
we observed a tendency toward a higher number of particles after LML administration, although the difference was not statistically
significant. The highest number of particles after administration of all oils was observed in the size intervals 53–80 and
80–121 nm and probably represented small chylomicrons. Thus, the FA composition influenced the number of particles in lymph
during absorption, whereas TAG structure had only a minor influence. 相似文献
7.
Monika Jesionowska Justin Ovadia Katelyn Hockemeyer Alyssa C. Clews Yang Xu 《Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society》2023,100(11):831-842
Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are ω-3 very long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (VLC-PUFAs) that offer a wide range of human health benefits impacting cardiovascular, anti-inflammatory, and neurological health. It is widely known that humans inefficiently synthesize these compounds and as such rely on exogenous dietary sources, such as marine fish oils. Unfortunately, the production of marine fish oils is an unsustainable process and has suffered a dramatic fall in recent years due to overfishing and climate change, as the demand for EPA and DHA continues to rise. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop alternative, sustainable sources for consumable EPA and DHA. Metabolic engineering of marine microalgae to improve their EPA and DHA productivity is regarded as a promising option that has received increasing commercial attention in recent years. In this mini-review, we describe several notable health benefits of EPA and DHA, summarize the natural sources and biosynthesis of VLC-PUFAS, as well as the recent advances in metabolic engineering of EPA and DHA production in representative microalgal and protist species, including Schizochytrium sp., Phaeodactylum tricornutum, and Nannochloropsis oceanica. 相似文献
8.
Atlantic salmon post-smolts were fed diets containing either fish oils (Fosol, FO and Marinol, MO) rich in long-chain n-3
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), or plant oils rich in 18:2n-6 (sunflower oil, SO) or 18:3n-3 (linseed oil, LO) for 12
wk. The major PUFA in individual phospholipids from gill and kidney were related to the dietary lipid intake. Levels of n-6
PUFA were highest while levels of n-3 PUFA were lowest in fish fed SO. Fish fed LO generally had lower levels of 20:4n-6 compared
to the other treatments while fish fed SO generally had the highest levels of 20:4n-6. In all phospholipid classes except
phosphatidylinositol (PI) 20:5n-3 was greatest in fish fed MO followed by FO, LO, and SO. In PI, 20:5n-3 was also highest
in fish fed MO but those fed LO contained more 20:5n-3 than those fed FO. This resulted in the ratio of the eicosanoid precursors,
20:4n-6/20:5n-3, being significantly greater in fish fed SO, for all phospholipid classes, compared to fish fed the other
three dietary oils. The activity of gill phospholipase A was greatest in fish fed FO and was lowest in fish fed SO. The concentration
of PGF3α was significantly increased in gill homogenates from fish fed MO compared to the other three treatments while PGF2α was significantly increased in fish fed SO compared to those fed LO. The concentration of PGE3 was significantly reduced in kidney homogenates from fish fed SO compared to the other three treatments while PGE2 was significantly increased in fish fed SO compared to those fed either FO or LO. 相似文献
9.
n−3 fatty acid enrichment of edible tissue of poultry: A review 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is clear evidence of the nutritional benefits of consuming long-chain n−3 PUFA, which are found predominantly in oily
fish. However, oily fish consumption, particularly in the United Kingdom, is declining, as is the consumption of all meats
with the exception of poultry, which has increased in consumption by 73% in the last 30 yr. This pattern, if less marked,
is reflected throughout Europe, and therefore one means of increasing long-chain n−3 PUFA consumption would be to increase
the long-chain n−3 PUFA content in the edible tissues of poultry. This review considers the feasibility of doing this, concentrating
particularly on chickens and turkeys. It begins by summarizing the benefits to human health of consuming greater quantities
of n−3 FA and the sources of n−3 PUFA in the human diet. The literature on altering the FA composition of poultry meat is
then reviewed, and the factors affecting the incorporation of n−3 PUFA into edible tissues of poultry are investigated. The
concentration of α-linolenic acid (ALA) in the edible tissues of poultry is readily increased by increasing the concentration
of ALA in the birds' diet (particularly meat with skin, and dark meat to a greater extent than white meat). The concentration
of EPA in both white and dark meat is also increased when the birds' diet is supplemented with EPA, although supplementing
the diet with the precursor (ALA) does not result in a noticeable increase in EPA content in the edible tissues. Although
supplementing the birds' diets with relatively high concentrations of DHA does result in an increased concentration of DHA
in the tissues, the relationship between dietary and tissue concentrations of DHA is much weaker than that observed with ALA
and EPA. The impact that altering the FA composition of edible poultry tissue may have on the organoleptic and storage qualities
of poultry products is also considered. 相似文献
10.
PUFA of the n−6 and n−3 series have beneficial effects on key risk factors of coronary heart disease (CHD). Our earlier studies
on the intake of FA and on the FA composition of plasma and platelet phospholipids suggested the need to improve the n−3 PUFA
nutritional status in the Indian population. The present long-term study was conducted on 80 middle-aged Indian subjects (40
men and 40 women) using the subjects' own home-prepared diets to evaluate the effects of dietary n−3 PUFA on biochemical indices
of CHD risk. Substitution of Blend G (equal proportions of groundnut and canola oils) for groundnut oil or substitution of
Blend S (equal proportions of sunflower and canola oils) for sunflower oil increased α-linolenic acid (ALNA) fourfold and
decreased the linoleic acid (LA)/ALNA ratio from 35 to 6 and 65 to 9, respectively. Twelve subjects (six men and six women)
who received Blend G were switched back to groundnut oil and were administered 0.3 g daily of long-chain (LC) n−3 PUFA from
fish oil. At the end of the trial period for both blends in both sexes, plasma lipid and apolipoprotein levels had not changed,
and ADP-induced aggregation had decreased. In plasma and platelet phospholipids, LA as well as LCn-3 PUFA had increased, suggesting
competition between LA and ALNA for metabolism into the respective LC-PUFA. Fish oil supplementation increased LCn-3 PUFA
in plasma and platelet phospholipids, decreased ADP-induced platelet aggregation, and increased plasma cholesterol. On the
basis of the increased LCn-3 PUFA in plasma phospholipids, it was calculated that 0.75% energy (en%) (2.2 g) ALNA (from vegetable
oils) may be required to increase LCn-3 PUFA to about the same extent as 0.1 en% (0.3 g) LCn-3 PUFA (from fish oils). Since
both n−6 and n−3 PUFA play a critical role in fetal growth and development and in the programming of diet-related chronic
diseases in adults, an improvement in the n−3 PUFA nutritional status in cereal-based diets through long-term use of cooking
oils containing 25–40% LA and 4% ALNA may contribute to the prevention of CHD in Indians. 相似文献
11.
Larval Dover sole fed an Artemia diet supplemented with n−3 long-chain (C20+C22) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known to be more resistant to low-temperature injury. Here we explore the relationship
between tissue fatty acid composition and tolerance of stressful environmental conditions over the larval and early juvenile
periods. Artemia nauplii supplemented with n−3 long-chain PUFA-deficient and PUFA-enriched oil emulsions were fed to two groups of larvae.
Whole body tissue samples from the resulting PUFA-deficient and-enriched juveniles possessed 12.1 and 21.9% n−3 long-chain
PUFA, respectively. These differences were at the expense of C18 PUFA, while proportions of saturated fatty acids, monousaturated fatty acids, and total PUFA were unaffected. Brain and eye
tissues from the PUFA-deficient fish contained lower levels of 22∶6n−3, known to be important for optimal nervous system function,
incorporation instead a range of fatty acids of lower unsaturation. PUFA-deprived juveniles showed substantially greater mortality
when exposed to a combination of low temperature and low salinity, as well as to high temperature and to hypoxia. After adaptation
to the different diets, both dietary groups were fed a common formulated feed high in n−3 long-chain PUFA. Tissue PUFA in
both groups progressively increased to the same high value, with a consequent loss of the differences in cold-susceptibility.
These correlated changes support a link between dietary manipulation of n−3 long-chain PUFA and development of a stress-sensitive
phenotype. PUFA deprivation had no detectable effect upon static hydrocarbon order of purified brain membranes (as assessed
by fluorescence polarization) but was associated with an increase in the whole-body content of prostaglandins. We conclude
that susceptibility to environmental stress is responsive to dietary n−3 long-chain PUFA manipulation, possibly due to altered
tissue development or the overproduction of eicosanoids. 相似文献
12.
Deirdre Ní Eidhin David O'Beirne 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2010,112(8):878-886
The effects of blending camelina oil with a number of fish oils on oxidative stability and fishy odour were evaluated. Camelina oil was found to be more stable than tuna oil, ‘omega‐3’ fish oil and salmon oil as indicated by predominantly lower ρ‐anisidine (AV), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and conjugated triene levels (CT) during storage at 60 °C for 20 days (p < 0.05). Peroxide values (PV) were similar for all oils until Day 13 when values for camelina oil were higher. Values for blends of the fish oils (50, 25, 15, 5%) with camelina oil were generally between those of their respective bulk oils indicating a dilution effect. Camelina oil had a similar odour score (p < 0.05) to sunflower oil (9.2 and 9.6, respectively) indicating, as expected, an absence of fishy odours. In comparison, the fish oils had lower scores of 6.1 to 6.6 (p < 0.05) indicating mild to moderate fishy odours. Odour scores were improved at the 25% fish oil levels (p < 0.05) and were not different to camelina oil at the 15 or 5% levels (p < 0.05). Practical applications: Camelina oil is a potentially important functional food ingredient providing beneficial n‐3 PUFA. Oil extracted from Camelina sativa seeds contains greater than 50% polyunsaturated fatty acids of which 35‐40% is α‐linolenic acid (C18:3ω3, ALA), an essential omega‐3 fatty acid 1 . While EPA and DHA from fish oils are more potent nutritionally, they are less stable than ALA. This work evaluated innovative blends of fish oil with camelina oil for stability and acceptability. The results demonstrate that there is potential for use of blends of camelina oil with fish oils in food products, as the results show some benefits in terms of reduction of fishy odours. Such information could be valuable in relation to formulation of food products containing high levels of n‐3 PUFA from both plant and fish sources. 相似文献
13.
Recent studies have demonstrated that long-chain n−3 PUFA (LCn-3PUFA) are beneficial in reducing the risk of cardiac arrhythmias.
This study was conducted to determine the extent of incorporation of LCn-3PUFA into human atrium following supplementation
with a fish oil concentrate high in LCn-3PUFA. Volunteers preparing for coronary bypass surgery were randomized either to
the treatment group (n=8), receiving 6 g/d of fish oil concentrate (4.4 g of LCn-3PUFA), or the placebo group (n=9), receiving 6 g/d of olive oil for a minimum period of 6 wk. Blood samples were collected prior to commencement of treatment,
and preoperatively before bypass surgery. Atrial biopsies were obtained during surgery. The plasma and atrium samples were
analyzed by GC following trans-methylation to determine FA profile. Post-supplementation, the treatment group had significantly
higher plasma levels of 20∶5n−3, 22∶5n−3, and 22∶6n−3 than the placebo group. Analysis of the atrium total lipids revealed
a significant increase in the proportion of 20∶5n−3 following fish oil supplementation. There was no significant difference
in the concentration of 22∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 in the atrium total lipids; however, an upward trend was observed in subjects
receiving fish oil supplementation. In the phospholipid fraction of the atrium, both 20∶5n−3 and 22∶6n−3 increased, whereas
20∶4n−6 levels decreased. This study demonstrates for the first time that short-term supplementation with fish oil concentrate
results in significant incorporation of LNc-3PUFA with a concomitant depletion of the eicosanoid substrate (20∶4n−6) in the
human atrium. 相似文献
14.
Dietary oils—tuna, salmon, cod liver, soybean, olive, and corn oils—were treated with accelerated storage conditions (60°C
for 3 and 7 d) and a cooking condition (200°C for 1 h). Genotoxic malonaldehyde (MA), glyoxal, and methylglyoxal formed in
the oils were analyzed by GC. Salmon oil produced the greatest amount of MA (1070±77.0 ppm of oil) when it was heated at 60°C
for 7 d. The highest formation of glyoxal was obtained from salmon oil heated at 60°C for 3 d. More glyoxal was found from
salmon and cod liver oils when they were heated for 3 d (12.8±1.10 and 7.07±0.19 ppm, respectively) than for 7d (6.70±0.08
and 5.94±0.38 ppm, respectively), suggesting that glyoxal underwent secondary reactions during a prolonged time. The amount
of methyglyoxal formed ranged from 2.03±0.13 (cod liver oil) to 2.89±0.11 ppm (tuna oil) in the fish oils heated at 60°C for
7 d. Among vegetable oils, only olive oil yielded methylglyoxal (0.61±0.03 ppm) under accelerated storage conditions. When
oils were treated under cooking conditions, the aldehydes formed were comparable to those formed under accelerated storage
conditions. Fish oils produced more MA, glyoxal, and methylglyoxal than did vegetable oils because the fish oils contained
higher levels of long-chain PUFA, such as EPA and DHA, than did the vegetable oils. A statistically significant correlation
(P<0.05) between the α-tocopherol content and the oxidation parameters was obtained from only MA and fish oils heated at 60°C
for 3 d. 相似文献
15.
Ghafoorunissa 《Lipids》1996,31(1):S287-S291
To arrive at fat requirements for Indians; the contribution of invisible fat should be determined. Total lipids were extracted
from common Indian foods, and their fatty acid compositions were determined. This data and information on intake of various
foods were used to estimate the contents of “invisible” fat and fatty acids in Indian diets. Taking into account World Health
Organization (WHO) guidelines and the invisible-fat intake of Indians, recommendations were made for lower and upper limits
of visible fats. In the rural poor, the “visible”-fat intakes are much lower than estimated minimum requirements. Therefore,
to meet the energy needs of low-income groups, particularly young children, visible-fat intakes must be increased to recommended
levels. The urban high-income group, however, should reduce dietary fat. Data on intake of various fatty acids in total diet
shows that even the recommended lower limit of oil can meet linoleic acid requirements. Intake of α-linolenic acid is low,
however. Increase in dietary n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) produces hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, and antithrombotic
effects. Effects of n-3 PUFA on blood lipids, platelet fatty acid composition, and platelet aggregation were therefore investigated
in Indian subjects consuming cereal-based diets. Supplementation of fish oils (long-chain n-3 PUFA) as well as the use of
rapeseed oil (α-linolenic acid) produced beneficial effects. Since the requirements of α-linolenic acid and/or long-chain
n-3 PUFA are related to linoleic acid intake, use of more than one oil (correct choice) is recommended for providing a balanced
intake of various fatty acids. Analysis of Indian food showed that some foods are good sources of α-linolenic acid. Regular
consumption of these foods can also improve the quality of fat in Indian diets. Nonvegetarians, however, have the choice of
eating fish to accomplish this. 相似文献
16.
Federica Farabegoli Salvatore Nesci Vittoria Ventrella Anna Badiani Sabrina Albonetti Maurizio Pirini 《Lipids》2019,54(11-12):741-753
Polar lipids (PoL) represent a new promising dietary approach in the prevention and treatment of many human diseases, due to their potential nutritional value and unique biophysical properties. This study investigates the effects of catching season and oven baking on the fatty acid profiles (FAP) of PoL in four species of blue-back fish widely present in the North Adriatic Sea: anchovy (Engraulis encrasicholus), sardine (Sardina pilchardus), sprat (Sprattus sprattus), and horse mackerel (Trachurus trachurus). PoL levels (427–652 mg/100 g flesh) varied among the four species, with no significant seasonal variations within species. FAP of raw fillets were particularly high in polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), especially docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and EPA; total PUFA was constant in all species throughout the year, while long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (n-3 PUFA) rose in spring (except in sprat), especially due to the contribution of DHA. The FAP response for PoL to oven baking was species-specific and, among n-3 PUFA, DHA exhibited the greatest heat resistance; the influence of oven baking on FAP was found to be correlated with the catching season, especially for anchovy and sardine, while sprat PoL were not affected by cooking processes. The four species analyzed in this study presented very low n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratios and highly favorable nutritional indices, emphasizing their PoL qualities and promoting their role in increasing human n-3 PUFA intake. The four species can be considered as superior sources of n-3 PUFA and can be employed as supplements in functional food manufacturing and in pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries. 相似文献
17.
The suitability of a recently proposed method based on ethanolysis with immobilized Candida antarctica lipase for regiospecific analysis of oils containing long-chain PUFA such as [PA and DHA has been evaluated using selected
marine oils and regio-isomerically enriched synthetic TAG substrates. 1,3-Regios-electivity of the lipase was enhanced when
the ethanolysis was conducted in a high excess of ethanol, typically 10–50 times by weight of the oil. This enabled the reaction
to be conducted on a milligram scale. However, irrespective of the ethanol-to-oil ratio, C. antarctica lipase released FA from TAG at different rates depending on the degree of unsaturation and/or chain length of the FA. Differences
in lipolysis rates were particularly significant for EPA and DHA, with EPA released faster than DHA. Although DHA can be measured
with reasonable accuracy by ethanolysis with C. antarctica, the method requires further optimization before it can be adopted for reliable regiospecific analyses that are as accurate
as those obtainable by 13C NMR analysis for all major FA occurring in oils rich in long-chain PUFA. 相似文献
18.
The intake of fat, saturated and monounsaturated FA (SFA and MUFA), and omega-6 and omega-3 PUFA has been estimated in 641
Belgian women (age 18-39 y). Their food intake was recorded using a 2-d food diary. The PUFA included were linoleic (LA),
alpha-linolenic (LNA), arachidonic (AA), eicosapentaeonoic (EPA), docosapentaenoic (DPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids.
The mean total fat intake corresponded to 34.3% of total energy intake (E). The mean intake of the FA groups corresponded
to 13.7%, 13.1%, and 6.0% of E, for SFA, MUFA, and PUFA, respectively. The mean intake of LA was 5.3% of E and of LNA was
0.6% of E, with a mean LA/LNA ratio of 8.7. The mean intake of AA was 0.03% of E. The mean intake of EPA, DPA, and DHA was
0.4%, 0.01%, and 0.06% of E, respectively. According to the Belgian recommendations, the total fat and SFA intake was too
high for about three-quarters of the population. The mean LA and overall n-6 PUFA intake corresponded with the recommendation,
with part of the population exceeding the upper level. Conversely, the population showed a large deficit for LNA and n-3 PUFA.
The major food source for LA and LNA was fats and oils, followed by cereal products. The main sources of long-chain PUFA were
fish and seafood, and meat, poultry, and eggs. From a public health perspective, it seems desirable to tackle the problem
of low n-3 PUFA intake. 相似文献
19.
Fatty acid composition of habitual omnivore and vegetarian diets 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
High-fat diets are implicated in the onset of cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, and obesity. Large intakes of saturated
and trans FA, together with low levels of PUFA, particularly long-chain (LC) omega-3 (n−3) PUFA, appear to have the greatest impact
on the development of CVD. A high n−6∶n−3 PUFA ratio is also considered a marker of elevated risk of CVD, though little accurate
data on dietary intake is available. A new Australian food composition database that reports FA in foods to two decimal places
was used to assess intakes of FA in four habitual dietary groups. Analysis using the database found correlations between the
dietary intakes of LC n−3 PUFA and the plasma phospholipid LC n−3 PUFA concentrations of omnivore and vegetarian subjects.
High meat-eaters (HME), who consumed large amounts of food generally, had significantly higher LC n−3 PUFA intakes (0.29 g/d)
than moderate meat-eaters (MME) (0.14 g/d), whose intakes in turn were significantly higher than those of ovolacto-vegetarians
or vegans (both 0.01 g/d). The saturated FA intake of MME subjects (typical of adult male Australians) was not different from
ovolacto-vegetarian intakes, whereas n−6∶n−3 intake ratios in vegetarians were significantly higher than in omnivores. Thus,
accurate dietary and plasma FA analyses suggest that regular moderate consumption of meat and fish maintains a plasma FA profile
possibly more conducive to good health. 相似文献
20.
Arnar Halldorsson Bjorn Kristinsson Gudmundur G. Haraldsson 《European Journal of Lipid Science and Technology》2004,106(2):79-87
The main objective of this study was to compare the fatty acid selectivity of numerous commercially available lipases toward the most ubiquitous fatty acids present in fish oils in form of their corresponding ethyl esters. Special interest was taken in their ability to separate the n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), mainly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), from the more saturated fatty acids as well as exploiting the putative discrimination between these highly valuable n‐3 PUFA. Hydrolysis of sardine oil ethyl esters in a Tris buffer solution by 12 microbial lipases is described. The results reveal that all of the lipases strongly discriminate against the n‐3 PUFA and prefer the more saturated fatty acids as substrates. Most of the lipases discriminate between EPA and DHA in favor of EPA, however, 2 bacterial lipases from Pseudomonas were observed to prefer DHA to EPA. Digestive lipolytic enzymes isolated from salmon and rainbow trout intestines displayed reversed fatty acid selectivity when their fish oil triacylglycerol hydrolysis was studied. Thus, the n‐3 PUFA including EPA and DHA were observed to be hydrolyzed at a considerably higher rate than the more saturated fatty acids. 相似文献