Dendritic fins optimization for a coaxial two-stream heat exchanger

This paper documents the fundamental relation between the maximization of global performance and the maleable (morphing) architecture of a flow system with global constraints. The example is the coaxial two-stream heat exchanger with flow through a porous bed in the annular space. It is shown that the constraints force the design toward heat exchangers with finite axial length, where additional improvements are derived from installing high-conductivity fins across the porous bed. The maximization of global performance is achieved through the optimization of the configuration of plate fins. Configurations with radial fins are optimized analytically and numerically. Configurations with branched fins are optimized numerically. It is shown that the best configuration (radial vs. branched) depends on the size of the heat exchanger cross-section. When the size is small, the best is the radial pattern. When the size exceeds a certain threshold, the best configuration is the optimized branched tree of fins.     

Investigation of Force Generation in a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machine

Traditional analysis of permanent magnet synchronous machines has focused upon establishing a relationship between the quadrature and direct axis stator current (or voltage) and the electromagnetic force created to establish rotation (torque). In this paper, an alternative analysis of electromagnetic force production is considered. Specifically, the influences of - and -axis stator current on both the radial and tangential components of the airgap flux densities are first evaluated. Using a Maxwell stress tensor approach, the fields are then used to evaluate both the radial and tangential component of force density created in the airgap of the machine. From this perspective several interesting observations are made. First, it is shown that the -axis current has zero influence on the average tangential force (torque), as predicted using traditional analysis, but it has a significant influence on the average radial component of force. Second, it is shown that the -axis current contributes to both the average radial and average tangential components of force. Interestingly, it is also shown that under standard operating conditions, the average radial force far exceeds that of the average tangential component of force. Therefore, one can conclude that the magnetic fields established create a significant component of force in a direction that cannot produce torque.     

THERMOELASTIC ANALYSIS OF THICK-WALLED FINITE-LENGTH CYLINDERS OF FUNCTIONALLY GRADED MATERIALS

ABSTRACT

A semianalytical thermoelasticity solution for thick-walled finite-length cylinders made of functionally graded (FG) materials is presented. The governing partial differential equations are reduced to ordinary differential equations using Fourier expansion series in the axial coordinate. The radial domain is divided into some virtual subdomains in which the power-law distribution is used for the thermomechanical properties of the constituent components. Imposing the necessary continuity conditions between adjacent subdomains, together with the global boundary conditions, a set of linear algebraic equations are obtained. Solution of the linear algebraic equations yields the thermoelastic responses for each subdomain as exponential functions of the radial coordinate. Some results for the stress, strain, and displacement components through the thickness and along the length are presented due to uniform internal pressure and thermal loading. Based on the results, the gradation of the constitutive components is a significant parameter in the thermomechanical responses of FG cylinders.     

含预制裂隙的均质岩石巴西劈裂过程数值模拟

基于改进刚体弹簧方法,对均质圆盘试件和预制裂隙圆盘试件的巴西劈裂过程进行了数值模拟,并对比研究了预制裂隙对巴西劈裂破坏形态的影响。结果表明,均质圆盘的巴西劈裂过程分为三个阶段,即加载端开始向下萌生随机裂隙点;裂隙点之间联结发育;主裂隙贯穿试件造成破坏,次生裂隙发育。对于预制裂隙圆盘试件,不同预制裂隙倾角试件的破坏形式基本一致,由于应力集中,裂纹首先从预制裂隙两端萌生,并向加载端扩展,宏观裂纹形成的同时在加载端部也开始产生次生裂隙,次生裂纹的产状随预制裂隙倾角变化而不同。     

某核电厂软岩地基动态力学参数特征试验研究

  [目的]  循环荷载会影响岩石的强度和力学性质,目前核电工程中等风化砂岩的动态参数研究相对较少。  [方法]  以某核电厂软岩地基中等风化砂岩相关物理参数统计得出物理参数与深度的规律,随后利用MTS三轴试验机进行频率为1 Hz的不同应力幅值循环加、卸荷载试验,得出中等风化砂岩的动力学参数的规律。  [结果]  研究表明:90个中等风化砂岩的取样深度与波速呈幂函数关系,随着深度的增加,砂岩的波速也随之增加,砂岩的密度基本在2.50 g/cm3左右。不同应力幅值循环加、卸荷载试验给出了中等风化砂岩试样在单轴下的滞回环形态、轴应变、阻尼比及动弹模的变化规律:增加循环次数,试样轴应变增加,塑性变形不断增大,滞回环的面积逐渐增加,内部裂隙不断扩展发育,循环所消耗的能量逐渐增大。滞回环的形态皆为尖叶状,在应力减少或者增加的转折点处滞回曲线呈尖状而非圆状,说明试样对应力的变化反应迅速,在应力转折时试样的塑性应变较小。随着动应变增加,试样动弹性模量逐渐减少,阻尼比逐渐增加。动弹性模量、阻尼比与动应变呈线性关系。拟合曲线相关系数R在0.92以上,具有良好相关性。  [结论]  试验研究成果对核电厂软岩地基的动态参数测定和评价具有很好的工程参考意义。     

闪急沸腾喷雾场粒度分布特性的研究

用激光全息术测量了闪急沸腾喷雾场的粒度分布，并与常温雾场粒度分布进行了比较。结果表明，闪急沸腾喷雾场的粒度分布具有喷雾粒子直径小，喷注的轴向径向粒子分布均匀等特点。     

Numerical computation for Rayleigh-Benard convection of water in a magnetic field

The derivation process for the model equation is shown for the natural convection of water (diamagnetic) under both gravity and magnetizing force fields and numerically solved for the Rayleigh-Benard convection in a shallow cylinder heated from below and cooled from above. The cylindrical enclosure was located at two levels in the bore of a super-conducting magnet, where the radial component of the magnetizing force is minimal and its axial component prevails. The cylindrical enclosure was assumed to be located coaxially with the bore of the magnet, and a two-dimensional model equation was presumed. Sample computations were carried out without or with a gravity force for various strengths of Rayleigh number and magnetic induction. When the enclosure was placed above the coil center, where the magnetizing force is opposed to the gravitational force, the average Nusselt number decreased with increasing strength of the magnetic field. When the enclosure was placed below the coil center, where the magnetizing force is parallel to gravity, the average Nusselt number increased above unity even at Ra=1000 and 1500. All of the data agreed favorably with the classical experimental data of Silveston when plotted against the magnetic Rayleigh number proposed by Braithwaite et al.     

Magnetothermoelastic creep analysis of functionally graded cylinders

This paper describes time-dependent creep stress redistribution analysis of a thick-walled FGM cylinder placed in uniform magnetic and temperature fields and subjected to an internal pressure. The material creep, magnetic and mechanical properties through the radial graded direction are assumed to obey the simple power law variation. Total strains are assumed to be the sum of elastic, thermal and creep strains. Creep strains are time, temperature and stress dependent. Using equations of equilibrium, stress–strain and strain–displacement a differential equation, containing creep strains, for displacement is obtained. Ignoring creep strains in this differential equation a closed form solution for the displacement and initial magnetothermoelastic stresses at zero time is presented. Initial magnetothermoelastic stresses are illustrated for different material properties. Using Prandtl–Reuss relation in conjunction with the above differential equation and the Norton’s law for the material uniaxial creep constitutive model, the radial displacement rate is obtained and then the radial and circumferential creep stress rates are calculated. Creep stress rates are plotted against dimensionless radius for different material properties. Using creep stress rates, stress redistributions are calculated iteratively using magnetothermoelastic stresses as initial values for stress redistributions. It has been found that radial stress redistributions are not significant for different material properties, however major redistributions occur for circumferential and effective stresses.     

金沙江向家坝水电站坝基砂岩蠕变特性研究

选取了金沙江向家坝水电站坝基的典型砂岩试样,采用三轴压缩试验对砂岩蠕变特性进行研究,分析了流变失稳破坏时的特征及砂岩的轴向、侧向和体积应变的全过程蠕变曲线异同点,对砂岩的长期强度进行预测分析。试验结果表明,砂岩存在一个起始蠕变应力阈值,每级荷载下的蠕变曲线之前都存在一个瞬时应变且随着围压的增大和偏应力的增大幅度越来越小,轴向瞬时应变与偏应力具有很好的线性关系;侧向和体积变形则存在明显的蠕变三阶段,加速阶段要比轴向快且两者的蠕变曲线形状相似,在同一围压和同一级偏应力下侧向蠕变量比轴向及体积的大,其蠕变发展最快;砂岩的长期强度可用等时偏应力应变曲线簇来进行确定,采用体积偏应力应变曲线簇更适宜,在已有的流变模型中伯格斯模型能较好的反映砂岩蠕变特性。     

Proportional loading of thick-walled cylinders

A generalized solution for small plastic deformation of thick-walled cylinders subjected to internal pressure and proportional axial loading is developed. The solution has been shown to reduce to the well-known Lamé's elastic solution and Nadai's general plane strain solution under appropriate assumptions. The influence of proportionality factor (ratio of axial strain to hoop strain) and hardening exponent on the induced strain, deformation fields and thickness reduction is systematically investigated. The formulation yields a singularity when the axial strain to hoop strain ratio is equal to ‘−2’. Based on the employed material parameters, power law constitutive model and proportionality factor, the maximum effective stress may occur at either the inside or outside of a tube shell. An equation to estimate ultimate internal pressure based on proportionality factor, material properties and tube geometry was derived. It is shown that maximum thickening occurs when the proportionality factor approaches ‘−2’.     

A coupled elastoplastic-transient hydrogen diffusion analysis to simulate the onset of necking in tension by using the finite element method

Hydrogen-enhanced localized plasticity (HELP) is an acceptable mechanism for hydrogen embrittlement which is based on the experimental observations and the theoretical computations. The underlying principle in the HELP theory is that the presence of hydrogen causes the localization of the slip bands which results in the decrease of the fracture strength. In a sample under plane-strain tensile stress, plastic instability can lead to either the concentration of plastic flow in a narrow neck or bifurcation from homogeneous deformation into a mode of an exclusively localized narrow band of intense shear. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the presence of hydrogen can indeed induce shear banding bifurcation at macroscopic strains. By using a steady-state equilibrium equation for hydrogen diffusion analysis, the effect of hydrogen on the bifurcation of a homogeneous deformation in a plane-strain tension specimen into a necking or a shear localization mode of deformation has already been studied. In the present research, using a transient hydrogen diffusion analysis and introducing a new constitutive equation accompanied by considering the reduction in the local flow stress upon hydrogen dissolution into the lattice, the effect of hydrogen on shear localization is investigated. In addition, progress has been made in that, the changes in the distribution of the total and trapping hydrogen concentrations through the loading time and particularly during the development of the necking event have been determined.     

Extinction limits and associated uncertainties of nonpremixed counterflow flames of methane,ethylene, propylene and n-butane in air

Fundamental flame characteristics derived from counterflow flames are routinely used in chemical kinetic model optimization and validation. This paper reports an experimental and computational investigation aimed at understanding and quantifying the source of uncertainties associated with such characterization of extinction limits of fuel–air mixtures, ranging from low extinction strain rate methane–air flames to high-extinction strain rate ethylene–air flames. In the experiments, two pairs of convergent nozzles with exit diameters of 7.9 mm and 14.5 mm were used to introduce opposed jets of nonpremixed fuel and air to establish a planar flame in the counterflow mixing region. Velocity profiles and extinction data were measured using both LV and PIV setups. Experiments were conducted at various nozzle separation distances to investigate potential differences in axial velocity profiles along the axial and radial directions and the corresponding local extinction strain rates. The slope of axial velocity in the axial and radial directions at the air outlet boundary was found to increase with decreasing nozzle separation distance. The variation of local extinction strain rate with changes in separation distance was within the uncertainty of experimental data. Using a C1–C4 chemical kinetic model, quasi one-dimensional computations have been performed to quantify the experimentally determined boundary condition effects on the predicted extinction strain rate of counterflow flames.     

基于加速度计的钢纤维混凝土层裂强度试验研究

为了研究钢纤维混凝土动态拉伸强度和应变率效应,利用分离式霍普金森压杆(SHPB)试验装置,采用加速度计取代贴应变片的方法消除应力波弥散和衰减的影响,在试件末端安装加速度计记录试件自由面的加速度,然后根据加速度积分得到的速度,基于一维应力波理论计算得到SFRC的层裂强度。试验结果表明,采用加速计进行层裂强度测试计算,方法简单,结果可靠,且在101~102s-1的应变率范围内,钢纤维混凝土具有明显的应变率效应。     

三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧二次流的寻踪

对倾斜角20°有34根管子的周向重叠三分螺旋折流板换热器进行了数值模拟研究,通过在三分螺旋折流板换热器壳侧通道内偏心纵向切面和横切面以及六边形纵向切面上速度矢量流场和压力云图的叠加展示,不仅呈现了壳侧总体螺旋速度的周向分量的轨迹,而且从所呈现的轴向和径向速度分量揭示了二次流和相邻折流板V型缺口处逆向泄漏的踪迹.研究结果表明:流体在螺旋通道内在离心力作用下呈现向外扩张的流动趋势,然后在外围高、中心低的压力分布作用下沿着靠近折流板附近的流速较低的区域向心流动返回轴中心,形成单涡型迪恩二次流;二次流增强了流体的掺混,从而有利于强化传热.     

Creep life assessment by low strain rate tensile testing

A testing method, originally proposed by Rajakovics,⁵ has been investigated for its ability to extrapolate creep rates from the results of short-term tests. Low constant strain rate tensile tests have been performed on a number of high temperature materials in the virgin, service-aged and welded conditions in the temperature range from 525°C to 1050°C. A technique has been developed that permits one to determine the steady-state creep rate under a known stress or the creep stress for a given creep rate. A step towards a quantitative residual life assessment of service-aged materials has been made. The results of the proposed extrapolation technique are compared with results from creep tests.     

A Surface Crack in a Graded Coating Bonded to a Homogeneous Substrate under Thermal Loading

The elastostatic problem of a surface crack in a graded coating bonded to a homogeneous substrate under steady-state heat flux is considered. The coating is graded along the thickness direction and modeled as a nonhomogeneous medium with an isotropic stress-strain law. The problem is solved under the assumption of plane strain or generalized plane stress conditions. The resulting crack problem is of mode I because the orientations of the crack axis, the material gradient and the heat-flux are all parallel. The equivalent crack surface tractions are first obtained and substituted in the plane elasticity equations which are then converted analytically into a singular integral equation. The resulting equation is solved numerically using orthogonal Jacobi polynomials to yield the Mode I stress intensity factor. The main objective of the article is to study the effect of the layer thickness and nonhomogeneity parameters on the crack tip stress intensity factor for the purpose of gaining better understanding on the behavior of graded coatings under thermal loading.     

Axial and radial heat transfer studies in a circulating fluidized bed

The axial and radial variation of the heat transfer coefficient in a circulating fluidized bed riser column, and the effect of operating parameters thereon, are investigated. The experimental set-up consists of a riser column of 102 mm×102 mm in bed cross-section, 5·25 m in height with a return leg of the same dimensions. The unit is fabricated with plexiglass columns of 0·6 m in length which are interchangeable with one another. Two axial heat transfer test sections of 102 mm×102 mm in cross-section, 500 mm in height, and made of mild steel, are employed for the axial heat transfer study and one horizontal tube section of 22·5 mm OD made of mild steel is employed for the radial heat transfer study. The primary air velocity is varied between 4·21 and 7·30 m s⁻¹. Local sand of mean size (d_p) 248 μm is used as the bed material. One empirical model with the help of dimensional analysis has been proposed to predict the heat transfer coefficient to a bare horizontal tube in a CFB riser column and the model results are validated with the experimental data; good agreement has been observed. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

多级离心泵叶轮相位交错对转子受力变化影响的研究

本文以一六级多级离心泵为模型,设计A、B、C、D四组不同的交错方案,A为叶轮相位不交错、 B为叶轮相位交错一个流道相位的1/2、C为叶轮相位交错一个流道的1/(Z-1)、D为叶轮相位交错一个导叶流道的1/(Z-1)(其中Z叶轮为叶片数)。通过四组方案对多级离心泵的三维全流场进行数值分析,得到不同叶轮交错方案在不同工况条件下流场对机械部件的荷载变化。分析结果表明：叶轮相位交错使转子的径向力矢量分布向轴心集中;叶轮相位交错结构可以有效地减小转子受到的径向力,使转子运行稳定性得到提高;叶轮相位交错会造成不同工况下的转子受力波动幅值和成分发生改变;在设计工况下数值计算轴向力绝对值要高于理论计算的结果     

Transient flow field and performance analysis of a claw pump for FCVs

The claw-type hydrogen pump has been applied in fuel cell vehicles (FCVs) because of its compact structure, high reliability, and oil-free quality. In this study, a three-dimensional transient computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling of a claw-type hydrogen pump used in FCVs was established. Hexahedral structured grids were generated and updated at an increment of 3° in rotating angle to ensure the mesh quality of the whole solving process. The leakage of radial clearance (RC) and axial clearance (AC) was considered. The presented modelling and simulation methods were validated by operating a claw pump at different pressure ratios. The pressure and velocity vector fields in both AC and middle plane, along with the mechanism of the fluid field distribution were analyzed in detail. The in-depth relationship amongst the fluctuation of discharge pressure, outlet mass flow rate and discharge area during the whole working process was revealed. P-θ and V-θ diagram of the whole operating cycle were analyzed. The influence of AC and RCs respectively on the volumetric efficiency of a claw pump was compared and evaluated. It is concluded that back flow in suction pipe happened near 360° as part of the discharge chamber was cut off from the exhaust port and high pressure gas from carryover flowed back into the inlet pipe. The pressure increase during the displacement process, theoretically zero, is actually significant and even comparable to the pressure increase during the compression and discharge process. In addition, volumetric efficiency is most sensitive to axial clearance, followed by radial clearance between rotor and casing, while radial clearance between the rotors has the least influence.