多环芳烃研究进展

针对多环芳烃的来源、分布、危害、物理化学性质、分析方法、处理方法等进行了回顾和综述,介绍了用微波技术降解多环芳烃的最新方法和进展。     

土壤多环芳烃及其化学氧化修复技术研究进展

多环芳烃作为广泛分布于各类环境介质的持久性有机污染物,在全球环境治理技术研发及应用中备受关注。土壤作为重要的环境介质,在近年来不断发展演变的工业化进程中已成为重要的多环芳烃汇,且储存了环境中超过90%的多环芳烃。从土壤多环芳烃化学氧化技术的角度,阐述了原位/异位氧化修复技术、高锰酸钾、臭氧、芬顿及过硫酸盐氧化技术在近年来的研究进展并进行了展望。     

Prenatal Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Birth Outcomes

The effect of prenatal exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at the environmental level on birth size was examined. The concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in spot urine samples collected from 50 pregnant women in Tokyo was measured and was related to birth weight, length, and head circumference of the newborns the subjects delivered. Analysis of inter- and intra-individual variation in 1-OHP concentration in spot urine samples from non-smoking subjects revealed that single spot urine can represent the subject's exposure to PAHs over several weeks and utility of spot urine for assessing PAHs exposure level of non-smokers was indicated. Geometric mean urinary concentration of 1-OHP of the subjects was 0.056 μmol/mol creatinine, and smoking mothers (n = 7) excreted more 1-OHP (0.200 μmol/mol-cre) than non-smoking mothers (0.046 μmol/mol-cre). Multiple regression analysis using birth outcomes as the dependent variable and urinary 1-OHP and other covariates as independent variables revealed that urinary 1-OHP was not a significant variable to explain birth outcomes among non-smoking mothers.     

Determination of Averaged Long-term Air Concentrations of Semivolatile Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: First Results

Abstract

Using our long-term sampling methodology presented previously, consecutive 14-day air samples of semivolatile polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) (from fluoranthene/pyrene to coronene) were collected over the time-span of nearly a whole year at a semi-rural site (Jülich) and quantified by GC-FID. As expected, concentrations were higher in winter [3 ng m^?3 for benzo[e]pyrene (BEP)] than in summer (0.4 ng m^?3 for BEP). However, normalized concentrations (to BEP =1) showed constant values for most PAH; thus, a largely stable PAH profile is obvious. Exceptions are benzo[a]pyrene and benz[a]anthracene: their concentrations normalized to BEP were lower in summer, indicating specific losses. Reasons for these losses are unknown as yet, although degradation reactions during atmospheric transport are a distinct possibility.     

卷烟烟气中稠环芳烃研究的新进展

综述了卷烟烟气中稠环芳烃(PAHs)的生成条件、途径、毒理性及分析方法研究的新进展。稠环芳烃是卷烟烟气中最重要和数量最多的一类有害物质,多数PAHs具有较强的毒性和致癌作用。     

Stability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Frozen Mussel Tissue

The stability of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in frozen mussel tissue (stored at -80 °C and -120 °C was assessed by analyzing samples of SRM 1974 and SRM 1974a, Organics in Mussel Tissue (Mytilus edulis), since the initial certification analyses. Results of analyses of SRM 1974 and SRM 1974a after 10 years and 6 years of storage, respectively, indicate that the PAH concentrations have not changed. Comparison of results from the analyses of frozen versus freeze-dried mussel tissue samples indicate significant losses of the more volatile PAH such as naphthalene and methylnaphthalenes during the freeze-drying process.     

海洋中多环芳烃生物降解与修复研究进展

在人为活动和自然活动的影响下,海洋中多环芳烃(PAHs)的污染急剧加重,引起了广泛的关注。在简要介绍PAHs的特点、来源、分布以及海洋中PAHs污染的基础上,论述了海洋中PAHs微生物降解的最新研究进展,阐述了PAHs生物降解的途径和机制,归纳了微生物修复技术在海洋PAHs污染治理方面的应用以及红树林在去除PAHs中所发挥的作用,最后对海洋中PAHs的生物降解与修复技术发展前景进行了展望。     

食品中多环芳烃的快速荧光检测

建立了油炸、烧烤类食品中多环芳烃的同步荧光测定方法。样品经甲醇－氢氧化钾皂化,环己烷提取,硅胶柱净化,用同步荧光光谱测定。其多环芳烃（PAHs）的回收率为：83．98％～101．70％,相对标准偏差为：0．62％～1．42％。所建立的分析方法快速、简便,适合多环芳烃的检测分析。     

卷烟烟气中多环芳烃的同时测定

在优化卷烟烟气试样前处理技术的基础上,确定了6种多环芳烃分离的最佳条件和测定的最佳荧光激发、发射波长,并进行波长程序编程,采用高效液相色谱编程荧光法（HPLC-FLD）建立了一种同时测定卷烟烟气中6种多环芳烃的分析方法。各多环芳烃在所测定的含量范围内有良好的线性关系,方法的最低检出限可达到0.4 ng/mL,回收率均在87%以上。并利用该方法对国产卷烟样品进行了分析。     

固体废物中多环芳烃萃取的前处理技术及测定方法综述

多环芳烃(PAHs)是环境中广泛存在的一类污染物,其存在于水体、大气及土壤介质中,具有种类多及对环境危害大的特点。近年来,PAHs逐渐成为人们研究的重点,虽然国内外已有PAHs的监测技术的分析标准,但是其提取与测定是一个系统的过程,且不断发展和优化。比较了近年来固体废物(如土壤、污泥等)中PAHs的分析过程中所涉及的萃取、净化及测定方法,总结了各种分析方法的优缺点,介绍了一些新的分析技术。     

Reversible Solubilization of Typical Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) by a Gas Switchable Surfactant

Surfactant‐enhanced remediation (SER) is one of the most effective remediation methods for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) contaminated soils. However, mass deployment of SER has been restricted due to the shortage of the separation, recycle technology of the surfactant and its operation costs. This research mainly studied the reversibility of 2‐n‐lauryl‐1,1,3,3‐tetramethyl guanidine (DTMG) surfactant and its influence on reversible solubilization of typical PAH. Experimental results showed that the reversibility of the DTMG surfactant is excellent. The critical micellar concentration (CMC), surface tension and pH of DTMG in CO₂/N₂ conditions undergo reversible changes promptly. DTMG·CO₂ shows a strong solubilization capacity for PAH; the apparent solubilities of the selected PAH pyrene, phenanthrene and anthracene in 4 mmol/L of DTMG·CO₂ solution were about 32.4, 17.1 and 14.6 times higher than in water, respectively. The corresponding molar solubilization ratios were 5.4 × 10^?3, 2.80 × 10^?2 and 1.1 × 10^?3, much higher than those with DTMG. More than 50 % of the PAH in surfactant solutions could be released through gas control at each surfactant concentration, and improved release efficiency was achieved at low surfactant concentrations. In brief, such results in this work introduce a facile method to meliorate the SER technology.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Determination in Grilled Beef and Chicken

ABSTRACT

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are principally formed as a result of thermal treatment of food, especially grilling or barbecuing. In the present study, two types of Iranian popular grilled beef and chicken dishes (kebab) were analyzed for toxic PAHs, i.e., naphthalene, fluoranthene, phenanthtrene, anthracene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene applying GC/MS. The differences in PAHs concentrations among grilled beef and chicken (kebab koobide and juje kebab) were found to be significant (p < 0.05), ranging from 0.29 to 21.95 ng·g^?1. Benzo(a)pyrene was found in nearly all samples; the maximum concentration of total PAHs was 21.95 ng·g^?1 found in grilled beef (koobide Khalij fars) and the lowest was 0.29 ng·g^?1 in grilled chicken (juje kebab) of Sahel restaurant.     

改进索氏提取器提取土壤中多环芳烃（菲、蒽、屈）

文章用改进索氏提取器与自动索氏提取器提取土壤中加标多环芳烃（菲、蒽、屈）,采用高效液相色谱法对提取液进行分离测定,并选择了流动相最佳比例。结果表明,采用改进索氏提取器,二氯甲烷作提取剂,氧化铝柱层析法纯化,并用HPLC—UVD测定可得到很好的效果。三种多环芳烃的平均加标回收率在78.7%~111%之间,且重现性较好。     

Distributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Phthalic Acid Esters in Gums and Soapstocks Obtained from Soybean Oil Refinery

Soybean oil gums and soapstocks are important by-products that may potentially be contaminated by persistent organic pollutants (POP) such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and phthalic acid esters (PAE), thus lowering the value when using them as starting materials to produce animal feed additives, food industry ingredients, and pharmaceutical products. In the present work, PAH and PAE distributions in these two types of by-products were detected using solvent extraction–solid phase extraction purification coupled with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. Total PAH and PAE amounts in the soapstocks were significantly higher than those in the gums, thus indicating that neutralization showed much higher removal efficiency than degumming in terms of PAH and PAE eliminations. Meanwhile, the results proved that the concentrations of these two kinds of contaminants in the soybean oil gums and soapstocks were much higher than those in the soybean oils, suggesting that further investigations were needed and that the contents of PAH and PAE in soybean oil refining by-products should be carefully monitored and regulated.     

Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Maternal and Cord Blood Plasma

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) come from incomplete combustion of organic materials, including tobacco smoke. Some PAH are known to be mutagenic and carcinogenic and of concern for the fetus when women smoke during pregnancy. Known consequences of smoking during pregnancy include low birth weight (LBW) and preterm (PT) delivery. This study was designed to measure concentrations of 3 PAH: anthracene (A), benzo(a)pyrene (BP) and 1-hydroxypyrene (1-HP) in paired maternal (M) and cord blood (CB) samples. Additionally, we explored relationships between the PAH concentrations and LBW or PTD. Cotinine was used as a biomarker of tobacco exposure. All 3 PAH were found in M and CB plasma. A was significantly elevated in CB plasma compared to M plasma at higher M cotinine concentrations. BP in PT infants was significantly lower than in term. There were significant correlations between M and CB concentrations of anthracene. Correlations of 1-HP with cotinine in CB and M plasma were significant but opposite in direction. Anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene and 1-hydroxypyrene are present in measurable concentrations in M and CB plasma at the time of delivery. The higher concentrations of anthracene in CB plasma may be due to differences in maternal metabolism during pregnancy, length of labor or metabolism in the fetus. Long-term effects of anthracene on the infant are unknown and merit further investigation.     

Ozonation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Water Solution

The degradation of three polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs): benzo[a]pyrene (BAP), chrysene (CHR), and fluorene (FLU) in aqueous solution using ozone was investigated. The influence of pH of the reaction mixture, ozone concentration, and the presence of a radical scavenger on the reaction rate was determined. The highest rate of PAHs disappearance was achieved in acidic solutions. The radical scavenger, tert-butanol, effectively inhibited the rate of PAHs destruction. The rate constants of direct reaction of PAHs with ozone were calculated and they were equal to (3.32 ± 0.21) × 10⁴; (1.10 ± 0.15) × 10⁴ and 44.8 ± 1.1 M^?1s^?1 for BAP, CHR, and FLU, respectively. The contributions of direct ozonolysis, and radical reaction to PAHs oxidation in ozonation processes, were evaluated.     

煤化工废水中多环芳烃含量的测定研究

构建了多环芳烃的固相萃取预备处理方式和高效液相色谱检验方式,并构建了相应的预备处理方式和色谱条件。在该方式下,先行调节的15种多环芳烃均能获得理想的聚集和提炼效果,同时这15种多环芳烃均能获得理想的分开和检验实际效果。获得的15种多环芳烃的标准曲线相关系数均比较理想,相关系数R²值均超过0.99,线性范畴为0.01～2 mg/L。浓度较高的和浓度较低的再回收率均超过73.1%。由此可见,实验操作中高效液相色谱法是安全可靠的,能够很好地检测废水里多环芳烃的成分。实验操作中煤化工废水中可检验到15种多环芳烃单体。