基于HHT和R/S分析的黄河上游年径流序列演变模式分析

为揭示年径流在不同时间尺度下的变化规律及径流序列的演变模式,采用希尔伯特-黄变换（HHT）法分析黄河上游的天然年径流序列,就可分解得到不同尺度下的固有模态函数;再结合重标度极差（R/S）法分析了各阶固有模态函数及天然径流量,得到赫斯特指数（Hurst）和分维数,进而探索了河川径流时间序列的演变趋势、分形特征等。结果发现,黄河上游1930～1986年的天然年径流量具有自相似性和持续的长程相关性,且Hurst指数与周期具有正相关关系。     

气候变化和人类活动对密云水库上游流域径流变化的影响

以北京市密云水库上游流域为例,采用非参数检验Mann-Kendall、Sen斜率、小波周期性分析、基尼系数及洛伦兹不对称系数、SCRAQ法,分析了1960～2017年水库上游流域张家坟站、下会站和密云水库入库月及年径流量的趋势、突变、均匀度等,并定量研究了气候变化和人类活动对径流量变化的影响。结果表明,三个站点月径流量所占比例主要集中于7～8月,且变幅较大,从8月开始,径流量开始减少;季度径流量夏季最大,春季和冬季较小;密云水库7～8月月径流总量的平均值为其他月份径流总量的0.94倍,其夏季径流量的平均值为其他三个季节径流总量的1.18倍;下会站在突变点即1997年后径流深出现缓慢的增加趋势,密云水库在突变点即1992年后径流深的减小速率变小,减小了20%,这是由于降水量及南水北调工程向其供水共同影响所导致;三个站点的主周期分别为8年和24年、5年和24年、6年和24年;年径流量的分布主要集中于许多较小的年径流量,其分布的不均匀性是由于少数较大的径流量引起的;降水和人类活动是对密云水库上游流域径流量变化影响最大的因素,其中人类活动是导致密云水库上游入库流量减小的主要原因。     

变化环境下浑河流域近50年来径流变化特征研究

浑河是辽河重要支流,研究其径流变化特征,对做好区域水资源相关工作具有重要的参考意义。基于浑河流域上游大伙房水库站、中游沈阳站和下游邢家窝棚站的1962~2011年逐月实测径流资料,借助累积滤波器法、Mann-Kendall法、小波分析法、集中度和集中期等方法和指标研究了变化环境下浑河流域径流的年际、年内变化特征。结果表明,浑河流域径流存在阶段性特征,其中1962~1984年径流偏枯,1985~2011年径流偏丰;各站年径流变化主周期均为11年,第二周期均为5年,第三周期存在微小差别;径流年内集中度逐渐减小,各月分配的径流量趋于均匀;浑河流域各站年、非汛期径流量分别呈减少、增加变化,总体上,汛期各月径流量呈减少变化,非汛期各月径流多呈增加变化,这些变化有助于发展流域社会经济和保护河流生态系统的健康。     

金沙江下游及三峡梯级空间径流均匀度变化

针对金沙江下游及三峡梯级流域开发可能对空间径流均匀度产生的影响,基于屏山、寸滩和宜昌水文站1954~2007年径流资料,利用Lorenz曲线和Gini系数计算了径流时空分布均匀度变化。结果表明,屏山、寸滩、宜昌3站年径流Gini系数整体呈下降趋势,流量时间分布趋于均匀,流域洪枯变化和干支流建坝蓄水调节均对径流均匀度产生较大的干扰。表明上游水库对下游径流量的影响程度取决于上游水库的调节性能及来流量,对于调节性能不高的水库,流域天然径流的丰枯变化大于水库的调蓄影响。     

基于EEMD-Xgboost组合模型的渭北流域月径流序列模拟研究

为提升月径流序列的模拟精度,利用集合经验模式分解（EEMD）析出原始流量数据的模态分量,将极限梯度下降（Xgboost）作为预测函数,构建了基于EEMD-Xgboost的月径流预测模型,并应用EEMD-Xgboost模型训练了黄土坮塬区漆水站1951～1996年月径流序列变化规律,预测了1997～2020年的月径流量。结果表明,与单一Xgboost模型相比,EEMD-Xgboost模型的Nash-Sutcliffe效率(N_NSE)提升了20.27%、均方根误差(R_RMSE)减小了93.23%;且EEMD-Xgboost模型优于EEMD-ELM、EEMD-RF模型(N_NSE分别提高2.30%、3.49%;R_RMSE减小2.64%、11.75%)。EEMD-Xgboost混合模型集合了数据自适应分析与非线性映射的优点,改善了传统单一模型的预测能力。     

掌鸠河引水首部水源工程金属结构设计特点

掌鸠河引水工程是一项承担昆明市城市供水的工程,是云南省城市供水规模最大的建设项目,亦是是云南省第一个利用日本国际协力银行贷款建设的为城市供水的工程。建设规模为H供水6×10^5t的供水系统．掌鸠河引水供水工程主要包括：水源工程-云龙水库、输水工程、净配水工程,主要介绍首部枢纽工程闸门及启闭机等金属结构设计和布置情况,并对其特点进行了阐述。     

金沙江上游流域水文循环要素变化特征分析

基于金沙江上游攀枝花和直门达两个水文站及49个气象站1956～2009年的水文气象资料,分析了气温、降水和径流的时空变化特征,并采用Mann-Kendall检验法对各要素的时间变化趋势进行了显著性检验。结果表明,金沙江上游年平均气温和月平均气温均显著升高;年降水量显著增加,但年径流量增加趋势并不显著;月径流量除在春末夏初显著增加外,其他各月均无明显变化。     

穆棱河流域上游径流年内分配特性

为分析穆棱河流域上游径流年内分配特征,根据穆棱河干流上游主要控制站——梨树镇水文站1962～2009年逐月天然径流资料,在分析该站径流年内分配变化过程及比例的基础上,采用不均匀系数、完全调节系数、集中度、集中期和绝对变化幅度等指标研究了该站径流年内分配特性,以Man-Kendall检验法和R/S分析法探讨了该站各月径流及其年内分配特征分析指标变化趋势。结果表明,径流年内分布呈"单峰型",径流主要集中在4～10月,占全年径流量的94.9%;最大月径流量出现在5～8月,占全年径流量的19.4%～33.7%;21世纪初的春、冬季径流量偏丰,其余各季径流量偏枯;21世纪初的CV、Cr、Cd和D基本为各年代最大值,ΔR小于多年均值,径流年内分配最不均匀、最集中;CV、Cr、Cd和D在现在和未来均为不显著增加趋势,径流年内分配将更不均匀、更加集中;加之,全年来水减少、汛期来水增加,不利于区域水资源开发利用。可通过地表水、地下水和再生水优化配置,保障流域经济社会良性发展。研究成果对合理开发和利用区域水资源具有一定指导意义。     

牛栏江中上段枯季径流分析及月径流模拟

为分析牛栏江中上段中长期径流特征,基于牛栏江中上段七星桥水文站1990～2016年降水、蒸发、径流实测资料,使用一元线性回归、退水系数、离散系数等分析了牛栏江枯季径流特点及趋势。结果表明,牛栏江中上段枯季径流量、降水量无明显变化趋势,但蒸发量有明显减少趋势,枯季径流量占年度径流量的比例有增加趋势,11月至次年4月,月径流量逐步大幅减少,但趋势分析表明,11月径流量有明显减少趋势,12月无明显变化趋势,1～4月径流量呈增加趋势,枯季各月径流量总体趋向于均衡。使用Pearson相关分析法识别枯季月径流预报因子,基于二次回归正交旋转设计,构建了枯季各月预报模型,模型模拟检验表明,11月径流预报模型精度为丙级,12月至次年4月径流预报模型精度为乙级。研究成果可为牛栏江—滇池补水工程枯季水资源调度提供依据。     

基于EMD分解的AR模型在年径流预测中的应用

为提高年径流中长期预测的精度,提出了一种新的时间序列预测方法——基于EMD分解的AR模型,以汾河上游上静游、汾河水库、寨上和兰村四座水文站1956~2000年的年径流序列为例,首先利用经验模态分解(EMD)方法将四座水文站的年径流序列分解为若干个固有模态函数(IMF)分量和一个残余项分量,然后运用自回归(AR)模型分别对各阶IMF进行预测,最后将各阶预测值重构得到年径流量预测值与单独运用AR模型的预测结果进行比较。结果表明,运用基于EMD分解的AR模型对汾河上游年径流进行预测,其预测精度比单独运用AR模型的预测精度有明显提高,表明该方法可行、有效。     

Ash-forming elements in four Scandinavian wood species. Part 1: Summer harvest

Woody biomass in Finland and Sweden comprises mainly four wood species: spruce, pine, birch and aspen. To study the ash, which may cause problems for the combustion device, one tree of each species were cut down and prepared for comparisons with fuel samples. Well-defined samples of wood, bark and foliage were analyzed on 11 ash-forming elements: Si, Al, Fe, Ca, Mg, Mn, Na, K, P, S and Cl. The ash content in the wood tissues (0.2–0.7%) was low compared to the ash content in the bark tissues (1.9–6.4%) and the foliage (2.4–7.7%). The woods’ content of ash-forming elements was consequently low; the highest contents were of Ca (410–1340 ppm) and K (200–1310), followed by Mg (70–290), Mn (15–240) and P (0–350). Present in the wood was also Si (50–190), S (50–200) and Cl (30–110). The bark tissues showed much higher element contents; Ca (4800–19,100 ppm) and K (1600–6400) were the dominating elements, followed by Mg (210–2400), P (210–1200), Mn (110–1100) and S (310–750), but the Cl contents (40–330) were only moderately higher in the bark than in the wood. The young foliage (shoots and deciduous leaves) had the highest K (7100–25,000 ppm), P (1600–5300) and S (1100–2600) contents of all tissues, while the shoots of spruce had the highest Cl contents (820–1360) and its needles the highest Si content (5000–11,300). This paper presented a new approach in fuel characterization: the method excludes the presence of impurities, and focus on different categories of plant tissues. This made it possible to discuss the contents of ash element in a wide spectrum of fuel-types, which are of large importance for the energy production in Finland and Sweden.     

NEXT GENERATION ENGINEERED MATERIALS FOR ULTRA SUPERCRITICAL STEAM TURBINES

正1 ABSTRACT To reduce the effect of global warming on our climate,the levels of CO2emissions should be reduced.One way to do this is to increase the efficiency of electricity production from fossil fuels.This will in turn reduce the amount of CO2emissions for a given power output.Using US practice for efficiency calculations,then a move from a typical US plant running at 37%efficiency to a 760℃/38.5 MPa(1 400/5 580 psi)plant running at 48%efficiency would reduce CO2emissions by 170kg/MW.hr or 25%.     

Contents in Volume 23,2014

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Aerodynamic performance effects of leading-edge geometry in gas-turbine blades

The purpose of this paper is to illustrate the advantages of the direct surface-curvature distribution blade-design method, originally proposed by Korakianitis, for the leading-edge design of turbine blades, and by extension for other types of airfoil shapes. The leading edge shape is critical in the blade design process, and it is quite difficult to completely control with inverse, semi-inverse or other direct-design methods. The blade-design method is briefly reviewed, and then the effort is concentrated on smoothly blending the leading edge shape (circle or ellipse, etc.) with the main part of the blade surface, in a manner that avoids leading-edge flow-disturbance and flow-separation regions. Specifically in the leading edge region we return to the second-order (parabolic) construction line coupled with a revised smoothing equation between the leading-edge shape and the main part of the blade. The Hodson–Dominy blade has been used as an example to show the ability of this blade-design method to remove leading-edge separation bubbles in gas turbine blades and other airfoil shapes that have very sharp changes in curvature near the leading edge. An additional gas turbine blade example has been used to illustrate the ability of this method to design leading edge shapes that avoid leading-edge separation bubbles at off-design conditions. This gas turbine blade example has inlet flow angle 0°, outlet flow angle −64.3°, and tangential lift coefficient 1.045, in a region of parameters where the leading edge shape is critical for the overall blade performance. Computed results at incidences of −10°,   −5°,   +5°,   +10° are used to illustrate the complete removal of leading edge flow-disturbance regions, thus minimizing the possibility of leading-edge separation bubbles, while concurrently minimizing the stagnation pressure drop from inlet to outlet. These results using two difficult example cases of leading edge geometries illustrate the superiority and utility of this blade-design method when compared with other direct or inverse blade-design methods.     

Hydrogen production by steam-gasification of carbonaceous materials using concentrated solar energy – V. Reactor modeling,optimization, and scale-up

A chemical reactor for the steam-gasification of carbonaceous particles (e.g. coal, coke) is considered for using concentrated solar radiation as the energy source of high-temperature process heat. A two-phase reactor model that couples radiative, convective, and conductive heat transfer to the chemical kinetics is applied to optimize the reactor geometrical configuration and operational parameters (feedstock's initial particle size, feeding rates, and solar power input) for maximum reaction extent and solar-to-chemical energy conversion efficiency of a 5 kW prototype reactor and its scale-up to 300 kW. For the 300 kW reactor, complete reaction extent is predicted for an initial feedstock particle size up to 35 μm at residence times of less than 10 s and peak temperatures of 1818 K, yielding high-quality syngas with a calorific content that has been solar-upgraded by 19% over that of the petcoke gasified.     

汽轮机数字电液调节系统挂闸异常的技术完善

分析了200MW汽轮机数字电液调节系统在运行中存在的挂闸异常问题,采取了相应的技术处理措施,且运行实践效果良好。     

新型高压共轨ECU升压模块的数字化开发与优化

为了提高喷油器电磁阀的响应速率,提出了一种基于CPLD(复杂可编程逻辑器件)应用于高压共轨ECU的数字升压模块。鉴于该升压电路结构参数多,其升压电压的恢复响应要求高等特征,基于Pspice建立了升压电路的仿真模型,研究了不同电路参数下升压模块的输出特性,全面优化了该升压模块的性能。结果显示,该升压模块的最大转换效率可以达90%以上。在柴油发动机上对ECU的试验表明,升压电压最大波动不超过10%,其恢复时间仅为1.3ms,功率管最大温升仅为41℃,满足整机运行范围内ECU的需求。     

Trace metal chemistry and silicification of microorganisms in geothermal sinter, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New Zealand

As part of a pilot study investigating the role of microorganisms in the immobilisation of As, Sb, B, Tl and Hg, the inorganic geochemistry of seven different active sinter deposits and their contact fluids were characterised. A comprehensive series of sequential extractions for a suite of trace elements was carried out on siliceous sinter and a mixed silica-carbonate sinter. The extractions showed whether metals were loosely exchangeable or bound to carbonate, oxide, organic or crystalline fractions. Hyperthermophilic microbial communities associated with sinters deposited from high temperature (92–94°C) fluids at a variety of geothermal sources were investigated using SEM. The rapidity and style of silicification of the hyperthermophiles can be correlated with the dissolved silica content of the fluid. Although high concentrations of Hg and Tl were found associated with the organic fraction of the sinters, there was no evidence to suggest that any of the heavy metals were associated preferentially with the hyperthermophiles at the high temperature (92–94°C) ends of the terrestrial thermal spring ecosystems studied.     

Assessment methods of material ageing using Sdobyrev''s creep rupture model

The physical aspects of the activation energy, in higher and high temperatures, of the metal creep process were examined. The research results of creep-rupture in a uniaxial stress state and the criterion of creep-rupture in biaxial stress states, at two temperatures, are then presented. For these studies creep-rupture, taking case iron as an example the energy and pseudoenergy activation was determined. For complex stress states the criterion of creep-rupture was taken to be Sdobyrev's, i.e. σ_red = σ₁ β + (1 − β)σ_i, where: σ₁-maximal principal stress, σ_i-stress intensity, β-material constant (at variable temperature β = β(T)). The methods of assessment of the material ageing grade are given in percentages of ageing of new material in the following mechanical properties: 1) creep strength in uniaxial stress state, 2) activation energy in uniaxial stress state, 3) criterion creep strength in complex stress states, 4) activation pseudoenergy in complex stress states. The methods 1) and 3) are the relatively simplest because they result from experimental investigations only at nominal temperature of the structure work, however, for methods 2) and 4) it is necessary to perform the experimental investigations at least at two temperatures.     

Production of hydrogen from sewage biosolids in a continuously fed bioreactor: Effect of hydraulic retention time and sparging

Hydrogen was produced from primary sewage biosolids via mesophilic anaerobic fermentation in a continuously fed bioreactor. Prior to fermentation the sewage biosolids were heated to 70 °C for 1 h to inactivate methanogens and during fermentation a cellulose degrading enzyme was added to improve substrate availability. Hydraulic retention times (HRT) of 18, 24, 36 and 48 h were evaluated for the duration of hydrogen production. Without sparging a hydraulic retention time of 24 h resulted in the longest period of hydrogen production (3 days), during which a hydrogen yield of 21.9 L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added to the bioreactor was achieved. Methods of preventing the decline of hydrogen production during continuous fermentation were evaluated. Of the techniques evaluated using nitrogen gas to sparge the bioreactor contents proved to be more effective than flushing just the headspace of the bioreactor. Sparging at 0.06 L L min⁻¹ successfully prevented a decline in hydrogen production and resulted in a yield of 27.0  L H₂ kg⁻¹ VS added, over a period of greater than 12 days or 12 HRT. The use of sparging also delayed the build up of acetic acid in the bioreactor, suggesting that it serves to inhibit homoacetogenesis and thus maintain hydrogen production.