泡沫炭的研究进展

介绍了泡沫炭的基本性质及制备方法:泡沫炭是一种性能优异,用途广泛的新型炭材料;不同的制备原料和方法所得泡沫炭的结构和性能也有所不同.通常用于制备泡沫炭的原料包括有机聚合物、中间相沥青以及煤和煤系物.重点阐述了以煤和煤系物作为前体制备泡沫炭的相关工作,综述了泡沫炭的结构、性能及近年来国内外的研究进展,并对其潜在的应用和发展趋势做了初步总结.     

新型炭纤维/泡沫炭预制体的制备及致密化研究

由炭纤维/酚醛树脂经过发泡、固化和炭化制备出4种不同炭纤维含量(3%,7%,10%和15%)的泡沫炭作为制备炭/炭复合材料新型预制体,通过等温化学气相沉积对预制体进行致密化处理。研究了炭纤维含量对预制体微观结构、致密化过程及力学性能的影响。结果表明:炭纤维含量增加,使预制体产生更多的微裂纹,并有更多的炭纤维裸露在泡沫炭韧带外,有助于提高化学气相沉积的沉积速率。炭纤维/泡沫炭预制体炭/炭复合材料压缩强度随着预制体中炭纤维含量的增加而增加,当炭纤维体积分数为10%时,压缩强度达到峰值,为43MPa。     

炭／炭复合材料飞机刹车盘的湿态刹车性能

本文研究了炭／炭（Ｃ／Ｃ）复合材料飞机刹车盘（简称炭盘）的湿态刹车性能，分析了炭／炭复合材料的湿态摩擦机理，结果表明，炭盘的刹车性能有湿态下明显衰退，随着刹车比压，刹车能量的增大，其湿态刹车性能进一步衰减。     

高温下炭/炭复合材料对钛合金组织及性能的影响

将炭／炭复合材料与钛合金紧密接触并进行高温热处理，采用SEM、EDX、光学显微镜和三点弯曲测试，研究其高温热处理后炭／炭复合材料对钛合金组织结构和力学性能的影响。结果表明：炭／炭复合材料与钛合金在高温下几乎不发生反应；炭／炭复合材料中的碳元素未进入钛合金结构中；随热处理温度的升高和时间的延长，钛合金的室温弯曲强度减小，断裂特性由最初的韧性断裂转变为脆性断裂，钛合金的晶相结构中的网篮组织减少，等轴组织增多。     

泡沫炭的制备工艺及应用

作为一种功能型炭材料,泡沫炭以其优异的化学稳定性、热稳定性和强度高、导电性好、密度低等化学性能及物理性能引起人们广泛的关注.本文主要介绍了泡沫炭的典型微观结构、常用制备方法、基础性能和应用前景.最后结合泡沫炭的研究现状,展望了今后的发展方向.     

Carbon dioxide‐in‐water foams stabilized with nanoparticles and surfactant acting in synergy

Synergistic interactions at the interface of nanoparticles (bare colloidal silica) and surfactant (caprylamidopropyl betaine) led to the generation of viscous and stable CO₂‐in‐water (C/W) foams with fine texture at 19.4 MPa and 50°C. Interestingly, neither species generated C/W foams alone. The surfactant became cationic in the presence of CO₂ and adsorbed on the hydrophilic silica nanoparticle surfaces resulting in an increase in the carbon dioxide/water/nanoparticle contact angle. The surfactant also adsorbed at the CO₂–water interface, reducing interfacial tension to allow formation of finer bubbles. The foams were generated in a beadpack and characterized by apparent viscosity measurements both in the beadpack and in a capillary tube viscometer. In addition, the macroscopic foam stability was observed visually. The foam texture and viscosity were tunable by controlling the aqueous phase composition. Foam stability is discussed in terms of lamella drainage, disjoining pressure, interfacial viscosity, and hole formation. © 2013 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 3490–3501, 2013     

Generation of microcellular foams of PVDF and its blends using supercritical carbon dioxide in a continuous process

Use of supercritical carbon dioxide (scCO₂) as a blowing agent to generate microcellular polymer foams (MPFs) has recently received considerable attention due to environmental concerns associated with conventional organic blowing agents. While such foams derived from amorphous thermoplastics have been previously realized, semicrystalline MPFs have not yet been produced in a continuous scCO₂ process. This work describes the foaming of highly crystalline poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) and its blends with amorphous polymers during extrusion. Foams composed of neat PVDF and immiscible blends of PVDF with polystyrene exhibit poor cell characteristics, whereas miscible blends of PVDF with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) yield foams possessing vastly improved morphologies. The results reported herein illustrate the effects of blend composition and scCO₂ solubility on PVDF/PMMA melt viscosity, which decreases markedly with increasing PMMA content and scCO₂ concentration. Morphological characterization of microcellular PVDF/PMMA foams reveals that the cell density increases as the PMMA fraction is increased and the foaming temperature is decreased. This study confirms that novel MPFs derived continuously from semicrystalline polymers in the presence of scCO₂ can be achieved through judicious polymer blending.     

Carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites

Carbon fibre reinforced epoxy composites were fabricated from the matrix resin diglycidyl ether of bisphenol-A and novel tetrafunctional epoxy resins N,N,N′,N′-tetraglycidyl-2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane and N,N,N′N′-tetraglycidyl-1,1 ′-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]cyclohexane using diaminodiphenyl methane as curing agent. Mechanical properties and chemical resistance of the composites were determined. Significant improvements in the mechanical properties were observed by adding epoxy fortifier to the resin-curing agent mixtures before fabrication of composites.     

Carbon foams for thermal management

A unique process for the fabrication of high-thermal-conductivity carbon foam was developed at Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL). This process does not require the traditional blowing and stabilization steps and therefore is less costly. The resulting foam can have density values of between 0.2 and 0.6 g/cc and can develop a bulk thermal conductivity of between 40 and 180 W/m K. Because of its low density, its high thermal conductivity, its relatively high surface area, and its open-celled structure, the ORNL carbon foam is an ideal material for thermal management applications. Initial studies have shown the overall heat transfer coefficients of carbon foam-based heat sinks to be up to two orders of magnitude greater than those of conventional heat sinks.     

炭黑对聚氨酯泡沫塑料微相分离和力学性能的影响

利用红外光谱仪（IR）、动态热机械分析仪（DMA）和力学性能测试法研究了炭黑对聚氨酸泡沫塑料的微相分离和力学性能的影响，并与基体泡沫做了对照。结果表明：炭黑能加速聚氨酯泡沫的微相分离，明显地降低泡沫的力学性能；如果采用先用TDI浸渍炭黑，能很大程度上降低炭黑对泡沫力学性能的不良影响。     

羟基改性的多壁碳纳米管接枝聚氨酯泡沫的制备及性能研究

采用原位聚合法制备了表面羟基化多壁碳纳米管（MWCNT）接枝聚氨酯(PU)泡沫复合材料。采用超声处理使MWCNT在聚醚多元醇中均匀分散,原位聚合可以改善MWCNT与PU材料间的界面效应。结果表明,当MWCNT含量小于0.4 %（质量分数,下同）时,PU泡孔形态稳定,分布均匀且泡孔尺寸较小,并观察到泡孔壁网状结构间出现膜状结构;当MWCNT含量大于0.6 %时,泡孔尺寸明显变大甚至出现泡孔塌陷;复合材料的回弹性、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率均随MWCNT含量的增加呈先增加后降低的趋势;复合材料的溶剂吸附能力随MWCNT的引入对不同溶剂产生了不同的影响,极性溶剂水的吸附摩尔数随着MWCNT含量的增加而降低,非极性溶剂石油醚的变化规律则相反。     

导电聚氨酯泡沫材料研究进展

从使用不同导电填料（炭黑、碳纳米管、石墨、金属、有机填料等）制备导电聚氨酯泡沫（PUF）材料的角度进行分析,总结了添加不同导电填料的复合泡沫制备方法以及对泡沫材料性能的影响,并论述了导电PUF材料在压阻材料、吸波材料、电磁屏蔽材料以及电极材料等领域的应用。分析表明,通过添加导电填料,可以改善PUF的静电现象,提高防静电、导电等性能并拓宽PUF材料的应用领域。     

模板预处理对泡沫炭结构的影响

以聚氨酯泡沫为模板,糠醇为碳源,采用模板法制得块状泡沫炭材料,扫描电镜(SEM)观察发现：产品是由大孔组成的、具有网状结构的多孔材料。研究了不同炭化终温对产品形貌、残炭率和体积收缩率的影响;考察了对模板聚氨酯泡沫进行NaOH水解预处理的条件,即水解时间、水解温度和碱液浓度对模板及产品结构的影响。结果表明,模板的预处理去除了聚氨酯泡沫闭孔上的隔膜,提高了泡沫的浸渍能力,制得了具有更高开孔率、残炭率以及体密度的产品,说明模板预处理是改善产品结构和性能的有效手段。     

Electrical conductivity and major mechanical and thermal properties of carbon nanotube‐filled polyurethane foams

The carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/rigid polyurethane (PU) foam composites with a low percolation threshold of ～ 1.2 wt % were prepared by constructing effective conductive paths with homogeneous dispersion of the CNTs in both the cell walls and struts of the PU foam. The conductive foam presented excellent electrical stability under various temperature fields, highlighting the potential applications for a long‐term use over a wide temperature range from 20 to 180°C. Compression measurements and dynamical mechanical analysis indicated 31% improvement in compression properties and 50% increase in storage modulus at room temperature in the presence of CNTs (2.0 wt %). Additionally, the incorporation of only 0.5 wt % CNTs induced remarkable thermal stabilization of the matrix, with the degradation temperature increasing from 450 to 499°C at the 50% weight loss. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011     

Synthesis and mechanical properties of lightweight hybrid geopolymer foams reinforced with carbon nanotubes

A lightweight hybrid geopolymer foams reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) was exploited by adding the CNTs into geopolymeric matrix through hydrogen peroxide method. The synergistic effects of nanotubes and foaming agent on the phase evolution, microstructure, and mechanical properties were investigated. After introduction of nanotubes, the geopolymer foams reinforced with CNTs (CNTs/KGP) still showed amorphous structure. Porosity of the foams increased with the H₂O₂ content and decreased with the increase in CNTs content. The addition of CNTs (1-9 wt%) in foams refined the distribution of pore size from 523 to 352 μm. Compression strength of the CNTs/KGP samples elevated with the increasing content of CNTs, which was contributed to the crack propagation and bridging of CNTs in foams. The CNTs/KGP foams with considerable porosity show potential applications in adsorption, filtration, membrane supports, other industries, etc