Co-Cr系相平衡的热力学计算和fcc相的磁性诱导相分离

Two-phase equilibria between the ferromagnetic fcc and the paramagnetic fcc phase from 800 ℃ to 900 ℃ in the Co-rich region have been detected by the diffusion couple technique. Two phase separation region of the fcc has been confirmed along the Curie temperature. The phase equilibria including the present results and the thermodynamic data of the Co-Cr system reported in the literature were analyzed on the basis of the thermodynamic evaluation. A set of thermodynarnic values for the liquid, fcc, hcp, bcc, sigma phases was obtained. The calculated phase equilibria were in good agreement with most of the experimental data.     

Quantitative phase analysis of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Ni phase diagram in the region of compositions of high-strength nickalines

A quantitative analysis of the phase diagram of the Al-Zn-Mg-Cu-Ni as applied to high-strength nickalines is performed using the Thermo-Calc program. Using the Al-6% Zn-2% Mg-4% Ni base composition as an example, it is shown that the copper addition substantially complicates the phase composition. Exerting a weak effect on the liquidus of the base composition, copper strongly reduces the solidus (equilibrium and nonequilibrium). On the one hand, this restricts the possibility of carrying out high-temperature annealing; on the other hand, it can negatively affect the cast properties. By the totality of the calculated and previously obtained experimental data, it is concluded that copper-free nickalines are preferable compared to cuprous ones.     

Application of thermodynamics of heterogeneous phase equilibria to the construction of the Fe-Si-O ternary phase diagram

Based on the thermodynamic principles of phase rule and heterogeneous equilibria, the ternary phase diagram for the system Fe-SiO in the range of temperatures from 1730 to 1200° has been constructed with more attention paid to temperatures above 1515° and towards the iron corner of the diagram. The system is characterized by a region of three liquids above 1730° which reduces to two-liquids regions at lower temperatures. Several three-phase and four-phase reactions occur in this system on cooling, at various temperatures. Near the iron corner a eutectic reaction occurs at a fixed temperature in which delta iron co-precipitates with cristobalite from liquid iron containing silicon and oxygen. At lower temperatures the system is characterized by an invariant reaction involving liquid iron, delta iron, cristobalite and liquid oxide. For oxygen rich melts, solidification terminates on the Fe-0 binary with the monotectic precipitation of delta iron and liquid oxide. This paper was presented at the Centennial Meeting of the AIME Conference, New York, 1971.     

Thermodynamics and phase relationships of transition metal-sulfur systems: IV. thermodynamic properties of the Ni-S liquid phase and the calculation of the Ni-S phase diagram

An associated solution model is applied to describe the thermodyanmic properties of the liquid Ni-S phase. This model assumes the existence of ‘NiS’ (l) species in the liquid in addition to Ni(l) and S(l). With two solution parameters for the binaries Ni-‘NiS’ and ‘NiS’-S, this model is able to describe the thermodynamic behavior of the liquid phase over a wide range of temperature and composition. Using this model for the liquid phase, a statistical thermodynamic model for the monosulfide phase and empirical thermodynamic equations for β₁-Ni₃S₂ and β₂-Ni₄S₃, the Ni-S phase diagram is calculated. The calculated diagram is in excellent agreement with the available experimental data with the exception that the eutectic composition for the equilibrium L₁ + δ + η and those of the two liquids for the equilibriumL ₁ + L ₂ + η differ from the experimental data by more than 2 at. pct S. Formerly Post-Doctorl Research Associate, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee is now Lecturer, Department of Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, India     

Kinetics of the peritectic phase transformation: In-situ measurements and phase field modeling

An experimental study has been conducted into the role of cooling rate on the kinetics of the peritectic phase transformation in a Fe-C alloy. The interfacial growth velocities of the peritectic phase transformation were measured in situ for cooling rates of 100, 50, and 10 K/min. In-situ observations were obtained using high-temperature laser scanning confocal microscopy (HTLSCM) in a concentric solidification configuration. The experimentally measured interface velocities of the liquid/austenite (L/γ) and austenite/delta-ferrite (γ/δ) interphase boundaries were observed to increase with higher cooling rates. A unique finding of this study was that as the cooling rate increased, there was a transition point where the L/γ interface propagated at a higher velocity than the γ/δ interface, contrary to the findings of previous researchers. Phase field modeling was conducted using a commercial multicomponent, multiphase package. Good correlation was obtained between model predictions and experimental observations in absolute values of interface velocities and the effect of cooling rate. Analysis of the simulated microsegregation in front of the L/γ and γ/δ interfaces as a function of cooling rate revealed the importance of solute pileup. This microsegregation plays a pivotal role in the propagation of interfaces; thus, earlier modeling work in which complete diffusion in the liquid phase was assumed cannot fully describe the rate of propagation of the L/γ and δ/γ interfaces during the course of the peritectic transformation.     

Calculation of the titanium-aluminum phase diagram

The Ti-Al phase diagram has been calculated by optimization of Gibbs energies with respect to phase diagram and thermochemical data.T ₀ curves, the locus of compositions and temperatures where the Gibbs energies of the liquid and one of the solid phases are equal, have been calculated over the entire composition range. In order to assure physically reasonable extrapolations of theT ₀ curves of the ordered phases far from their equilibrium stability ranges, the Bragg-Williams approximation was used to provide start values for the empirical optimizations. This approximation led to good convergence of the optimizations, and only small deviations from the Bragg-Williams Gibbs energies were needed to obtain excellent agreement with experimental data.     

On the slopes of phase boundaries

Several simple equations are derived which can be used to check binary phase diagrams for thermodynamic consistency. In many cases, the only thermodynamic data required are the entropies of fusion.     

Effects of shortening the steeplechase phase (phase B) of a 3-day-event

Thirty-four horses competing in the Endurance Test of a 3-day-event were divided into 3 groups: horses in Group 1 (n = 15) competing in a 3.5 min steeplechase phase; horses in Group 2 (n = 13) in a 3 min steeplechase phase (Phase B) and horses in Group 3 (n = 6) in a 2.5 min steeplechase phase. The shortening of Phase B was associated with a lengthening of Phase C so that the total distance of the event for all horses was 14,940 m. Bodyweight (BW) was measured and total body water (TBW) and water loss estimated. Blood samples were collected from the horses prior to the Endurance Test, at the end of Phase B, the 4 km marker on Phase C (C4K), the end of Phase C, and 20 min after the completion of Phase D for measurement of packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma protein [TPP], lactate, ionised calcium, pH, sodium, potassium, chloride, total calcium and glucose concentrations, and aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase activities. Mean +/- s.d. ambient environmental temperature during the Endurance Test was 25.3 +/- 1 degrees C (range 20.3 degrees C-29.7 degrees C). Mean relative humidity was 43.8 +/- 2.4% (range 39%-48.6%) and the average 'comfort index' (CI) was 121. There were no significant differences between the groups competing in the Endurance Test, despite the shorter Phase B. However, there were significant decreases in BW, TBW, net exchangeable cations, chloride, ionised calcium, and pH. The sodium and total calcium concentrations remained at near pre-event values. The PCV, TPP, lactate, potassium, glucose, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase activity increased during the Endurance Test, when compared to pre-event values. Horses competing in this competition experienced significant fluid and electrolyte losses, reduced glomerular filtration, increased glycogenolysis and had significant leakage of enzymes from working muscles during competition. These changes could not be reduced by shortening Phase B and lengthening Phase C.     

Thermodynamics and phase relationships of transition metal-sulfur systems: Part III. Thermodynamic properties of the Fe-S liquid phase and the calculation of the Fe-S phase diagram

An associated solution model is applied to describe the thermodynamic behavior of Fe-S liquid. This model assumes the existence of ‘FeS’ species in addition to Fe and S in the liquid. With two solution parameters for each of the binaries Fe-‘FeS’ and ‘FeS’-S, this model accounts for the compositional dependence of the thermodynamic properties of Fe-S liquid from pure Fe to pure S over a wide range of temperature. The binary Fe-S does not contribute significantly to the excess Gibbs energy of the liquid due to the rather small dissociation constant of ‘FeS’ to Fe and S. Using this model for the liquid phase and a defect thermodynamic model for the pyrrhotite phase, the Fe-S phase diagram is calculated. The calculated diagram is in excellent agreement with the experimental data, accounting for the range of homogeneity of pyrrhotite at all temperatures. Both the thermodynamic and phase diagram data are obtained from the literature. Formerly Post-Doctoral Research Associate, Materials Department, College of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.     

On the iron-carbon phase diagram

Experimental results that are obtained by electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and carbide analysis and indicate the precipitation of carbon atoms clusters in a hypereutectoid steel during its annealing above the eutectoid temperature are presented. These results are compared to the reported data in order to construct a new Fe-C phase diagram, where cementite forms below the eutectoid temperature due to the tendency of the Fe-C system toward ordering and carbon unbound to iron precipitates above this temperature in the form of clusters or graphite particles due to the tendency of this system toward phase separation.     

On the Mn-MnS phase diagram

Using a DTA technique the melting point of pure MnS has been determined to 1655 ±5°C. The monotectic temperature in the Mn-MnS system was found to be 1570 ±5°C. With these new data a thermodynamic analysis of the Mn-MnS system was carried out applying a previously developed thermodynamic model.     

F-type icosahedral phase and a related cubic phase in the Al-Rh-Cu system

An F-type icosahedral phase and a related cubic phase (composition of Al_66.1Rh_21.5Cu_12.3, lattice constant a=1.5380(2) nm, and space group of Fm3) were observed in the Al₆₃Rh_18.5Cu_18.5 alloy by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The structure of the Al-Rh-Cu cubic phase was determined by single-crystal X-ray analysis. A high-resolution electron microscopic image of the Al-Rh-Cu cubic phase is presented together with a simulated image. The structure of the cubic phase can be described by two types of atom clusters, which have outer shells with icosahedral symmetry. It is suggested that the structure of the Al-Rh-Cu cubic phase is helpful for understanding the structure of the i-Al-Rh-Cu F-type icosahedral quasicrystal.