亚临界区淬火温度对一种新型“锰代镍”低温钢组织演变及力学性能的影响

利用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)和透射电子显微镜(TEM)研究了亚临界区淬火温度对一种新型"锰代镍"低温钢组织演变及力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着亚临界区淬火温度的升高,室温亚稳奥氏体的体积分数逐渐降低。当亚临界区淬火温度为700和740℃时,亚稳奥氏体主要以片层状在回火马氏体板条间析出,且排列方向与周围的马氏体板条平行,这种片层状亚稳奥氏体分布较为均匀,尺寸较小,厚度约为100nm,且稳定性较高;当亚临界区淬火温度为780℃时,试验钢中出现尺寸较大的块状奥氏体,在回火马氏体界面的交叉处不均匀析出。分析表明,不同热处理制度下基体"有效晶粒"尺寸、所生成的亚稳奥氏体体积分数及其稳定性的不同是导致不同亚临界区淬火温度下试验钢低温韧性差异的主要原因。     

冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢组织及逆变奥氏体的影响

为研究冷处理对超级马氏体不锈钢的组织性能及逆变奥氏体的影响,通过淬火+回火(A钢)、淬火+冷处理+回火(B钢)以及淬火+深冷处理+回火(C钢)3种工艺进行对比研究。结果表明:实验钢中基体组织为回火马氏体,随回火温度的升高,马氏体板条变细。在相同回火温度下,A钢马氏体板条尺寸较大,B钢次之,C钢尺寸较小、且更平直。实验钢中逆变奥氏体含量随回火温度的升高先增加随后降低,在650℃时达到最大,整个过程中C钢逆变奥氏体含量高于B钢和A钢。实验钢的硬度随回火温度的升高而降低,在650℃时达到最小,随后增大。相同回火温度下,C钢硬度高于B钢,B钢高于A钢。A钢中逆变奥氏体多为块状,尺寸较大,分布较少;B钢次之;C钢中逆变奥氏体多为条状,尺寸较小,且分布均匀。     

9Ni钢薄板的奥氏体化温度及强韧化因素分析

研究了奥氏体化温度对9Ni钢薄板组织性能的影响,并分析了薄板与厚板低温韧性差异的原因。奥氏体化温度高于800℃后,随着奥氏体化温度升高,奥氏体化温度对逆转奥氏体（γ′）的体积分数没有影响;奥氏体化后奥氏体晶粒尺寸减小,晶粒趋于等轴;组织均匀化程度提高;最终组织中取向差大于1 5°区域尺寸减小,低温韧性增加;板条或亚板条...     

回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢析出相与力学性能的影响

 为了调整COST-FB2转子钢的强韧性,采用OM、SEM和TEM等手段研究了回火温度对COST-FB2转子钢的析出相类型与力学性能的影响。结果表明,随着回火温度由350 ℃升高到750 ℃,试验钢的强度、硬度不断下降,塑性和冲击功上升;试验钢350 ℃和570 ℃回火后的高强低韧性可通过再次在700 ℃回火改善。淬火后COST-FB2转子钢中的残余奥氏体,可通过在570 ℃回火消除;在350 ℃和570 ℃回火后马氏体板条内部有大量针状的M₃C,700 ℃回火后的显微组织中M₃C消失,M₂₃C₆在原奥氏体晶界和马氏体板条界上析出,750 ℃回火后晶界上的M₂₃C₆有聚集粗化的现象,部分马氏体板条存在回复现象。     

回火温度对ZG0Cr13Mn8N钢显微组织的影响

研究了铬以相（马氏体－奥氏体）ＺＧ０Ｃｒ１３Ｍｎ８Ｎ钢在４００～７００℃温度区间内回火后的显策组织。结果表明,ＺＧ０Ｃｒ１３Ｍｎ８Ｎ钢在５８０℃回火时奥氏体量增多;淬火和逆变奥氏体在低于５８０℃回火时都十分稳定,而高于５８０℃回火时则不稳定;随着回火温度的升高,马氏体板条特征愈加不明显,且在板条马氏体和奥氏体内均有Ｍ７Ｃ３型碳化物析出、聚集和长大。     

1800MPa级低合金超高强度工程机械用钢显微组织与力学性能

 设计了一种新型的超高强度工程机械用钢,在中试轧机上进行了不同工艺模拟轧制,对比研究了工艺1（80%变形量+直接淬火+250℃回火）、工艺2（90%变形量+层流冷却快冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）和工艺3（90%变形量+空冷至650℃/1h+空冷+250℃回火）3种不同控轧控冷工艺对试验用钢的显微组织和力学性能的影响。结果表明：工艺1条件下试验钢的抗拉、屈服强度最高,塑韧性最好,分别可达到1816,1473MPa,伸长率为9.5%,断面收缩率为45%,室温冲击功为28J,-40℃冲击功为21J,硬度值达到50HRC,认为获得的是板条马氏体+残余奥氏体的复相组织和析出的复合微合金碳化物、ε-碳化物强韧化机制的综合作用;工艺2,3分别得到的是板条马氏体+块状贝氏体+残余奥氏体、板条马氏体+针状铁素体+片层状珠光体+残余奥氏体,力学性能下降明显;第二相析出物主要是Nb,V,Ti的复合析出颗粒。     

调质低碳贝氏体钢的组织和性能

研究了C-Mn-Mo-Cu-Nb-Ti-B系低碳微合金钢915℃淬火和490~640℃回火的调质工艺对钢的组织及力学性能的影响.用扫描电镜和透射电镜对实验钢的组织、析出物形态和分布以及断口形貌进行观察,采用X射线衍射仪分析钢中残余奥氏体的体积分数.结果表明:调质后,实验钢获得贝氏体、少量马氏体及残余奥氏体复相组织,贝氏体板条宽度只有250 nm,残余奥氏体的体积分数随着回火温度的升高而降低,经淬火与520℃回火后残余奥氏体的体积分数为2.1%.调质后析出物的数量激增,6~15 nm的析出物占70%以上.实验钢经过915℃淬火与520℃回火后,其屈服强度达到915 MPa,抗拉强度990 MPa,-40℃冲击功为95 J.细小的析出物及窄的板条提高了钢的强度.板条间有残余奥氏体存在,改善了实验钢的韧性.      

高碳贝氏体钢的低温转变组织与性能

摘要：采用光学与扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射等手段研究了不同等温温度（300、250、200℃）对于高碳（质量分数0.79%）贝氏体钢低温转变样品的相含量、组织尺寸和力学性能的变化规律。结果表明,随贝氏体等温温度的降低,贝氏体最终转变量更高,贝氏体铁素体板条和薄膜状残余奥氏体宽度、块状残余奥氏体尺寸减小,抗拉强度升高,塑韧性降低。300℃的贝氏体抗拉强度为1525MPa,贝氏体铁素体宽度是116nm,而200℃的贝氏体铁素体板条尺寸达到62nm,抗拉强度达到1 928MPa。研究发现,在未充分转变的贝氏体样品中,尺寸大于4.7μm的块状残余奥氏体在冷却过程中易发生马氏体相变,而小于该尺寸的残余奥氏体比较稳定,可以保留到最终组织中。     

回火温度对不同自回火程度的中碳马氏体钢组织和拉伸性能的影响

为探究不同自回火程度的中碳马氏体钢在回火过程中的组织演化及其对材料力学性能的影响，采用水淬与油淬2种方式淬火，研究了2种自回火程度存在明显差异的马氏体组织在不同回火温度区间内的组织演化，并对比分析了2种淬火态及回火后板料的拉伸性能。结果表明：在淬火及低温回火过程中，马氏体组织内析出的ε-碳化物会明显改善材料的塑韧性。水淬马氏体组织中的ε-碳化物是在温度为200℃的回火过程中析出。油淬马氏体组织中的ε-碳化物则是在淬火过程中析出，而在低温回火过程中，淬火态组织中的亚稳ε-碳化物会发生分解。当回火温度为300和400℃时，2种淬火态组织的演化依次为残余奥氏体的分解以及渗碳体的形成，马氏体组织中的位错密度均逐渐降低。     

回火温度对1500MPa级直接淬火钢组织与性能的影响

设计了一种新型1500MPa级Si-Mn-Cr-Ni-Mo多组元系低合金、超高强度工程结构钢,研究了回火温度对直接淬火钢组织与力学性能的影响.结果表明,抗拉强度随回火温度的升高而不断降低,屈服强度随回火温度升高先升高后下降,延伸率和冲击功均随回火温度升高呈现先升高、后降低、再升高的变化趋势.分析认为,回火过程组织演变的物理机制一方面包括板条马氏体和位错亚结构的回复、再结晶软化过程,另一方面包括残余奥氏体的分解与马氏体中过饱和碳的脱溶及析出第2相的强化机制综合作用.250℃回火后,板条马氏体内析出ε碳化物;400℃回火后ε碳化物明显粗化,产生回火脆性;600℃回火后部分析出相在奥氏体中形核,在马氏体基体内长大和粗化,最终形态为近似球形,另一部分析出相在马氏体内形核、生长,呈现椭球形或矩形.     

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Effects of intercritical quenching temperature on microstructural evolution and mechanical properties of a new type of cryogenic steel with Ni replaced by Mn were investigated by XRD, EBSD and TEM. The results show that the volume fraction of metastable austenite at room temperature decreases with the increase of intercritical quenching temperature. When interctritical quenching temperature is at 700 or 740??, metastable austenite mainly precipitates in the shape of thin film along the lath boundaries of tempered martensite, paralleling to the surrounding martensitic laths. This ??film-type?? metastable austenite is uniformly distributed and stable, with a thickness of about 100nm. When intercritical quenching temperature is 780??, the volume faction of ??film-type?? metastable austenite decreases, and large ??blocky-type?? metastable austenite appears at the junction of interface of tempered martensite. Analysis indicates that the differences on ??effective grain size?? of matrix, volume fraction of metastable austenite and its stability caused by different heat treatment process lead to the difference on low temperature toughness of the tested steel at different intercritical quenching temperature.     

Relationship Among Microstructure and Properties and Heat Treatment Process of Ultra-High Strength X120 Pipeline Steel

 The variation of heat treatments including directed quenching and tempering off-line after controlled rolling (DQT) and quenching off-line and tempering off-line after controlled rolling (RQT) with microstructure and mechanical properties of a low-carbon microalloyed steel was compared and analyzed. For DQT, the quenched steel was obviously banded microstructure, with increasing tempering temperature, lath martensite coarsened, the cusp carbide precipitated at grain boundaries, the yield strength fluctuated slightly, and the fracture-separation was obvious. The impact toughness was better in the steel tempered at 500 ℃ for 1 h. In RQT, with increasing tempering temperature, lath martensite degenerated, intragranular and intergranular finer precipitations with smaller than 30 nm precipitated and grew up and were distributed dispersedly, the stripe-like carbides were distributed at grain boundaries, and the yield strength and tensile strengthen decreased obviously. The impact toughness of RQT process was much better than that of DQT process, and the comprehensive mechanical properties were better for the steel tempered at 500 ℃ for 1 h of RQT process.     

The Investigation for Development on Precipitation Phases in 25Co15Ni11Cr2MoE Steel during Tempering

The evolution law of precipitated alloy carbides and reverted austenite in a high Co-Ni secondary hardening ultra-high strength 25Co15Ni11Cr2MoE steel tempered at 300??~ 660?? after quenched has been studied by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X ray diffraction (XRD) in this paper. The results show that the precipitate order of alloy carbides with the increasing of tempering temperature from 300?? to 600?? in experimental steel is: dispersed ??-carbides?? lamellar alloy cementites?? dispersed M2C carbides?? coarse M23C6 carbides. When the experimental steel tempering at 495??, fine M2C carbides precipitated on the lath martensite matrix. Meanwhile, coarse lamellar alloy cementites that precipitated during the early tempering stage has all dissolved, and reverted austenite precipitated at the boundaries of lath martensite and grows up into thin-film sharp along the lath boundaries. When the tempering temperature rose to 530??, the content of reverted austenite continues to increase, but the morphology of reverted austenite changed from thin-film to strip or block. When the tempering temperature rose to 530??, the content of reverted austenite in the steel reaches maximum value.     

The stability of precipitated austenite and the toughness of 9Ni steel

A correlation was confirmed between the good low temperature Charpy toughness of 9Ni steel and the stability of its precipitated austenite against the martensitic transformation. Changes in the microstructure during isothermal tempering were studied in detail. The austenite/martensite interface is originally quite coherent over ∼100 A distances. With further tempering, however, the dislocation structure at the austenite/martensite interface changes, and this change may be related to the increased instability of the austenite particles. The reduction in austenite carbon concentration does not seem large enough to account for the large reduction in austenite stability with tempering time. The strains inherent to the transformation of austenite particles create dislocation structures in the tempered martensite. The large deterioration of the Charpy toughness of overtempered material is attributed, in part, to these dislocation structures.     

回火对20SiMn3NiA钢组织和力学性能的影响

研究了20SiMn3NiA钢860℃正火,900℃40 min油淬,180～650℃90～150 min回火的组织和力学性能。结果表明,该钢较佳的回火温度为200～250℃,230℃回火后得到板条马氏体、细棒状碳化物析出相和残余奥氏体,在250℃回火时该钢的抗拉强度(Rm)超过1 500 MPa,冲击韧性(AKY)超过80 J,有较好的强韧性匹配。20SiMn3NiA钢在320℃中温回火时,碳化物析出相呈连续的片状分布,使得该钢的冲击韧性值很低,当在320～600℃区间回火时,20SiMn3NiA钢具有明显的回火脆性。     

Microstructure Evolution and Precipitation Behavior of 0Cr16Ni5Mo Martensitic Stainless Steel during Tempering Process

The microstructure,morphology of precipitates and retained austenite and the volume fraction of retained austenite in 0Cr16Ni5 Mo stainless steel during the tempering process were analyzed using optical microscope(OM),transmission electron microscope(TEM),X-ray diffraction(XRD)and scanning transmission electron microscope(STEM).The results show that the microstructure of the tempered steel is mainly composed of tempered martensite,retained austenite,and delta ferrite.In the case of samples tempered from 500 to 700 ℃,the precipitates are mainly M_(23)C_6,which precipitate along the lath martensite boundaries.The precipitate content increases with the tempering temperature.During the tempering process,the content of retained austenite initially increases and then decreases,the maximum content of retained austenite being 29 vol.% upon tempering at 600 ℃.TEM analysis of the tested steel reveals two morphology types of retained austenite.One is thin film-like retained austenite that exists along the martensite lath boundary.The other is blocky austenite located on packet at the boundary and the original austenite grain boundary.To further understand the stability of reversed austenite,the Ni content in reversed austenite was measured using STEM.Results show a significant difference in nickel concentrations between reversed austenite and martensite.     

Effect of quenching process on microstructure and properties of DZ2 steel for high speed train axle

The effect of quenching process on the microstructure and properties of DZ2 steel used for high speed train axles is revealed by means of OM, SEM, EBSD, room temperature tensile test and low temperature impact test. The results show that after twice quenching at 850℃ and tempering at 650℃, the optimum mechanical properties of DZ2 steel were obtained. The tensile strength, yield strength, elongation after fracture and impact energy absorption at -40℃ of DZ2 steel are 874MPa, 773MPa, 24% and 222J, respectively. Moreover, the prior austenite grain, martensite packet and block are the finest, with the size of 14.9, 6.9 and 1.32μm, respectively, which are 14.3, 5.2 and 0.35μm finer than those after quenching at 950℃ and tempering at 650℃, respectively. And it is found that finer prior austenite grain boundaries, packet boundaries and block boundaries can effectively inhibit the crack propagation and improve the low temperature toughness, resulting in the ductile brittle transition temperature of DZ2 steel significantly reduced from -103℃ to -136℃.     

淬火工艺对高速列车车轴用DZ2钢组织性能的影响

摘要：采用OM、SEM、EBSD、室温拉伸试验和低温冲击试验,揭示了淬火工艺对高速列车车轴用DZ2钢组织和性能的影响。研究结果表明,经850℃两次淬火和650℃回火后,DZ2钢获得了最佳的力学性能。抗拉强度、屈服强度、断后伸长率和-40℃冲击吸收能量分别为874MPa、773MPa、24%和222J。该工艺条件下原始奥氏体晶粒、马氏体板条束和板条块最为细小,其尺寸分别为14.9、6.9和1.32μm,较经950℃淬火和650℃回火后的分别细化了14.3、5.2和0.35μm,可有效抑制裂纹的扩展,提高低温韧性,韧脆转变温度由-103℃显著降低至-136℃。     

热轧态与回火态 AH80 DB 低碳贝氏体钢组织与冲击韧性

采用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和透射电子显微镜对热轧态和回火态AH80DB低碳贝氏体钢的显微组织、马氏体/奥氏体（M/A）岛、第二相的析出行为以及晶界取向差、有效晶粒尺寸进行研究,揭示回火后低碳贝氏体钢冲击韧性得到改善的原因.结果表明:两种试样的组织均由板条状贝氏体、粒状贝氏体和针状铁素体组成,其中回火态试样中针状铁素体组织较多.热轧态钢中存在较大尺寸M/A岛且呈方向性分布,大角度晶界比例占17.33%,有效晶粒尺寸为3.57μm;而回火态钢中M/A岛的尺寸较小,大角度晶界比例增加3.43%,有效晶粒尺寸减小0.56μm.热轧态钢中析出相主要是（Nb,Ti）C,尺寸在50~150 nm之间,回火态试样中析出较多细小的球状（Nb,Ti）C析出相,尺寸在10 nm左右.      

The role of the constituent phases in determining the low temperature toughness of 5.5Ni cryogenic steel

Ferritic Fe-Ni steels that are intended for service at low temperature are usually given an intercritical temper as the final step in their heat treatment. The temper dramatically decreases the ductile-brittle transition temperature, T_B. Its metallurgical effect is to temper the lath martensite matrix and precipitate a distribution of fine austenite particles along the lath boundaries. Prior research suggests that the low value of T_B is a consequence of the small effective grain size of the ferrite-austenite composite. The present research was done to test this suggestion against the counter-hypothesis that the low T_B is due to the inherent toughness of the constituent phases. The approximate compositions of the tempered martensite and precipitated austenite phases in the composite microstructure of tempered 5.5Ni steel are known from STEM analysis. Bulk alloys were cast with these two compositions. Their mechanical properties were measured after heat treatment and compared to those of the parent alloy in the toughened ‘QLT’ condition. Both of the constituent phases are brittle at low temperature. It follows that the outstanding low-temperature toughness of the tempered alloy cannot be attributed to the inherent properties of the constituent phases, but must reflect their cooperative behavior in the composite microstructure. The austenitic bulk alloy was also used to investigate the stability of the precipitated austenite phase. The thermomechanical stability of the bulk alloy approximates that of the precipitated austenite within tempered 5.5Ni steel. This result is consistent with previous data, and supports the conclusion that the stability of the precipitated austenite is determined mainly by its chemical composition.