我国食品转基因标识研究

21世纪是生物技术的世纪,转基因食品的研究与开发已经成为学术界乃至广大公众的话题。转基因作物的成本低、产量高;具有抗除草荆、抗虫和抗病毒等特性;提高转基因食品的品质和营养价值;转基因食品便于运输、贮藏;增加保鲜性。转基因食品在给人类带来巨大效益的同时也存在着各种风险以及问题。转基因食品是否安全?转基因食品是否应该进行标识?对转基因食品应该如何标识才能保障广大消费者利益?本文正是在这一大背景下。在论证转基因食品标识必要性的基础上论述了美国和欧盟两大发达国家的标识制度;分析了我国转基因食品标识制度的现状,同时借鉴发达国家经验指出了转基因食品标识所存在的问题并在此基础上提出了一系列建议措施。     

完善我国转基因食品标识的法律问题研究

转基因食品标识制度在转基因食品监管中具有至关重要的作用。文章首先从法律规定、监管制度的角度分别阐述了我国转基因食品标识法律制度的现状;而后分析了我国转基因食品标识法律存在的主要问题,认为我国转基因法律存在规范尚不完善、监管制度仍不健全、惩罚救济法律制度还不完备等问题;最后提出具有针对性的建议对策,认为应进一步完善我国转基因食品标识的法律体系规范,建立高效的转基因食品标识的监管制度,加强转基因食品标识的处罚和救济制度建设。     

我国转基因食品标识制度的反思与完善

<正>发展转基因食品是我国的重大战略决策,能否落到实处取决于消费者是否接受。消费者接受转基因食品的前提是实现知情权,科学的转基因食品标识制度是消费者实现知情权的有效保障。我国较早建立转基因食品标识制度,但存在阳性标识范围失衡、标识豁免规则不明、阴性标识制度缺失等诸多缺陷,法律效果并不尽如人意。因此,有必要对我国转基因食品标识制度进行反思,针对制度缺陷予以完善,构建以阳性标识制度为主、标识豁免制度为辅、阴性标识制度为必要补充的科学合理的转基因食品标识制度,为落实我国发展转基因食品的重大战略决策提供有力的制度支撑。      

转基因食品的安全性与标识管理

植物性转基因食品的迅速发展,在给社会带来巨大经济效益的同时,其安全性问题不容忽视。本文概述了国内外转基因食品的发展现状,从不同角度分析了转基因食品对人类健康及生态环境产生的潜在影响,并重点介绍了部分发达国家对转基因食品的标识管理及我国转基因食品的标识制度,这对进一步完善我国的转基因食品管理具有指导意义。     

转基因食品标识阈值问题研究

转基因食品标识与消费者知情权紧密相关,是人们关注的焦点议题。随着转基因食品与非转基因食品共存范围的不断扩大,我国现行转基因食品标识制度采取定性标准,缺少阈值设定,科学性不足、可行性较差,制度缺陷日益凸显,亟需完善。本文在分析转基因食品标识阈值的内涵、类型、计算、功能等问题的基础上,通过比较考察国外转基因食品标识的阈值管理情况,认为我国应以预防、可行、经济、透明为指导原则,以核酸量为计算基准,采用单独计算方式设定科学合理的转基因食品阳性标识阈值和阴性标识阈值,以便充分发挥我国转基因食品标识制度的功能。     

转基因食品标识与管理

阐述了转基因食品(GMF)标识的重要性，通过转基因食品抽检的博弈分析，提出促使厂商遵守转基因标识制度的措施。比较了中外转基因食品的标识办法，并分析了我国转基因食品标识存在的若干问题，提出了完善标识制度的建议。     

我国转基因食品标识管理立法困境与出路

现行《食品安全法》对转基因食品强制标识仅作了原则性规定,致使现行规定仍过于模糊、存在疏漏,易在实践操作中出现困境。通过对转基因食品标识管理的立法进行梳理,认为我国转基因食品标识兼采以产品与过程为基础的强制标识原则,并实行偏向商谈-建构模式下的过程中心主义强制标识制度,仍存在着转基因食品定义不清、标识主体和内容模糊以及未标识责任不明确的问题,最后针对现行转基因食品标识管理立法层面存在的不足与缺漏,提出相应的完善建议。     

转基因食品标识豁免制度研究

在转基因食品强制标识制度下,转基因食品标识豁免制度不可或缺。转基因食品标识豁免制度具有保障消费者和生产者合法权益、促进转基因食品产业健康发展的制度功能。我国立法对转基因食品标识豁免制度功能定位的偏差,致使豁免制度存在可行性差、经济性差、动态性差等诸多缺陷,科学性不足,负面效应凸显。因此,我国应通过设定科学的豁免对象,采取建立机制、阈值管理、改进目录、分步实施等实践路径,完善豁免制度,以便充分发挥其制度功能。     

食品非转基因标识使用的法律规制

食品非转基因标识在中国被广泛使用,信息不对称增加了非转基因标识被滥用的风险,市场机制不足以对其进行调节,且中国对非转基因标识使用的法律规制存在立法规定不细致、司法"不认定"等问题。现有研究也主要针对非转基因广告而不是非转基因标识本身。对比来看,德国、日本、美国均有专门针对食品非转基因标识使用的法律规范,具体规定了可使用非转基因标识的食品范围及要求,通过对非转基因食品进行认证管理以确保使用标识的食品的非转基因身份真实,设置统一的标识形式以确保统一的市场并避免消费者被误导。中国应当借鉴这些共通的经验,食品标识相关的法律法规要专门对非转基因标识的使用设立规范,并细化对非转基因标识的形式要求;构建专门的非转基因食品认证制度,由食品药品监督管理局授权专门认证机构对其进行认证。     

我国转基因食品安全立法现状与不足的思考

<正>转基因技术在我国已经有二十多年的发展历史,但目前相关法律法规已经渐渐无法适应转基因食品在我国的发展。在我国现行的法律法规中,涉及转基因食品安全的法律法规只是散见于其他规章条例之中,且程序性规定较多,同时存在转基因食品标识范围过窄、缺乏统一检测与评估转基因含量的具体标准、信息公开制度不完善、缺乏完善的监管制度等问题。     

Effect of Ionizing Radiation on the Quantification of Genetically Modified Foods

The rapid spread of Genetically Modified (GM) crops globally and the mandatory labeling of GM food and feed imposed by many countries has led to the development of relevant detection techniques. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) – based methods are presently the most effective and reliable for GM detection even in processed food products. This study evaluated the effect of electron beam irradiation, used for food pasteurization, on the detection and quantification of dry GM soyabean and maize products; qualitative and quantitative (real-time TaqMan^TM probe) PCR analysis showed that electron beam irradiation treatment, even at a high dose (10 kGy), did not affect the traceability of transgenes.     

Qualitative and Quantitative Detection of Protein and Genetic Traits in Genetically Modified Food

Due to the market introduction of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in crops, foods, and ingredients, legislation worldwide came face to face with the question of the use and labeling requirements on GMO crops and their derivatives. In this review, protein- and DNA-based methods, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, western blots, and qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction PCR (Q-PCR) are reviewed. Qualitative detection methods for genetically modified (GM) sequences in foods have evolved rapidly during the past years. The sensitivity of these systems is extremely high, even for processed foodstuffs. However, the availability of quantitative detection methods for GMO analysis is an important prerequisite for the introduction of threshold limits for GMOs in food. The recently introduced labeling threshold for GMOs in food ingredients by the European Union has forced official food control laboratories to apply quantitative PCR methods. Taking the precision of quantitative PCR detection methods into account, suitable sample plans and sample sizes for GMO analysis are discussed. As quantitative GMO detection methods measure GMO contents of samples in relation to reference material, priority must be given to international agreements and standardization on certified reference materials. The rapidly increasing number of GM foods on the market demands the development of more advanced multidetection systems, such as microarray technology. Challenges and problems arising from the inability to detect GM foods for which the modified sequence is unknown, the lengthy standardization procedures, and the need to continuously update databases comprising commercially available GM foods and the respective detection strategies are also discussed.     

An overview of genetically modified crop governance,issues and challenges in Malaysia

The application of agricultural biotechnology attracts the interest of many stakeholders. Genetically modified (GM) crops, for example, have been rapidly increasing in production for the last 20 years. Despite their known benefits, GM crops also pose many concerns not only to human and animal health but also to the environment. Malaysia, in general, allows the use of GM technology applications but it has to come with precautionary and safety measures consistent with the international obligations and domestic legal frameworks. This paper provides an overview of GM crop technology from international and national context and explores the governance and issues surrounding this technology application in Malaysia. Basically, GM research activities in Malaysia are still at an early stage of research and development and most of the GM crops approved for release are limited for food, feed and processing purposes. Even though Malaysia has not planted any GM crops commercially, actions toward such a direction seem promising. Several issues concerning GM crops as discussed in this paper will become more complex as the number of GM crops and varieties commercialised globally increase and Malaysia starts to plant GM crops. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

转基因食品及其安全性评价

随着我国转基因农作物进口数量不断增加,以转基因农作物为原料的食品在市场上所占有份额逐渐增大,转基因食品安全性越来越受到人们关注;本文综述转基因食品发展现状、安全性评价、营养问题及各国政府对于转基因食品采取的管理措施和标识管理,并对转基因食品发展前景进行展望。     

转基因食品成分分析检测技术研究进展

随着转基因研发技术的快速发展及在农业领域产业化应用的不断推进,抗逆、抗病和高产优质的转基因(genetically modified,GM)作物品种日渐增多。但转基因食品(genetically modified food,GMF)在带来极大经济效益同时,其安全性也备受争议。因此,世界各国不断建立和完善GM产品标识制度,有些国家甚至规定了转基因成分(genetically modified ingredients,GMIs)具体阈值限量。为更好地对GMF安全性提供评价,识别和量化转基因成分(GMIs)检测技术的持续创新与发展尤为重要。本文从基于外源核酸水平的检测技术和基于外源蛋白的检测技术两个方面,系统介绍了定性PCR技术、定量PCR技术、等温扩增技术、基因组测序技术、酶联免疫吸附技术、免疫层析试纸条技术以及较新的CRISPR/Cas核酸检测技术等重要技术的原理、应用情况和研究进展,并总结分析各转基因食品成分检测技术的优缺点和亟需解决的难点问题,以期为促进GMF快速、准确及高通量检测技术发展,为确保我国GMF安全的高效准确的监督提供有效支撑。     

Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria: A Challenge for the Food Industry

Antibiotic-resistant bacteria were first described in the 1940s, but whereas new antibiotics were being discovered at a steady rate, the consequences of this phenomenon were slow to be appreciated. At present, the paucity of new antimicrobials coming into the market has led to the problem of antibiotic resistance fast escalating into a global health crisis. Although the selective pressure exerted by the use of antibiotics (particularly overuse or misuse) has been deemed the major factor in the emergence of bacterial resistance to these antimicrobials, concerns about the role of the food industry have been growing in recent years and have been raised at both national and international levels. The selective pressure exerted by the use of antibiotics (primary production) and biocides (e.g., disinfectants, food and feed preservatives, or decontaminants) is the main driving force behind the selection and spread of antimicrobial resistance throughout the food chain. Genetically modified (GM) crops with antibiotic resistance marker genes, microorganisms added intentionally to the food chain (probiotic or technological) with potentially transferable antimicrobial resistance genes, and food processing technologies used at sub-lethal doses (e.g., alternative non-thermal treatments) are also issues for concern. This paper presents the main trends in antibiotic resistance and antibiotic development in recent decades, as well as their economic and health consequences, current knowledge concerning the generation, dissemination, and mechanisms of antibacterial resistance, progress to date on the possible routes for emergence of resistance throughout the food chain and the role of foods as a vehicle for antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The main approaches to prevention and control of the development, selection, and spread of antibacterial resistance in the food industry are also addressed.     

转基因食品的法律规制研究

转基因食品作为生物科技发展的重要成果,其对人类的作用同样具有其它科技成果的两面性。由于转基因食品相对于普通食品的特殊性,必须对其可能产生的问题进行有效的法律规制。欧美日等发达国家为此专门建立了试验和上市的审批制度、隔离制度以及标识制度,美国还建立了转基因食品监管非歧视的法律原则。结合中国转基因食品法律规制现状,应当采取对其正式立法、颁布可操作性强的具体实施条例、建立产业准入制度、加强执法方面的投入以及坚持非歧视的法律原则等方面的措施,才能保证中国转基因食品的法律规制达到既能有效地防范转基因食品产生的特殊安全风险,又不阻碍转基因产业的正常发展的良好效果。     

Genetic modification for disease resistance: a position paper

This Position Paper was prepared by members of the Task Force on Global Food Security of the International Society for Plant Pathology. An objective approach is proposed to the assessment of the potential of genetic modification (GM) to reduce the impact of crop diseases. The addition of GM to the plant breeder’s conventional toolbox facilitates gene-by-gene introduction into breeding programmes of well-defined characters, while also allowing access to genes from a greatly extended range of organisms. The current status of GM crops is outlined. GM could make an additional contribution to food security but its potential has been controversial, sometimes because of fixed views that GM is unnatural and risky. These have no factual basis: GM technology, where adopted, is widely regulated and no evidence has been reported of adverse consequences for human health. The potential benefits of GM could be particularly valuable for the developing world but there are numerous constraints. These include cost, inadequate seed supply systems, reluctance to adopt unfamiliar technology, concern about markets, inadequacy of local regulatory systems, mismatch between research and growers’ needs, and limited technical resources. The lower cost of new gene-editing methods should open the practice of GM beyond multinational corporations. As yet there are few examples of utilization of GM-based resistance to plant diseases. Two cases, papaya ringspot virus and banana xanthomonas wilt, are outlined. In the developing world there are many more potential cases whose progress is prevented by the absence of adequate biosafety regulation. It is concluded that there is untapped potential for using GM to introduce disease resistance. An objective approach to mobilizing this potential is recommended, to address the severe impact of plant disease on food security.     

Genetically Modified (GM) Foods and Ethical Eating

The ability to manipulate and customize the genetic code of living organisms has brought forth the production of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) and consumption of genetically modified (GM) foods. The potential for GM foods to improve the efficiency of food production, increase customer satisfaction, and provide potential health benefits has contributed to the rapid incorporation of GM foods into the American diet. However, GM foods and GMOs are also a topic of ethical debate. The use of GM foods and GM technology is surrounded by ethical concerns and situational judgment, and should ideally adhere to the ethical standards placed upon food and nutrition professionals, such as: beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice and autonomy. The future of GM foods involves many aspects and trends, including enhanced nutritional value in foods, strict labeling laws, and potential beneficial economic conditions in developing nations. This paper briefly reviews the origin and background of GM foods, while delving thoroughly into 3 areas: (1) GMO labeling, (2) ethical concerns, and (3) health and industry applications. This paper also examines the relationship between the various applications of GM foods and their corresponding ethical issues. Ethical concerns were evaluated in the context of the code of ethics developed by the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics (AND) that govern the work of food and nutrition professionals. Overall, there is a need to stay vigilant about the many ethical implications of producing and consuming GM foods and GMOs.     

食品过敏法规及其检测技术现状

近年来,食品过敏越来越受到人们的广泛重视。本文基于国内外大量关于过敏原的文献,归纳了国内外关于过敏原信息标注的法律法规、管理现状,与中国现有的《预包装食品标签通则》比较,提出对应的建议与意见。本文总结了当前国内外各种检测技术的发展现状。经典的聚合酶链式反应法(polymerase chain reaction, PCR)和酶联免疫法(enzyme linked immunosorbent assay, ELISA)各有不可忽视的缺点,而基于质谱技术的检测技术集合了上述方法的优点,摒弃了它们的缺点,是未来过敏原检测技术发展的方向。