Performance of cemented coal gangue backfill

Possibility of cemented gangue backfill was studied with gangue of Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong, and fly ash of nearby thermal power plant, in order to treat enormous coal gangue on a large scale and to recovery safety coal pillars. The results indicate that coal gangue is not an ideal aggregate for pipeline gravity flow backfill, but such disadvantages of gangue as bad fluidity and serious pipe wear can be overcome by addition of fly ash. It is approved that quality indexes such as strength and dewatering ratio and piping feature of slurry can satisfy requirement of cemented backfill if mass ratio of cement to fly ash to gangue is 1：4：15 and mass fraction of solid materials reaches 72%-75%. Harden mechanism suggests that the cemented gangue fill has a higher middle and long term comprehensive strength.     

Applied technique of the cemented fill with fly ash and fine-sands

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Paste-like self-flowing transportation backfilling technology based on coal gangue

A paste-like self-flowing pipeline transportation backfilling technology with coal gangue as aggregate is proposed to remove the potential damage caused by coal gangue piles. As well, the difficult problems of recovering high quality safety coal pillars and deep mining of the Suncun Coal Mine (SCM), Xinwen Coal Group, Shandong are resolved. The physical-chemical properties of coal gangue, optimized proportion of materials, backfilling system and craft in the SCM were studied in the laboratory and then an industrial test was carried out on high quality coal pillars under a town. The results show that finely crushed kaolinized and fresh gangue with granularity less than 5 mm can be used as aggregate with fly ash to replace part of the cement and a compos-ite water reducer as an additive, accounting for 1.0%-1.5% of the total amount of cement and fly ash. The recommended proportion is I(cement):4(fly ash): 15(coal gangue), with a mass fraction of 72%-75%, theological paste-like properties and a strength of more than 0.7 MPa at 7 d. The sequence of adding cement, fly ash, water reducer and then coal gangue ensures that the suspended state of the slurry, reducing the wear and jam of pipelines. The working face is advancing continuously by the alternating craft of building block walls with coal gangue and backfilling mined-out gobs with paste-like slurry. The recovery rate is as high as 90% with a backfilling cost of 36.9 Yuan/t, good utilization of coal gangue and no subsidence on the surface. This technology provides a good theoretical basis and application experience for coal mines, cement backfilling with paste-like slurry.     

Hydraulic calculation of gravity transportation pipeline system for backfill slurry

Taking cemented coal gangue pipeline transportation system in Suncun Coal Mine, Xinwen Mining Group, Shandong Province, China, as an example, the hydraulic calculation approaches and process about gravity pipeline transportation of backfill slurry were investigated. The results show that the backfill capability of the backfill system should be higher than 74.4 m^3/h according to the mining production and backfill times in the mine; the minimum velocity （critical velocity） and practical working velocity of the backfill slurry are 1.44 and 3.82 m/s, respectively. Various formulae give the maximum ratio of total length to vertical height of pipeline （L/H ratio） of the backfill system of 5.4, and then the reliability and capability of the system can be evaluated.     

Mechanical properties and failure modes of stratified backfill under triaxial cyclic loading and unloading

Multiple filling of gobs will lead to a layered structure of the backfill. To explore the influence of layering structure on the mechanical properties and failure modes of backfill, different backfill specimens were prepared with a cement/sand ratio of 1:4, a slurry concentration of 75%, and backfilling times of 1, 2, 3 and 4, separately. Triaxial cyclic loading and unloading experiments were carried out. The results show that with an increase in backfilling time, the peak strength of backfill decreases as a polynomial function and the peak strain increases as an exponential function. The cyclic load enhances the linear characteristic of backfill deformation. The loading and unloading deformation moduli have a linear negative correlation with the backfilling time. The unloading deformation modulus is always slightly higher than the loading deformation modulus. The failure modes of stratified backfill are mainly characterized by conjugate shear failure at the upper layer and tensile failure across the layer plane, and there is usually no damage in the lower layer away from the loading area.     

Effects of water content,water type and temperature on the rheological behaviour of slag-cement and fly ash-cement paste backfill

The pumping ability and placement performance of fresh cemented paste backfill(CPB) in underground mined cavities depend on its rheological properties. Hence, it is crucial to understand the rheology of fresh CPB slurry, which is related to CPB mixture design and the temperature underground. This paper presented an experimental study investigating the effects of binder type, content, water chemical properties and content, and temperature, on the rheological properties of CPB material prepared using the tailings of a copper mine in South Australia. Portland cement(PC), a newly released commercially manufactured cement called Minecem(MC) and fly ash(FA) were used as the binders added to the mine tailing materials. Various amounts of two different water types were added to the mixtures in the preparation of backfill material slurry. Six different temperatures ranging from 5 to 60 °C were to investigate the effect of temperature on CPB rheology. Overall, the increasing water content and decreasing temperature lead to lower yield stress. Based on the results obtained from the rheological properties of CPB slurry, it was found that at room temperature(25 °C), with regards to the unconfined compressive strength(UCS) performance, the replacement of 4% PC mixed CPB(28 days UCS 425 k Pa) to 3% MC mixed CPB(28 days UCS 519 k Pa), reduced the slurry yield stress from 210.7 to 178.5 Pa. The results also showed that the chemical composition of water affects the yield stress of CPB slurry and that MC mitigates the negative effect of mine-processed water(MW) and thus lead to improve the rheological properties of the slurry. However, the results suggested that the rheological properties of a mixture using MC is very sensitive to the water volume and temperature change. Therefore, using MC in backfill requires better quality control in slump mixing.     

Quality evaluation of layerlike backfilling and flow pattern of backfill slurry in stope

Stability condition and quality evaluation formula of layerlike backfilling roof,Q≥C,where Q denotes is quality index depending on allowable compressive or tensile strength and integrity of backfilling,and C is the technical index depending on mining method and backfilling technology,were inferred according to simply supported beam theorem.Technical treatment measures for instable backfilling roof,including optimum of appropriate filling materials and dosage for excellent flow property and reduction of backfill cost.It is proved that slope equation of backfill slurry in a stope to be filled is y=hexp[x2/(2σ)2)],where h is height of cone and σ2 is mean square,and that optimum drainage point of backfill slurry can be determined by the equation and sizes of stope.Case study indicates that the results can give a theoretical support for quality evaluation and control of layerlike backfilling.     

Remediation and monitoring of abandoned mines

paper describes a recent study on using fly ash for backfilling abandoned room and pillar mines.Detailed investigations on fly ash properties such as the strength and stiffness of settled fly ash, flowability of fly ash grout, as well as chemistry and environmental aspects of fly ash backfill have been undertaken in the laboratory. Numerical modelling was also conducted to quantify the effects of fly ash backfill on the stability of underground pillars. The laboratory tests showed that with a solid concentration of approximate 50%, fly ash grout has an excellent flowability and very low viscosity. It is capable of penetrating and filling almost any voids underground if designed properly and settling as a reasonably stiff solid to provide support to the pillars. Several different types of strength tests proved that a consolidated fly ash should exhibit a friction angle above 42°. 3D numerical modelling on interaction between fly ash backfill and underground pillars has shown that fly ash backfill to 90% roadway height can raise the factor of safety(Fo S) of a marginally stable area to above 1.6, which is the number often used in rock engineering design for long term stability. Chemistry and leachate analysis of representative fly ash samples from a local power station showed that the elemental concentrations in the fly ash solid sample are lower than the allowed contaminant threshold and specific contaminant concentration levels. Geotechnical monitoring in the high risk areas of an abandoned mine has been carried out as part of the risk management and control for potential subsidence. The monitoring has been very helpful in understanding the ground behaviour around the abandoned mine which can provide timely information to the parties concerned in order to make correct decisions to control the subsidence risk.     

基于BP算法的充填质量模型

针对尾砂作为骨料的胶结充填系统充填质量建模的复杂性，以及采用常规方法难以实现的问题，将BP算法应用于充填质量建型，仿真实验表明：这种方法可行且有效，采用动量项和学习率自适应调整法可以提高BP算法的学习收敛速度。     

Valorization of mining waste and tailings through paste backfilling solution,Imiter operation,Morocco

Mine waste and process tailings storage is one of important challenge for which mining operations are increasingly confronted. Treatment discharges of plants and main part of waste rock development are generally stored on surface areas. The volume and chemical characteristics of these materials generate serious problem for required storage spaces and mainly environmental degradation. Paste backfill(PBF) is one of ingenious solutions to minimize the quantity of tailings to store. PBF is basically defined as a combination of mine processing tailings, binder, and water mixing. The purpose of this paper is to present backfilling components characterization and formula verification for a waste valorization solution through paste backfilling technology in Imiter operation. Obtained results and realized analysis demonstrate PBF conformity and adequacy with assigned underground functions. However the studied recipe can be more ameliorated to obtain an optimal mixture ensuring the required mechanical strength.     

粉煤灰与再生骨料对自密实再生混凝土的影响

为了分析自密实再生骨料混凝土与自密实天然骨料混凝土的力学性能差异,以粉煤灰掺量与再生骨料特性为研究因素进行对比试验.结果表明:粉煤灰掺量为25%时,自密实再生混凝土的立方体抗压强度和轴心抗压强度最大,但拉压比最小;提高再生骨料的原生混凝土强度使自密实再生混凝土的劈裂抗拉强度和拉压比均增大,但轴心抗压强度几乎无变化;当粉煤灰掺量低于50%时,再生骨料的原生混凝土强度对自密实再生混凝土的立方体抗压强度几乎无影响.     

胶结充填料浆合理配比的确定

为了经济合理地配制胶结充填料浆,根据采用BP算法建立的充填质量模型,以及技术参数要求,确定了合理的充填料浆配比.通过实验室实验,进一步验证了确定的配比结果.     

搅拌时间对粉煤灰水泥净浆流动性及早期抗压强度的影响

影响粉煤灰水泥净浆的流动性与早期抗压强度等问题一个重要原因就是拌合是否充分,搅拌时间是否合适。现有的相关规范中对于拌合时间的规定大都针对普通混凝土,随着高性能混凝土的发展,尤其是粉煤灰混凝土近几年来的广泛使用,导致现有的拌合时间规定无法满足粉煤灰混凝土均匀性的控制要求。为此,通过初步研究不同拌合时间对不同掺量的粉煤灰水泥净浆流动性及早期抗压强度的影响,最终确定合理的粉煤灰水泥净浆拌合时间,供进一步研究与工程应用参考。     

Optimization of SO<Subscript>3</Subscript> content in blended cementitious materials

Experimental investigation was conducted on the effects of gypsum types and SO₃ content on the fluidity and strengths of different cementitious systems. The experimental results show that influences of gypsum in various cementitious materials are different. For cementitious materials blended with various proportions of slag-fly ash and 5% gypsum content, influences of gypsum and calcined gypsum on the fluidity and flexural/compressive strength are similar. It is revealed that “combination effect” and “synergistic effect” of slag and fly ash play an important role during hydration. For cementitious materials with 45% clinkers, 30% slag, 20% fly ash and 5% limestone, the optimized SO₃ contents in gypsum and calcined gypsum are 3.13% and 3.51% respectively and the optimized gypsum content is 6.5%. While both of them are blended, the optimum ratio of gypsum to calcined gypsum is 40%:60% (total gypsum content 6.5%), correspondingly the optimum ratio of SO₃ is 19.3%:32. 4%. CHEN Mei-zhu : Born in 1974 Funded by Hubei Bureau of Science and Technology of China (981P0202)     

粗骨料胶结充填材料性能研究

为减少尾砂排放带来的污染及运作成本,在确保充填体强度、安全开采的前提下,将尾砂掺入戈壁集料用于井下充填是一种行之有效的方法,为此进行了一系列相关的试验研究。通过配合比试验得到所需的技术参数,并从粗、细骨料分布特性详细地分析了不同配合比试块强度产生差异的内在原因,对其形成的承力架构及破损特征进行了描述,为从根本了解粗骨料混凝土充填材料力学性质的成因及对其进行控制调节提供依据。     

免烧粉煤灰滤料的制备及其性能的研究

为了扩大粉煤灰的应用范围,减少其对环境的污染,并且寻求一种新的水处理滤料的配方与制备方法,以粉煤灰、粘土为主要原料,以生石灰、石膏、水泥为激发剂,以H2O2(双氧水)、NaHCO3为发泡剂,经搅拌、成型、自然冷却等工艺在实验室制备了免烧粉煤灰滤料.结果表明,如果以孔隙率作为主要的性能评价指标,制备免烧粉煤灰滤料的最佳质量配比为:粉煤灰46.30%,粘土13.89%,生石灰18.52%,水泥13.89%,石膏1.85%,纯H2O25.55%,此时所制滤料的孔隙率为72.24%.     

粉煤灰混合料的力学特性

以细磨粉煤灰、水泥和粉细沙为主要材料组成混合料,采用正交试验方法,研究胶沙比、灰胶比和龄期对混合料的抗压强度和抗拉强度等力学性能的影响.研究表明,灰胶比对混合料的抗拉强度有显著影响;其次是龄期和胶沙比,但二者影响不显著.各因素对粉煤灰混合料抗压强度的影响程度按自大到小的顺序依次为胶沙比、灰胶比和龄期,但均无显著影响.采用低胶沙比和灰胶比组合确定混合料的配合比,既可满足强度要求,又能达到经济性目的.     

水泥基土石坝防渗注浆材料试验

为解决水利工程中普遍使用的注浆材料流动性差、结石率低等问题,以水泥为基本材料,掺加粉煤灰及膨润土,将减水剂、膨胀剂作为外加剂,对不同配比的材料进行浆液流动性及结石体物理性能等试验分析,综合各试验结果得出适用的材料配比。试验结果表明:掺加膨润土可以增加浆液稳定性,提高结石率,但同时会降低浆液流动性;掺加适量粉煤灰可以增加浆液流动性,提高浆液可注性;随着膨润土和粉煤灰掺量增加,浆液结石体的强度会有明显下降;膨润土和粉煤灰的掺量应适宜。研究成果对水利工程注浆材料研发具有较大的指导意义。     

粉煤灰与粉煤灰混凝土性能

通过实验和理论分析,研究了粉煤灰活化措施、基本效应以及粉煤灰混凝土的工作性、力学特性和耐久性,为粉煤灰混凝土的应用和研究提供参考．研究认为机械活化措施中细磨加工优于分选加工,细磨加工能提高粉煤灰的活性和利用率;强碱激发剂的掺量要适量,引入硫酸盐复合激发剂是必要的,也是有效的,水泥是粉煤灰最有效、最经济的活性激发剂;粉煤灰的作用机理主要有取代效应、火山灰效应、形态效应和微集料效应等;粉煤灰使混凝土的工作性得到改善,早期强度低,后期强度增长快,抗拉强度明显提高,抗裂性、抗渗性、抗冻性、耐蚀性、抗碳化性和对钢筋的保护能力提高,水化热降低,能消除或减轻碱骨料反应的危害。     

含腐殖酸软土的固化试验研究

深层搅拌法在加固含有腐殖酸的软土时失去了效用，需要添加促进剂来消除腐殖酸的影响.在去除有机质的黏质粉土中加入腐殖酸，研究了经某种液态添加剂改良后的水泥土特性.结果表明，添加剂消除胡敏酸影响的效果最显著，腐殖酸次之；添加剂在水泥质量分数大于10%时才表现出明显的增强效果，在水泥质量分数不变的情况下，仅提高添加剂的质量分数，固化土强度的增幅较小，添加剂相对于水泥的质量分数取0.15%为宜；当水与水泥质量比从0.45提高到0.75时，固化土的强度逐渐降低，但与水泥土相比，水与水泥质量比对固化土强度的影响较小；固化土的后期强度增长明显大于水泥土，当采用该种水泥土添加剂进行工程设计时，可适当考虑后期强度的增长.