基于局部均值和标准差的图像增强算法

针对传统图像局部增强算法,提出一种基于图像局部均值和标准差增强图像细节的算法。采用局部均值和标准差限定的方法,使低对比度和较暗的区域得到相应增强,对高对比度和较亮的区域保持不变。实验结果表明,该算法能够有效地增强低对比度低灰度的区域而保持其他区域不变,为图像的进一步处理提供满意的结果。     

一种医学X光图像的混合空间增强算法

医学X光图像具有噪声大、重叠度高、细节丰富等特点。为了改善图像质量,突出细节提高清晰度的同时有效地抑制噪声,论文提出了一种基于空间域的混合增强算法。该算法首先将图像进行对比度拉伸,然后分别进行梯度运算和拉普拉斯处理,最后将这两种处理的结果相乘,再加上原图像,得到最终的增强图像。实验结果表明,该算法比单一的传统增强算法取得的增强效果更好。     

几种滤波算法在医学图像上的实现

文中研究的目的是通过滤噪来改善图像质量,便于医生分析CT图像和实现计算机辅助诊断对医学图像的预处理。采用均值滤波、中值滤波、自适应滤波算法对医学图像进行噪声处理。不仅提供了算法的程序代码,还通过Matlab平台进行了模拟实验。实验结果表明,均值滤波算法的滤噪能力和保护图像细节能力不及中值滤波算法,自适应中值滤波算法处理效果优于其他两种滤波算法。结论是文中所研究的几种滤波算法在医学图像上滤噪是可行且有效的。     

能强化细节的低剂量CR图像增强算法

针对低剂量CR图像比度低、骨裂纹细节不清晰等缺点,提出一种基于自适应直方图均衡和改进小波变换的有效图像增强算法.采用自适应直方图均衡提高整幅图像的对比度,利用改进小波变换对骨裂纹等细节进行微调增强.实验结果表明,该算法不仅有效提升了整幅图像的灰度阶次,而且对细节信息也能有效保留,处理后的CR图像细节丰富,具有良好的视觉效果,PNSR和有效灰度级数进一步证明了它的有效性.     

一种新颖的医学图像锐化增强算法

针对医学图像组织间不明显现象,提出了一种基于模糊规则和小波变换的医学图像锐化增强算法。对不同尺度的小波系数进行锐化增强时,首先根据该尺度低频系数中心像素与其邻域像素的相容性利用模糊规则自适应计算非线性细节增益系数。然后把增益系数与细节小波系数相乘,小波重建后得到增强图像。实验结果表明,提出的算法对图像细节进行增强的同时能够有效地抑制噪声。     

一种改进的自适应中值滤波方法

提出了一种改进的自适应中值滤波算法,以有效地去除图像中的脉冲噪声,并保留图像细节。在进行噪声点检测时,引入了最小集合距离测度,有效地避免了将高频细节信号误判为噪声。采用最小无污染点集合的中值恢复噪声点,消除了其邻域噪声点的影响。通过与RAMF、NASMF等方法的比较实验表明,新算法噪声检测的正确率高、降噪与保留细节效果好, 尤其对含噪声密度高的图像的处理效果优势更为明显。     

空间转换与自适应灰度校正的低照度图像增强

在低照度场景下采集的图像存在整体亮度偏低、对比度较差、细节信息丢失等问题,影响其在图像增强应用领域中的性能。为提高低照度成像质量,并使图像结构完整且纹理细节自然清晰,提出一种空间转换与自适应灰度校正的低照度图像增强算法。采用带有灰度校正的自适应压缩多尺度Retinex算法对原始图像进行处理,得到均衡化图像,避免在传统Retinex算法对图像进行全局处理时产生图像过亮或过暗的现象,通过空间转换方法处理获得的均衡化图像,分别得到频率域平滑图像和空间域锐化图像,以提高图像的整体亮度和对比度,从而保留图像中物体边缘的细节信息。在此基础上,采用多聚焦融合算法将原始图像、频率域平滑图像和空间域锐化图像进行融合,得到最终图像。实验结果表明,相比SSR、CLAHE、MBYC等算法,该算法的均值、方差、信息熵和平均梯度分别平均提升1.63%、0.89%、0.17%和1.91%,能有效提升低照度图像的亮度、清晰度和对比度,增强图像边缘信息和纹理细节信息。     

混合相似性权重的非局部均值去噪算法

针对传统非局部均值(NLM)滤波在噪声标准差较大时,加权欧氏距离不能真实反映邻域块相似度的问题,提出一种新的混合相似性权重的非局部均值去噪算法。首先,利用平稳小波变换的特点对噪声图像进行分解,并利用滤波函数对细节子带进行预去噪处理;然后,根据预去噪图像计算块间相似性参考因子,并使用其替换传统NLM算法中高斯核函数;最后,为使相似性权重更符合人眼视觉系统(HVS)特点,使用基于图像结构感知的块奇异值分解(SVD)方法定义邻域间相似性度量,与传统NLM算法相比能更为真实地反映邻域间相似度。实验结果表明,混合相似性权重的非局部均值去噪算法较传统NLM算法在视觉上能更好地保留纹理细节及边缘信息,而且结构相似度(SSIM)指标较传统NLM算法也有一定提高,在噪声标准差较大情况下具有有效性和鲁棒性。     

结合修剪均值与高斯加权中值滤波的图像去噪算法

为快速准确地滤除图像中的脉冲噪声并较好地保持图像的纹理细节和边缘结构,提出一种基于修剪均值与高斯加权中值滤波的图像去噪算法。根据脉冲噪声的灰度特征与统计特征,以局部统计方式进行噪声检测,将灰度取最小值或最大值且与邻域像素相关性较小的像素识别为噪声像素。对于图像平滑区域和细节区域中的噪声像素,使用自适应修剪均值和高斯加权中值滤波算法进行去噪处理。实验结果表明,该算法在视觉效果、峰值信噪比、结构相似性及计算速度上均优于对比算法,并且能够在彻底滤除噪声的同时,较好地保持图像的纹理细节和边缘结构。     

迭代自适应权重均值滤波的图像去噪

针对现有滤波方法滤除图像椒盐噪声的性能不理想和耗时长等缺陷,提出了一种迭代自适应权重均值滤波的图像去噪方法（IAWF）。首先,利用图像邻域像素与处理点的相似性采用新型方法构建邻域权重;然后,将此邻域权重与开关裁剪均值滤波结合形成新型权重均值滤波方法,充分利用像素间的相关性和开关裁剪滤波的优势,有效提高了算法的去噪效果,同时采用自适应的方式调整滤波窗口大小,以便尽可能地保护图像细节;最后,采用迭代式滤波方法,即如果上述操作还没有处理完噪声点,则迭代去噪直至噪声点处理完毕,实现自动处理。仿真实验结果表明,在各种不同噪声密度下,IAWF在峰值信噪比（PSNR）、失真度,以及视觉效果等方面均优于现有的几种优秀的滤波算法,且具有更快的运行速度,更适用于实际应用场合。     

Only connect: teaching, technology and telesis

Abstract This paper describes an approach to the design of interactive multimedia materials being developed in a European Community project. The developmental process is seen as a dialogue between technologists and teachers. This dialogue is often problematic because of the differences in training, experience and culture between them. Conditions needed for fruitful dialogue are described and the generic model for learning design used in the project is explained.     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Avoiding semantic and temporal gaps in developing software intensive systems

Development of software intensive systems (systems) in practice involves a series of self-contained phases for the lifecycle of a system. Semantic and temporal gaps, which occur among phases and among developer disciplines within and across phases, hinder the ongoing development of a system because of the interdependencies among phases and among disciplines. Such gaps are magnified among systems that are developed at different times by different development teams, which may limit reuse of artifacts of systems development and interoperability among the systems. This article discusses such gaps and a systems development process for avoiding them.     

Designing economic np control charts: A programmed simulation approach

This paper presents control charts models and the necessary simulation software for the location of economic values of the control parameters. The simulation program is written in FORTRAN, requires only 10K of main storage, and can run on most mini and micro computers. Two models are presented - one describes the process when it is operating at full capacity and the other when the process is operating under capacity. The models allow the product quality to deteriorate to a further level before an existing out-of-control state is detected, and they can also be used in situations where no prior knowledge exists of the out-of-control causes and the resulting proportion defectives.     

The development of robot art

Going through a few examples of robot artists who are recognized worldwide, we try to analyze the deepest meaning of what is called “robot art” and the related art field definition. We also try to highlight its well-marked borders, such as kinetic sculptures, kinetic art, cyber art, and cyberpunk. A brief excursion into the importance of the context, the message, and its semiotics is also provided, case by case, together with a few hints on the history of this discipline in the light of an artistic perspective. Therefore, the aim of this article is to try to summarize the main characteristics that might classify robot art as a unique and innovative discipline, and to track down some of the principles by which a robotic artifact can or cannot be considered an art piece in terms of social, cultural, and strictly artistic interest. This work was presented in part at the 13th International Symposium on Artificial Life and Robotics, Oita, Japan, January 31–February 2, 2008     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.