罗非鱼-大豆共沉淀蛋白乳液稳定二十二碳六烯酸藻油的研究

为探究共沉淀蛋白乳液稳定二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexenoic acid, DHA)藻油的可行性,该研究以罗非鱼分离蛋白(tilapia protein isolate, TPI)、3种罗非鱼-大豆共沉淀蛋白(tilapia-soy protein co-precipitates, TSPC_2∶1、TSPC_1∶1和TSPC_1∶2)和大豆分离蛋白(soy protein isolate, SPI)为乳化剂,高压均质制备TPI、TSPC和SPI-DHA藻油乳液,比较5种乳液的物理稳定性和氧化稳定性。结果表明,与TPI乳液比较,随着原料中大豆比例的增加,TSPC-DHA藻油乳液的平均粒径和乳析指数减小(P<0.05),Zeta电位绝对值增大(P<0.05),乳液的物理稳定性增强。与SPI乳液比较,贮藏过程中TSPC-DHA藻油乳液的过氧化值和硫代巴比妥酸反应物值明显较小(P<0.05),乳液的氧化稳定性明显改善。TSPC_1∶1和TSPC_1∶2乳液在4℃贮藏28...     

DHA藻油纳米乳液制备及稳定性的研究

为提高DHA藻油在食品应用中的稳定性,本研究制备了一种新型的藻油双层纳米乳液.基于层层自组装原理,选用乳清分离蛋白(WPI)和阿拉伯胶(GA)分别作为纳米乳液的内层和外层包材,通过高压均质制备了 DHA藻油双层纳米乳液.对制备纳米乳液工艺参数进行考察,并探究其理化稳定性.结果表明:WPI质量分数为1.5％,GA质量分数...     

转谷氨酰胺酶对大豆分离蛋白酶解物的吸油性与保水性的改善作用

通过木瓜蛋白酶酶解大豆分离蛋白(Soy protein isolate,SPI)获得酶解物,然后利用转谷氨酰胺酶(Transglutaminase,TGase)对酶解物进行交联作用,以吸油性和保水性为指标,对交联条件进行响应曲面优化,并对改性前后粒径、Zeta电位、自由氨基含量与吸油性、保水性之间相关关系进行探究。结果表明,TGase添加量21.2 U/g、pH7.1、交联温度53.0 ℃、交联时间1.2 h时,酶解物经TGase交联后的吸油性最佳,为5.41 g/g,较TGase改性前的SPI酶解物(3.98 g/g)提高35.93%,较SPI(3.73 g/g)提高45.04%。在TGase添加量20 U/g、pH7.0、交联温度35 ℃、交联时间1.0 h时,酶解物经TGase交联后的保水性得以较好改善,为17.28 g/g,较TGase改性前的SPI酶解物(14.82 g/g)提高16.60%,较SPI(14.52 g/g)提高19.01%。粒径大小与保水性之间存在显著负相关,Zeta电位绝对值大小与吸油性存在显著正相关,与保水性存在负相关,自由氨基含量与吸油性之间存在显著负相关,相关系数分别为-0.865、0.878、-0.531、-0.595。     

热诱导大豆分离蛋白聚集对谷氨酰胺转氨酶交联乳液凝胶性质的影响

大豆分离蛋白(soybean protein isolate, SPI)基乳液凝胶在食品工业中应用广泛。在商品化SPI生产过程中,不可避免会发生一定程度的热变性和聚集,对谷氨酰胺转氨酶(transglutaminase, TGase)交联蛋白产生影响。为探究不同热变性程度的SPI对TGase诱导SPI乳液凝胶的影响,制备了不同热处理温度的SPI,研究其乳化性、凝胶强度、持水/油性、凝胶形态,以及SPI浓度、油浓度对SPI乳液凝胶性质的影响。结果表明：随着热处理温度的增加,SPI稳定乳液的乳化活性和乳化稳定性呈显著增加趋势。95℃热处理显著增强了乳液凝胶的凝胶性能,其凝胶硬度是天然蛋白乳液凝胶的2.2倍。对于95℃热处理的SPI乳液凝胶,随着蛋白浓度或油浓度的增大,凝胶强度显著增加,气孔逐渐增大;所有样品均具有优异的持水性和持油性。SPI在经过热变性(95℃)处理后有利于经TGase诱导形成SPI乳液凝胶。     

油相结构化对大豆蛋白藻油纳米乳液氧化稳定性的影响

利用蜂蜡结构化藻油结合大豆分离蛋白-甜菊糖（soy protein isolate-stevioside,SPI-STE）复合体系的乳化特性,制备高稳态的藻油纳米乳液体系。藻油凝胶的微观结构观察、热性质测试以及流变学分析表明,当藻油中蜂蜡添加量达到4%(m/m)时,大量晶体组装成稳固的网络结构,从而构筑出稳定的油凝胶。进一步以SPI-STE为稳定剂制备藻油纳米乳液,研究了藻油结构化对纳米乳液形成及稳定性的影响。结果表明,油相中添加蜂蜡对纳米乳液的形成没有显著影响。随着藻油中蜂蜡质量分数的增大（0%～6%）,乳液的物理稳定性逐渐提高;但在高蜂蜡添加量（8%）下,刚性较强的凝胶网络破坏了油滴界面层,乳液稳定性变差。热促氧化及光促氧化结果显示,蜂蜡油相结构化明显提高了纳米乳液的氧化稳定性,其中油相中含有6%蜂蜡的样品延缓氧化的效果最明显。本研究可为食品工业构建高稳态的藻油纳米乳液载体及产品提供一定技术支持。     

钙离子对亚麻籽胶-紫苏分离蛋白负载DHA藻油乳液储藏特性与递送虾青素效果的影响北大核心CSCD

DHA藻油是补充ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸的重要非动物来源,但因其自身水溶性差、易氧化产生不良风味等特点,极大约束了其摄入途径。据此,采用高压微射流技术与逐层沉积技术(LBL)制备负载DHA的亚麻籽胶(FG,质量分数为0.4%)-紫苏分离蛋白(PPI,质量分数为0.225%)双层乳液,研究Ca^(2+)添加量(0%~0.5%)对上述双层乳液体系稳定性的影响;同时,采用INFOGEST体外模拟消化模型,探究PPI-DHA藻油单层乳液、FG-PPI-DHA藻油双层乳液、Ca^(2+)-FG-PPI-DHA藻油双层乳液中DHA的消化特性,以及上述3种体系递送虾青素的效率,并通过监测其在消化过程中粒径分布、电荷特性及微观状态变化等解释其内在机理。结果表明:DHA藻油双层乳液储藏20 d后,未添加Ca^(2+)的双层乳液的粒径从10.4μm降低至4.3μm,Zeta-电位从-23 mV降低至-33 mV,Ca^(2+)添加量为0.4%的双层乳液的粒径和电位未发生显著变化,乳液液滴分布均匀,无分层、絮凝、沉淀现象;DHA藻油双层乳液储藏20 d后,添加Ca^(2+)的双层乳液的Turbiscan抗重力稳定性指数(TSI)较未添加Ca^(2+)的双层乳液有明显改善;3种乳液体系模拟消化过程中,游离脂肪酸释放量分别为68.88%、50.84%、52.32%,虾青素生物可及性分别为47.42%、12.54%、9.66%。说明添加Ca^(2+)有利于DHA藻油双层乳液的稳定储藏,但对消化过程中脂肪酸与虾青素的释放具有一定迟缓效果,研究结果可为设计靶向递送体系提供重要理论依据。     

TGase交联对alcalase水解大豆分离蛋白起泡性的影响

为了提高大豆分离蛋白(SPI)的起泡性,对SPI经alcalase有限水解产物中不同分子大小的肽段采用谷氨酰胺转移酶TGase进行交联。结果表明:TGase交联可有效提高SPI的起泡性,特别是显著地提高了其泡沫稳定性;MW﹥10 ku的大分子肽当加酶量为15 U/g底物且交联4 h时得到最佳的泡沫稳定性为88.5%;MW﹥10ku和MW﹤5 ku的大分子和小分子肽混合物当加酶量为50U/g(底物),交联时间为4 h、大分子与小分子肽摩尔比为1∶1时得到的最佳泡沫稳定性为60.3%;MW>10 ku的大分子肽交联产物的分子质量显著高于MW>10ku的大分子肽和MW<5 ku的小分子肽(摩尔比1∶1)交联产物的分子质量。     

Surfactin作为表面活性剂对O/W型藻油DHA乳状液物理和氧化稳定性的影响

以Surfactin作为表面活性剂制备藻油二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)乳状液并研究其稳定性。研究发现,水相为质量分数0.8%的Surfactin溶液,在不添加助表面活性剂和其他添加剂的条件下,制备水包油型藻油DHA乳状液,在4℃和37℃条件下保存相比其他表面活性剂具有良好的物理稳定性,在浊度、粒径、Zeta电位和流变学角度与Tween-80-丙三醇等表面活性剂制备的藻油DHA乳状液相比均有显著差异(P0.05),Surfactin藻油DHA乳状液在各方面均优于其他表面活性剂的藻油DHA乳状液。在高温处理和常温贮存过程中,Surfactin藻油DHA乳状液的氧化稳定性也十分优良,在37℃贮存60 d乳状液过氧化值始终处于较低水平,仅为(1.635±0.202)meq/kg。     

DHA乳状液制备工艺优化及氧化稳定性的研究

以二十二碳六烯酸(Docose Hexaenoie Acid, DHA)微藻油微胶囊化过程中形成的乳状液为研究对象,研究乳状液制备工艺条件及氧化稳定性。利用透射光浊度法和电导率法测定乳状液的稳定性,研究预乳化时间、乳化温度、均质压力、均质级数对乳状液稳定性的影响。以乳状液稳定性和表面张力为评价指标,在单因素试验基础上采用正交试验对乳状液制备工艺进行优化,制备后进行微胶囊包埋,分析了DHA微藻油微胶囊的氧化稳定性。结果表明,乳状液制备的最佳工艺为乳化温度50℃、均质压力30 MPa、预乳化时间3 min,2级均质,在此条件下,透射光浊度法测定得到乳状液稳定性为8.75%,表面张力为20.5 mN/m。乳状液制备工艺优化后得到的DHA微胶囊氧化稳定性得到显著提高。     

水相大豆分离蛋白对油包水乳液稳定性的影响

以富含多不饱和脂肪酸的核桃油为油相,于水相添加大豆分离蛋白(SPI),采用超高压微射流均质机制备油包水(W/O)乳液,乳液于45℃避光保存,每隔1 d测定乳液的平均粒径及粒径分布等物理特性,同时检测乳液初级及其次级氧化产物—脂质氢过氧化物与己醛,探究SPI对W/O乳液稳定性影响。结果表明,SPI应用于W/O乳液,乳液水滴粒径降低,乳液物理稳定性增大,SPI同时具有抗氧化活性。0.1%~0.4%SPI,蛋白质用量的增大对乳液物理稳定性无显著性影响;SPI用量增大(0.1%~0.2%)延长了脂质氢过氧化物与己醛形成延迟期,而用量进一步增大(0.4%)乳液脂质氧化稳定性影响不显著。乳液水相p H对SPI抗氧化活性有显著影响,水相p H 7.0,SPI抗氧化活性高于水相p H 3.0。研究同时表明,水相钙离子强度0~200mmol/L Ca Cl2,钙离子引入提高了乳液物理稳定性;乳液水相钙离子强度较低时(≤10 mmol/L Ca Cl2),离子强度的增大降低了SPI抗氧化活性,较高离子强度(100~200 mmol/L Ca Cl2)加速了乳液脂质氧化。     

二十二碳六烯酸微藻油乳状液稳定性的测定方法和影响因素

以二十二碳六烯酸（docosahexaenoic acid,DHA）微藻油微胶囊化过程中形成的乳状液为研究对象,探究乳状液稳定性的测定方法和影响因素。通过比较3 种不同乳状液稳定性测定方法以及显微镜观察发现：采用0.1 g/100 mL十二烷基硫酸钠溶液对乳状液进行稀释,检测乳状液形成24 h在600 nm波长处透光率的变化可以方便、准确地衡量其稳定性。壁材组成、芯材比例和总固形物质量分数都能够明显影响乳状液稳定性,从而影响微胶囊产品品质。当壁材中辛烯基琥珀酸酯化淀粉与麦芽糊精的质量比在2∶3、DHA微藻油质量分数在20%、总固形物质量分数在33%以下时,制备得到的DHA微胶囊产品的品质较高,且能够满足SC/T 3505—2006《鱼油微胶囊》规定。微胶囊化后DHA微藻油的贮存稳定期得到明显延长。     

紫苏油多层乳液的制备及乳液油脂体外消化特性

针对紫苏油在贮藏过程中极易氧化的特点,以大豆分离蛋白、壳聚糖和海藻酸钠为乳化剂,采用静电层层自组装技术对紫苏油进行包封,使紫苏油保持良好的物理稳定性,并能达到油脂缓释的目的。分别对紫苏油单层乳液、双层乳液和三层乳液微观形态和稳定性进行考察,建立体外模拟消化模型,通过气相色谱测定3 种乳液消化前后的脂肪酸组成。结果表明：壁材质量分数为大豆分离蛋白1.0%、壳聚糖2.0%、海藻酸钠1.5%时制备的3 种乳液粒径较小、电位较高,具有良好的理化稳定性。在酸性条件下的多层乳液能够更好保护多不饱和脂肪酸,随着包埋层数的增加,紫苏油的氧化速率越慢。体外模拟消化结果表明三层乳液较单层和双层乳液具有更好的缓释效果,多层乳液可以保证油脂中脂肪酸有效释放。本实验阐明不同界面层对紫苏油消化和脂肪酸释放特性的影响,为指导油脂缓释体系加工提供一定的参考。     

Preparation and Characterization of Novel Lipid Carriers Containing Microalgae Oil for Food Applications

This work investigated the suitability of lipid carriers as potential encapsulation method to improve the physical and chemical stability of microalgae oil high in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Lipid carriers with various oil contents were successfully prepared by a microfluidization method using stearic acid as solid lipid, microalgae oil as liquid lipid, and poloxamer 188 as surfactant. Results show that the mean particle diameter of the lipid carriers was in the range of 300 to 350 nm with the polydispersity index below 0.2. The lipid carriers were found to have spherical shape when examined under the transmission electron microscope. Data from the encapsulation efficiency and loading capacity indicate high distribution of microalgae oil throughout the lipid carriers and good physical stability as reflected by the particle size and size distribution during storage. Furthermore, the lower DPPH scavenging activity of lipid carriers compared with that of free microalgae oil suggests better chemical stability of microalgae oil encapsulated in lipid carriers. The addition of microalgae oil into lipid phase could disturb the crystalline order and form lattice defects to enable encapsulation of DHA as revealed by the results from differential scanning calorimetery. Current results suggest that this type of novel lipid carriers could be an efficient and promising carrier system for delivery of microalgae oil.     

鱼油在食品领域中的应用技术综述

对鱼油在食品领域中的应用技术进行综述。由于具有独特的营养功能,鱼油的应用十分广泛。中国居民目前对二十碳五烯酸(EPA)和二十二碳六烯酸(DHA)摄入不足,因而鱼油在食品中的应用十分必要。目前市场上已有多种鱼油应用于各类食品中。在应用过程中,鱼油的氧化稳定性问题一直是研究热点,选择不同的添加形式(纯鱼油、乳状液和微胶囊)并采用某些新工艺可有效提高氧化稳定性。鱼油应用于食品在技术和商业方面的发展前景均十分广阔。     

Fish oil encapsulation with chitosan using ultrasonic atomizer

An encapsulation technique was developed using an ultrasonic atomizer and three processing steps: emulsification, ultrasonic atomization, and freeze drying. Emulsion preparation variables such as concentration of wall materials [chitosan (CS), maltodextrin (MD) and whey protein isolate (WPI)] and tuna oil were optimized. The size and stability of the emulsion droplet and the properties of the encapsulated powders after freeze drying were characterized. At 20 g/100 g tuna oil, the optimum ratios of CS to MD and of CS to WPI were 1:10 and 1:1, respectively. There was a significant difference (P<0.05) in the emulsion particle sizes when the preparation conditions were varied. The combination of CS and MD giving the smallest particle size had the highest emulsion stability. The EPA and DHA content (240 mg/g) of the encapsulated powder were slightly higher than commercial specification (100 mg/g) and they had low moisture content and water activity, acceptable appearance and encapsulation efficiency. The ultrasonic technology used in this study could lead to application in the food industry improving the stability of tuna and other oils.     

Oil-in-water emulsions as a delivery system for n-3 fatty acids in meat products

The oxidative and physical stabilities of oil-in-water emulsions containing n-3 fatty acids (25 wt.% oil, 2.5 wt.% whey protein, pH 3.0 or pH 6.0), and their subsequent incorporation into meat products were investigated. The physical stability of fish oil emulsions was excellent and neither coalescence nor aggregation occurred during storage. Oxidative stability was better at pH 6.0 compared to pH 3.0 likely due to antioxidative continuous phase proteins. Incorporation of fish oil emulsions into pork sausages led to an increase in oxidation compared to sausages without the added fish oil emulsion. Confocal microscopy of pork sausages with fish oil emulsions revealed that droplets had coalesced in the meat matrix over time which may have contributed to the decreased oxidative stability. Results demonstrate that although interfacial engineering of n-3 fatty acids containing oil-in-water emulsions provides physical and oxidative stability of the base-emulsion, their incorporation into complex meat matrices is a non-trivial undertaking and products may incur changes in quality over time.     

复配抗氧化剂在牡丹籽油乳液中的抗氧化作用研究

为提高牡丹籽油乳液的氧化稳定性，将叔丁基对苯二酚（TBHQ）与天然抗氧化剂（生育酚、抗坏血酸）进行复配，测定不同抗氧化剂对牡丹籽油乳液的抗氧化作用，并分析了不同复配抗氧化剂的相互作用机制。结果表明：在贮藏30 d时，添加和未添加抗氧化剂牡丹籽油乳液的粒径相较于0 d 均略有增加，200 mg/kg TBHQ与800 mg/kg抗坏血酸复配时乳液的Zeta电位绝对值最大，且抗氧化作用最强；TBHQ与抗坏血酸表现出较好的协同抗氧化作用，与生育酚表现出拮抗作用；TBHQ与生育酚之间拮抗作用的原因主要是TBHQ减少了生育酚在牡丹籽油乳液中油水界面的含量，而TBHQ与抗坏血酸之间协同作用主要是由于抗坏血酸增加了TBHQ在牡丹籽油乳液中油水界面的含量。综上，TBHQ与抗坏血酸复配能提高牡丹籽油乳液的氧化稳定性。     

EFFECTS OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID POSITIONAL DISTRIBUTION ON THE OXIDATIVE STABILITY OF MODEL TRIACYLGLYCEROL IN WATER EMULSION

The effect of the positional distribution of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) within triacylglycerol (TAG) molecules on the oxidative stability of oil-in-water emulsions was investigated by using a synthetic TAG regio-isomer pair SDS (1,3-dioctadecanoyl-2-[4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoyl] glycerol) and SSD (1,2–dioctadecanoyl-3-[4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoyl] glycerol), where S and D represent stearic acid and DHA, respectively. Oil-in-water emulsions (10%, w/w) of each isomer were subjected to accelerated autoxidation by continuous exposure to air at 50C in the absence of light. Oxidation during the exposure (storage) was monitored by measuring a series of volatile compounds characteristic of DHA oxidation. SSD emulsion oxidized faster than SDS emulsion, showing that DHA is more stable to oxidation when located at the sn -2 position of the TAG compared with the sn -1(3) position. This regio-isomeric effect is similar to that previously reported for bulk oil oxidation.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Many of the food products that have been selected for fortification with omega-3 oils such as milk, yoghurt, salad dressings and juices are oil-in-water emulsions. This study, for the first time, demonstrated that the regio-isomeric effects on oxidative stability of docosahexaenoic acid observed for bulk oil also apply to oil-in-water emulsion. Thus, potential exists for enhancing the oxidative stability of omega-3-fortified emulsion foods through modification of triacylglycerol structure.     

植物球蛋白/姜黄素纳米复合物的制备及其对O/W型Pickering乳液氧化稳定性影响

本论文以两类植物球蛋白:豌豆分离蛋白(PPI)和大豆分离蛋白(SPI)为材料制备荷载姜黄素蛋白纳米复合物,并探究荷载前后蛋白所制备乳液的物理和氧化稳定性差异。结果表明:PPI和SPI在pH 3.0和pH 7.0下荷载前后蛋白纳米颗粒粒径没有明显变化。pH 7.0时两蛋白姜黄素荷载量均高于pH 3.0,各pH下SPI荷载量要高于PPI。表面疏水性的显著降低与荧光淬灭现象发生表明形成两种蛋白纳米复合物的主要作用力为疏水相互作用,同时在两pH下,PPI比SPI荧光蓝移趋势更明显且有效淬灭常数也更大,即更易形成复合物。与原蛋白相比,荷载后各蛋白颗粒所制备乳液乳化活性有少许降低,同时pH 3.0时各蛋白颗粒乳化活性要高于pH 7.0。各乳液生成初级氧化产物脂质氢过氧化物浓度的变化趋势与生成次级氧化产物TBARS相类似,均为荷载姜黄素后各乳液氧化水平加速,同时pH 3.0时各类型乳液油滴氧化程度均高于pH 7.0。     

Characteristics of Sodium Caseinate- and Soy Protein Isolate-Stabilized Emulsion-Gels Formed by Microbial Transglutaminase

ABSTRACT:  Protein-stabilized emulsion gels were prepared via microbial transglutaminase (mTGase) catalysis, and their physicochemical characteristics were examined. Emulsion oil droplet size and interfacial protein load were measured. The sodium caseinate and soy protein isolate emulsion gels exhibited different microstructures and physical properties. The emulsion gels improved the storage stability of aroma compounds. Rheological measurements of the emulsion gels revealed interesting strength, gelation kinetics, and thermal sensitivity properties. The mTGase-induced emulsion gels comprised a fine network which led to less release of aroma compounds upon storage than did emulsions. These results suggest that emulsion gels may be used to improve the texture of food emulsions and to control release of food aromas.