MHD effects and heat transfer analysis in magneto-thermo-fluid-structure coupled field in DCLL blanket

The study on DCLL blanket in ITER is related to magneto-thermo-fluid-structure coupled field issue. A key element in the DCLL concept is the flow channel insert (FCI) which serves as an electrical insulator to reduce the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pressure drop, and as a thermal insulator to decouple the high temperature PbLi from the reduced activation ferritic steel (RAFS) structure. In the present work, 16 geometrical models of flow ducts are introduced to study the MHD flow and heat transfer in DCLL blanket in magneto-thermo-fluid-structure coupled physical field. The PISO method on unstructured collocated meshes is applied to simulate the metal liquid flow and heat transfer in the blanket. The consistent and conservative scheme is employed to solve the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with the Lorentz force included based on the electrical potential formula. The finite element method is used to study thermal mechanical behaviors of FCI. The velocity distribution, MHD pressure drop, electric current stream lines and temperature distribution in liquid blanket, thermal deformations of FCI in various geometrical models under external strong magnetic field are investigated. The pressure drop reduction factor is defined to analyze the influence of FCI structure on the MHD effects in the liquid metal blanket. The nonlinear coupling effects among magnetic field, heat transfer and FCI structure are revealed. The results show that thicker FCI and wider gap would increase the MHD pressure drops in bulk flow; the thicker FCI has smaller displacement but its strain and stress change non-monotonously; the wider gap can enhance the heat transfer performance but lead to larger stress in FCI. The optimal design is essential for the structural safety and high heat efficiency of the system.     

Effects of coupling between electrodynamics and gasdynamics in open cycle disk type MHD generators

To study the effects of swirl and wake on open cycle disk generators operated with a heavy oil-air combustion gas, the effects of coupling between electric field and gas flow are analyzed. A three-dimensional potential equation and two-dimensional compressible flow equations are solved by a finite element method. Both velocity and thermal wakes induce large nonuniformities of potential distribution and degrade the generator performance. This is mainly due to the strong coupling between potential and temperature distributions. The velocity nonunivormity affects performance through thermal interaction. It is predicted that the electrical efficiency can reach 75% in large scale disks. Regular fluid nonuniformities given by sinusoidal waves cause a relatively small degradation of generator performance.     

基于热固双向耦合模型的二次再热超超临界汽轮机超高压转子热应力研究

为准确预估二次再热汽轮机转子在启动、停机过程中的热应力,推导了轴对称结构热固双向耦合计算模型。采用热固单、双向耦合模型和有限元法,计算了二次再热超超临界660 MW汽轮机超高压转子在冷态启动过程中的瞬态温度场和热应力场,对启动曲线进行了优化。研究表明,在冷态启动时双向耦合模型最大热应力值比单向模型计算值小4%,热冲击越大,两者计算值相差也越大,热固双向耦合模型比单向模型计算精度高,但计算时间长。采用优化后的启动曲线,转子最大热应力比原最大值降低了27%,实际机组运行也表明采用优化启动曲线,机组运转良好。     

Thermal stress analysis of a planar anode-supported solid oxide fuel cell: Effects of anode porosity

A Fuel cell is a highly efficient device for converting chemical energy in fuels to electrical energy and the electrical efficiency is strongly affected by the porosity in electrodes due to its close couplings with mass transfer and active sites for the electrochemical reactions, which will also cause changes in distribution of thermal stresses inside the electrodes. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach based on the finite element method (FEM) is used to investigate the effects of porosity on polarizations, temperatures and thermal stresses by coupling equations for gas-phase species, heat, momentum, ion and electron transport. It was found that the porosity in the anode remarkably affected the exchange current density and electrical current density, but it had an opposite effect on the anodic activation polarization compared to that in cathode. The first principle stress was enhanced from 0 to 2 MPa to 6–8 MPa by an increased anode porosity from 25% to 40%, and the increased porosity resulted in a decrease of the von mises stress along the main flow direction as well. The conclusions could be used to lay foundations for an improved performance and stabilization by optimizing electrode microstructures and by eliminating the stresses in electrodes.     

Reacting flow coupling with thermal impacts in a single solid oxide fuel cell

Thermal impacts are the major concern for the designs of electrolyte of Solid Oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) due to the high temperature operating conditions. In this study, the coupling dynamics of electrochemical reacting flows with heat transfer and generations of thermal strains and stresses (thermal impact) of solid electrolyte and porous electrodes are investigated in a single SOFC by numerical simulations. Modeling results from a test case show that the coupling is necessary as the electrochemical and thermal properties of the cell strongly depends on temperature, meanwhile, the thermal strains and stresses on temperature gradients. The differences in current density and thermal strain gradients predicted by coupling and decoupling simulations are as larger as 20% because of the strong dependents of ionic conductivity of the electrolyte material on temperature, the maximum thermal strain, thermal stresses, and temperature are all about 5%. It is identified that the high operation voltage benefits to the thermal strain, which decreases 20% when the cell operating from 0.5 V–0.7 V.     

Simulation study on acoustic streaming and convective cooling in blood vessels during a high-intensity focused ultrasound thermal ablation

This study investigates the influence of blood vessels on temperature distribution during high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) ablation of liver tumors. A three-dimensional acoustics-thermal-fluid coupling model is simulated to compute the temperature field in the hepatic cancerous region. The model is based on the linear Westervelt and bioheat equations as well as the non-linear Navier–Stokes equations for the liver parenchyma and blood vessels. The effect of acoustic streaming is also taken into account in the present HIFU simulation study. We found from this three-dimensional coupling study that in large blood vessel both the convective cooling and acoustic streaming can significantly change the temperature field and thermal lesion near blood vessels.     

柴油机活塞温度场试验研究及有限元热分析

对改进的ZH1105W型柴油机缩口四角ω燃烧系统,利用热电偶法实测了标定工况下活塞顶面、侧面和内腔共16个特征点的温度。用Pro/E建立活塞几何模型,选取热结构耦合单元,并对模型网格进行了优化,结合试验值对活塞进行热分析计算,得到活塞三维温度场、热应力场和变形。计算结果表明,在标定工况下,活塞最高温度出现在燃烧室喉部达到310.7℃,最大von Mises热应力出现在排气一侧的回油孔顶部,为68.4 MPa,最大热变形量出现在活塞顶面边缘排气口侧,达到0.328 mm,这为活塞的结构改进和优化提供了依据。     

基于电磁-结构场耦合的干式空心电抗器短路电动力计算

为研究叶片数对船用离心泵性能的影响,结合CFD软件CFX对三种不同叶片数的船用离心泵作全流场定常计算。计算时选用NSL125 415/A02型船用离心泵,以清水为工作介质,基于雷诺时均N S方程和标准κ ε紊流模型,压力、速度耦合采用SIMPLEC算法进行速度分量和压力方程的分离求解。通过不同叶片数船用离心泵在设计工况下的数值模拟和对比分析,揭示了不同叶片数船用离心泵的内部流动规律,获得了叶片数对船用离心泵的扬程、效率和性能的影响程度,为船用离心泵叶片数选取提供了参考。     

Design and analysis of a 35 kVA medium frequency power transformer with the nanocrystalline core material

Medium frequency power transformers embedded into power electronics converters are frequently encountered in many applications such as electrical transportation and renewable energy systems and power supplies. Thus, researchers have been focused on soft magnetic materials such as amorphous and nanocrystalline materials to obtain smaller and more efficient transformer designs with the improvements on manufacturing technologies of the high frequency core materials. In this study, the transformer design methodology is proposed with the finite element analysis method, and a 35 kVA medium frequency transformer with nanocrystalline core material is designed. After the sizing stage, three-dimensional model of the transformer is created with finite element analysis software, and then co-simulations of this electromagnetic transformer model with a power electronics converter circuit are performed for practical operation conditions. Furthermore, thermal behavior of the prototype transformer is determined with the thermal coupling analysis, and temperature distribution of the prototype transformer is visualized with a thermal imaging camera. The transformer efficiency, exact equivalent circuit of the transformer and flux distributions in the transformer core are obtained from these simulation studies. In addition, the prototype of the designed transformer is produced and tested. The design conditions and simulation results are validated with experimental studies.     

烧嘴参数对耐火砖热变形的影响分析

热变形是引起耐火砖脱落的重要因素之一,烧嘴参数对热变形的影响很大。针对烧结套筒式双旋流烧嘴的结构特点,采用热流固耦合方法建立了烧嘴的有限元模型,首先利用FLUENT分析了温度场和流场,结合测量数据验证了模型的正确性;然后对耐火砖通道进行热结构分析,获得了通道的热变形分布;最后采用响应面方法设计了81组试验进行模拟计算,获得了烧嘴结构参数和操作参数对耐火砖通道表面温度和热应变的影响规律。结果表明:燃烧器负荷增加、外侧空气预热温度增加会显著地增加耐火砖的热变形,比如燃烧器负荷增加1%,耐火砖应变增加0.75%;增加外侧空气流速、增加内侧空气预热温度有助于缓解耐火砖的热变形,比如外侧空气流速增加1.0%,耐火砖应变减少0.30%;增加外侧空气旋流片角度既有助于强化混合燃烧,又能降低耐火砖的热变形量。     

考虑水管冷却及表面保温的闸墩施工期温度应力场仿真分析

鉴于施工期的混凝土内外温差及变形约束是闸墩产生温度裂缝的主要原因,基于温度应力场和水管冷却算法等基本理论,通过与施工现场的温度监测数据的对比分析,反演混凝土热学计算参数,利用三维有限元计算软件进行闸墩施工期考虑水管冷却的温度场及应力场仿真计算。结果表明,水管冷却温控效果良好,但混凝土表面因降温幅度较大而产生早期较大的拉应力,应进一步做好表面保温措施,降低混凝土内外温差。     

重型柴油机气缸套热负荷分析及结构优化

以某重型柴油机的钢制薄壁顶置湿式气缸套为研究对象,运用有限元法进行了气缸套三维温度场的计算,结果显示:缸套最高温度为229℃,出现在缸套活塞上止点附近;结合特定热边界条件,对气缸套的稳态温度场进行了计算,通过对比不同气缸套壁厚对热负荷的影响,明确了在气缸套的变形分析中考虑热负荷的必要性;为气缸套结构设计改进提供了理论指导和依据。     

废弃矿洞抽水蓄能地下储水空间多场耦合特性研究

我国能源结构中清洁能源电力占比不断提高,电力行业对电力储蓄的需求日益迫切.同时,随着我国大批资源枯竭及落后产能矿井和露天矿坑加快关闭,形成大量的关闭/废弃矿洞,大量矿业废弃迹地亟待治理.废弃矿洞抽水储能技术是可能综合解决上述问题的方法之一.本文通过数值模拟与模化实验相结合的方法,对废弃矿洞抽水蓄能电站地下围岩的多场耦合...     

火灾作用下钢管混凝土排架柱耐火性能分析

基于新疆柳树沟水电站厂房钢管混凝土排架柱的构造形式、受力特点和变形规律,考虑火灾作用下材料热力学参数随温度升高呈非线性变化的特点,应用有限元程序ADINA建立了排架柱三维有限元模型,并采用有限元程序ADINA中的TMC热机耦合模块进行了瞬态热分析,探究了钢管混凝土排架柱在火灾作用下的温度场分布和温度应力变化。结果表明,本文方法合理、有效。     

Thermal/structural analysis of radiators for heavy-duty trucks

A thermal/structural coupling approach is applied to analyze thermal performance and predict the thermal stress of a radiator for heavy-duty transportation cooling systems. Bench test and field test data show that non-uniform temperature gradient and dynamic pressure loads may induce large thermal stress on the radiator. A finite element analysis (FEA) tool is used to predict the strains and displacement of radiator based on the solid wall temperature, wall-based fluid film heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. These are obtained from a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation. A 3D simulation of turbulent flow and coupled heat transfer between the working fluids poses a major difficulty because the range of length scales involved in heavy-duty radiators varies from few millimeters of the fin pitch and/or tube cross-section to several meters for the overall size of the radiator. It is very computational expensive, if not impossible, to directly simulate the turbulent heat transfer between fins and the thermal boundary layer in each tube. In order to overcome the computational difficulties, a dual porous zone (DPZ) method is applied, in which fins in the air side and turbulators in the water side are treated as porous region. The parameters involved in the DPZ method are tuned based on experimental data in prior. A distinguished advantage of the porous medium method is its effectiveness of modeling wide-range characteristic scale problems. A parametric study of the impact of flow rate on the heat transfer coefficient is presented. The FEA results predict the maximum value of stress/strain and target locations for possible structural failure and the results obtained are consistent with experimental observations. The results demonstrate that the coupling thermal/structural analysis is a powerful tool applied to heavy-duty cooling product design to improve the radiator thermal performance, durability and reliability under rigid working environment.     

大功率机车柴油机气缸盖热负荷研究

对R16V280ZJ型柴油机额定工况和部分负荷工况气缸盖底板的温度分布进行了试验研究,并对气缸盖进行了额定工况下温度场、热流量场、热变形和热应力的有限元分析。结果表明,温度场计算结果与试验结果基本吻合,排气门过桥处存在较大的热负荷。     

不同工况下3.3 MW永磁直驱风力发电机电磁场仿真分析及损耗修正

文章设计了一台3.3 MW外转子表贴式永磁直驱风力发电机,并对其电磁性能及短路故障情况进行了有限元仿真分析。首先,得出了这台电机在额定工况下的转矩和磁密分布等结果,以及在相间绕组短路和三相绕组短路两种情况下电机转矩、电压和电流等曲线的变化情况;然后,通过三维静磁场仿真,探究了电机定子的径向通风道结构对二维有限元仿真的影响程度,并对铁耗进行了修正;最后,通过电磁场-温度场的耦合迭代仿真,考虑了温度场影响下的电机内部材料特性的变化对电机损耗结果的影响。     

Three-Dimensional Natural Convection in the Horizontal Bridgman Configuration Under Various Wall Electrical Conductivity and Magnetic Field

A numerical investigation of the three-dimensional natural convection of a liquid metal contained in the horizontal Bridgman configuration, having an aspect ratio equal to 5 and submitted to an external magnetic field in either the longitudinal or vertical direction, is presented. The numerical approach is based on the finite-volume approximation. A computer program based on the SIMPLER algorithm is developed. The effect of a magnetic field provides a notable change on the flow and thermal structures. The strongest stabilization of the convection flow is found when the magnetic field is oriented vertically. Also, wall electrical conductivity has an effect on the average Nusselt number. A good agreement between our numerical simulations and experimental data found in the literature is obtained.     

TWO CRACK GROWTHS IN A FUNCTIONALLY GRADED PLATE UNDER THERMAL SHOCK

This article examines the problem of two thermal cracks under a transient temperature field in a ceramic/metal functionally graded plate. When the functionally graded plate is subjected to thermal shock, multiple cracks often occur on the ceramic surface. It is shown that the crack paths are influenced by interaction between multiple cracks and a compositional profile of the functionally graded plate. Transient thermal stresses are treated as a linear quasi-static thermoelastic problem for a plane strain state. The crack paths of two cracks are obtained using the finite element method with mode I and mode II stress intensity factors.     

不同敷设方案下的非开挖顶管敷设段双回路电缆载流量对比计算

电缆在非开挖顶管敷设处排列紧密且埋深较大,大大加剧了电缆间的电磁耦合和热耦合,因此该区域往往成为限制载流量的瓶颈段,需重点关注。为准确计算110 k V忠田变—湄洲变线路中双回路电缆在顶管敷设段的载流量,建立电磁—热—流耦合场有限元模型,将电磁场、温度场及排管内空气流速场耦合求解,得到给定负荷电流下的电磁损耗分布、管内空气流速分布和温度分布特性,并利用迭代法计算了单通道敷设方案和双通道敷设方案下的载流量。结果表明,由于回路之间的相互电磁和散热影响得到抑制,采用双通道敷设方案可提高载流量30%以上,故在路径通道允许的情况下应采用双通道敷设方案。