Ultrasonic imaging of concrete members using an array system

The use of an ultrasonic array system is described, which can be used combined with 3D reconstruction calculations. In this way ultrasonic reflection and backscatter from the inside of concrete members can be imaged and interpreted. The application of the system is demonstrated for two examples: measuring the concrete cover of utility pipes in a tunnel and the examination of transversal ducts in a bridge plate.     

Effect of the presence and size of a real macro-crack on diffuse ultrasound in concrete

In civil engineering structures, the first layer of concrete plays a role in terms of water-tightness, and contributes to the protection of metal frames from corrosion by external chemical agents (water, CO₂, chlorine etc.). In concrete, a crack is comprised of an external part with a surface opening, and a completely or partially closed part below the surface. The aim of this paper is to identify the contribution of a real macro-crack on the diffuse ultrasound parameters. The methods ability to characterize the open part of the crack is confirmed. The results reveal the influence of the closed part of the crack, with regions in partial contacts, on the diffusion parameters.     

铝板结构主动Lamb波扫查合成损伤成像方法

单激励主动Lamb波板结构损伤时间反转成像方法仅对面向激励器的损伤侧敏感,在实施过程中会存在伪损伤点问题,影响对损伤的正确评估。研究提出扫查合成损伤成像方法,首先通过扫查的方法轮流选择压电元件进行激励,从多个角度实现对损伤的照射,再将扫查得到的信号进行合成成像,实现对损伤的监测。在铝板结构上的试验结果表明,该方法可有效消除监测结果的方向敏感性和伪损伤点,提高损伤成像监测结果的准确性和稳定性。     

合成孔径聚焦技术在TOFD检测中的应用

为了准确定位和测量在低合金厚板对接焊缝中的缺陷,对超声衍射时差法的D扫描图像进行了处理。为了提高图像的横向分辨率,准确识别缺陷的位置和尺寸,引入了D扫描图像的合成孔径聚焦算法(SAFT-D)。根据缺陷端部和换能器之间的几何关系,建立了D扫描图像SAFT-D处理的数学模型,实现了D扫描图像的SAFT重建。试验结果表明,SAFT-D算法有效地提高了图像的分辨率,增强了缺陷识别的能力,能够准确地定位和定量工件中的缺陷。     

Extended synthetic aperture focusing technique for ultrasonic imaging of concrete

Quantitative nondestructive characterization of defects and inclusions in portland cement concrete structures are realized in this paper via extended reconstructions for linear array ultrasound systems. This is accomplished through generalization of traditional Kirchhoff-based synthetic aperture focusing technique migration to mitigate the effects of limited aperture and handle multiple scans as a single virtual array with increased effective aperture. Pearson’s correlation is utilized to account for uncertainty in relative position of individual measurement and mitigate the need for robotic precision when placing adjacent scans. The robustness of the method is demonstrated on artificially generated data as well as in-situ measurements for assessment of internal portland cement concrete characteristics such as inclusions and cracks.     

用超声波探伤法检测硬质合金顶锤质量的可行性研究

本文介绍了超声波探伤的原理和硬质合金顶锤的质量检验,分析了超声波探伤的方法,在硬质合金顶锤探伤中采用直探头、直接接触从顶锤尾部进行探伤的方法,确定了探伤仪合理的工作参数,对硬质合金顶锤探伤结果进行了分析,建立了与合成压机及工艺相适应的探伤标准。证明了利用超声波探伤的方法检测硬质合金顶锤的内在质量的可行性,对于金刚石生产厂家控制顶锤的质量、降低硬质合金顶锤消耗具有积极意义,生产实践证明,与利用超声波探伤检测之前相比,顶锤消耗降低了2kg／万克拉左右。     

一种X射线数字成像检测缺陷尺寸的测量方法

提出了一种X射线数字成像检测缺陷尺寸的测量方法。借鉴半波高法,以半波高法下的尺寸测量误差为基准,对不同缝隙尺寸试样在相同的检测条件下进行X射线数字成像检测,计算该检测条件下的总不清晰度,总结出缺陷尺寸与总不清晰度比值同波高比例的关系,并通过试验进行了验证。结果表明,该方法简单、实用性强,可为实现缺陷尺寸的准确测量提供技术支持。     

内螺纹钢管的漏磁检测方法与缺陷识别

轧制无缝钢管时芯棒与管体之间以相对进动的方式高速旋转 ,易在钢管内壁形成内螺纹。内螺纹槽超深的钢管不符合相关质量标准 ,但生产厂却难以检测出内螺纹超深的钢管。用漏磁高速检测技术结合计算机智能识别软件构成的检测方法和系统 ,可探测和识别这些内螺纹 ,能标记超深螺纹位置和持续范围。将检测信息反馈到轧制工艺中 ,可明显提高合格钢管产量。检测结果符合相关标准 YB40 83和 GB/ T1 2 60 6要求     

A far-field airborne radar NDT technique for detecting debonding in GFRP–retrofitted concrete structures

A far-field airborne radar (FAR) nondestructive testing (NDT) technique integrating inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) measurements and a backprojection algorithm for the condition assessment of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP)–wrapped concrete structures is proposed. The method is directed toward the detection of near-surface defects and delaminations located in the vicinity of GFRP–concrete interface. Normal and oblique incidence measurement schemes were adopted and studied for their effectiveness in detecting near-surface anomalies. This technique is also applied to the detection of rebars in reinforced concrete cylinders. Laboratory measurements in the frequency range 8–12 GHz were made on artificially damaged GFRP–concrete cylinders for validating the concept of this technique. Spatial resolutions (range and cross-range) are improved by integrating radar measurements at different azimuth angles and in different frequencies, and implementing the developed progressive image focusing scheme. The feasibility of the proposed FAR NDT technique for distant inspection is validated through these studies.     

日本中厚板超声波探伤技术

介绍了日本中厚板超声波探伤技术的发展,并对超声波探伤装置的布置、探伤钢板品种和探伤检测条件进行了分析。     

Lamb波损伤散射及损伤成像的模拟

Lamb波对称模态（SO模态）具有传播速度快、频散小的优点。基于Ansys瞬态动力学分析,模拟了铝板内SO模态的传播过程,并根据有限元模拟的位移云图,分析了损伤对SO模态传播的影响。在此基础上建立环形传感器阵列,通过损伤成像算法对损伤进行检测。     

On-line damage detection on a wing panel using transmission of multisine ultrasonic waves

Fatigue damage of materials is an important problem that causes a lot of failures in mechanical systems. It is very important to detect this fatigue as early as possible. Nowadays, most of the nondestructive testing methods are off-line: the inspection is carried out periodically and in some cases the device has to be dismounted. So we risk to exceed, for example, the critical length of a crack. In this article, an on-line method based on the variation in transmission of a multisine ultrasonic wave during opening and closing of a surface crack is developed. As a validation experiment, a propagation fatigue crack in a sinusoidally loaded wing panel is considered. It will be shown that the on-line method is very sensitive to crack propagation.     

Fracture detection in concrete by glass fiber cloth reinforced plastics

Two types of carbon (carbon fiber and carbon powder) and a glass cloth were used as conductive phases and a reinforcing fiber, respectively, in polymer rods. The carbon powder was used for fabricating electrically conductive carbon powder-glass fiber reinforced plastic (CP-GFRP) rods. The carbon fiber tows and the CP-GFRP rods were adhered to mortar specimens using epoxy resin and glass fiber cloth. On bending, the electrical resistance of the carbon fiber tow attached to the mortar specimen increased greatly after crack generation, and that of the CP-GFRP rod increased after the early stages of deflection in the mortar. Therefore, the CP-GFRP rod is superior to the carbon fiber tow in detecting fractures. Also, by reinforcing with a glass fiber cloth reinforced plastic, the strength of the mortar specimens became more than twice as strong as that of the unreinforced mortar.     

Optimal ultrasonic pulse repetition rate for damage detection in plates using neural networks

An experimental study for the determination of the optimal pulse repetition rate frequency (PRF) for damage detection in aluminum and composites is presented in this paper. A method for predicting the damage size and depth from C-Scan results using neural networks is also presented. Two graphite fiber IM7/F5250-4 (Bismaleimid) composite plates and four aluminum plates were used for the study. Damage was fabricated by drilling holes of varying depth and diameter on the test specimens. Ultrasonic transmission tests were carried out on a DIGITALWAVE immersion type C-Scan system. PRF values from 100 to 5000 Hz were investigated for the scan. The defect locations were clearly observed as peaks in the C-Scan mesh. The equivalent hole diameter, depth and the location of the holes with respect to a predetermined edge were calculated from the C-Scan plots and correlated with the actual values to determine the optimal PRF values. A close correlation was found between the calculated diameter obtained from the C-Scan results and the actual hole diameter. Low PRF values (100 Hz) were found best for scanning of aluminum and intermediate values (500 Hz) were best for scanning of composites. Prediction of the actual damage size from the C-Scan calculated damage size was successfully accomplished with radial basis function neural network.     

X射线线阵实时成像焊缝缺陷检测方法

针对X射线线阵探测器实时成像的焊缝图像,提出了降噪处理、焊缝图像分割及缺陷检测的方法.通过自适应中值滤波方法对焊缝图像进行滤波降噪,利用类间、类内方差比分割法和数学形态学方法进行焊缝图像分割,对焊缝部分应用高频加强变换提取焊接缺陷.结果表明,采用自适应中值滤波能够有效去除噪声的同时保留焊缝和缺陷的边缘细节;类间、类内方差比分割方法与数学形态学方法并用能准确地将图像分割为焊缝与母材区域;高频加强变换能使焊缝中心部位灰度变化突显进而实现缺陷检测.     

悬臂梁试件损伤检测中固有频率指标的应用

建立了基于固有频率的损伤定位理论基础,该理论表明损伤定位参数仅是损伤位置的函数。在损伤定位的基础上,提出了判断损伤程度的方法。运用ABAQUS对车用钢板悬臂试件进行了有限元分析,得到了损伤定位参数和损伤程度判断参数的变化规律,并且研究了损伤程度对损伤定位结果的影响,当缺口长度小于试件宽度的50%时,既可以进行高精度的损伤定位还可以对损伤程度进行判定。最后通过动态测试分析系统进行了模态试验,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性。     

Defect detection in brazed weldment with lattice structure using ultrasonic Lamb wave technique

In this paper, defects detection in brazed weldment with lattice structure is studied using ultrasonic Lamb wave. Based on the ultrasonic guided wave theory, the frequency dispersion curves for phase and group velocity of 1Cr18Ni9Ti are obtained by solving the Rayleigh-Lamb equation. The incident angles of different modes are determined through theoretical calculation and experimental analyses. Artificial defects of through-wall slots with different dimensions are made and tested. Experimental scattering effects of the fundamental symmetric mode S_2 and asymmetric modes A_1 and A_0 are analysed and compared. The results show that mode A_0 is suitable for detecting artificial defect, and the amplitude of the received signals are in good agreement with the defect size. Brazed weldment specimen containing lack of brazing with certain dimensions is made. Using the same methodology, scattering effects produced by weld defects are measured. The results show that the clutter wave brought about by the filler metal will certainly disturbs the identification of defect signal. But, when the defect is 3.0mm in width, the presented mode A_0 could be used potentially.     

A fast and adaptive method for automatic weld defect detection in various real-time X-ray imaging systems

A fast and effective method is proposed to detect weld defect adaptively in various types of real-time X-ray images obtained in different conditions.After weld extraction and noise reduction,a proper t...     

Determination of the applicability and limits of void and delamination detection in concrete structures using infrared thermography

Based on the results of the infrared thermography of 51 artificially created defects – voids and delaminations – in concrete, it was shown that it is possible to detect defects at depths that are equal or less than the defect size D using the thermal contrast method. By applying the phase contrast method, an increase of 50% in the maximum depth for a given defect size D was achieved. Delaminations containing thin air gaps were detected with the same success as much larger voids of the same cross section.