DIANP合成工艺优化及杂质对其性能的影响

为获取叠氮硝胺(1,5–二叠氮基–3–硝基–3–氮杂戊烷,DIANP)合成的最佳工艺条件,以吉纳(硝化二乙醇胺,DINA)和NaN₃为原料,采用正交试验法,对工艺条件进行了优化,得到的最佳工艺条件为:在相转移催化剂四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)存在下,反应介质为二甲基亚砜(DMSO),反应温度为90～95℃,反应时间为8h,DINA与NaN₃投料摩尔比为1:2.2。DIANP平均收率可达93.4%,质量分数可达98%以上。采用液相色谱质谱联用仪对杂质进行了定性研究,结果表明,经处理之后的产物中杂质主要为DINA和单叠氮硝胺(PNAN)。研究了杂质对DIANP稳定性及性能的影响,结果表明,在一定杂质含量范围内,杂质对DIANP储存稳定性无影响,但对撞击感度有明显影响,杂质越多,撞击感度越高。     

电位滴定法测定标准物质DIANP的纯度

为了定值标准物质DIANP,建立了测定DIANP纯度的电位滴定法.该滴定法的条件是:DMSO作溶剂,NaOH溶液作反应试剂,使DIANP中的N-3和AgN03中的Ag+反应,生成AgN3沉淀.由EQP曲线算得标准物质DIANP纯度为99.85％,相对标准偏差为0.13％,与液相色谱法比较,结果无显著差异,该方法的扩展不...     

电解质分析仪用标准物质原料纯度定值研究

对制备电解质分析仪用溶液标准物质的3种高纯试剂原料无水醋酸钠、氯化锂、氯化钙的纯度进行定值研究。采用经检定/校准后的电感耦合等离子体质谱仪、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪、氧氮氢分析仪、碳硫分析仪、离子色谱仪对原料中所包含的无机杂质进行测定，采用干燥减量法对原料中所含的挥发性组分与水分含量进行测定，最后采用杂质扣除法对3种高纯试剂原料的纯度进行定值，通过对每种分析方法引入的不确定度进行分析评定，得到原料纯度的不确定度评定结果，取包含因子k=2,置信概率为95%,无水醋酸钠的纯度为(99.956±0.038)%、氯化锂的纯度为(99.933±0.054)%、氯化钙的纯度为(99.941±0.048)%,以上纯度定值结果可用于电解质分析仪用溶液标准物质及相关试剂溶液的制备。     

气相色谱、高效液相色谱用于高纯乙苯纯度定值的方法研究

建立了气相色谱(GC)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)测定高纯乙苯纯度的两种分析方法,并优化了检测条件。采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)对乙苯中主要杂质进行定性,并通过比较杂质标准物质GC保留时间定性确认。主要杂质有苯、甲基环己烷、异丁基苯、仲丁基苯、苯乙酮。在乙苯中添加杂质标准物质,分别测定GC和HPLC两种方法杂质的校正因子,采用校正后的面积归一化法计算乙苯纯度,乙苯纯度校正后的结果与校正前的结果进行了比较。GC测定乙苯纯度结果为99.918%,RSD=1.9×10~(-3)%(n=6),主要杂质校正因子范围1.0~1.50;HPLC测定乙苯纯度结果为99.911%,RSD=2.6×10~(-3)%(n=6),主要杂质校正因子范围为0.02~0.43。两种方法简单、快速、准确,适用于高纯乙苯的纯度定值。     

铟单元素溶液标准物质的研制

通过研究建立铟单元素溶液标准物质的制备方法。以高纯度铟为原材料，采用重量-容量法配制铟单元素溶液标准物质并定值。通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)、惰性气体熔融-红外吸收法和惰性气体熔融-热导法3种方法测定铟溶液中杂质含量，采用杂质扣除法为纯度定值。对铟单元素溶液标准物质进行均匀性和稳定性考察，并进行不确定度评定。结果表明，铟单元素溶液标准物质浓度为1 000μg/mL,均匀性和稳定性良好，相对扩展不确定度为1.0%(k=2)。该标准物质量值准确可用于铟元素的质量控制及分析方法的确认与评价。     

己烷雌酚纯度标准物质的研究

通过高纯原料制备、定性分析、定值分析、杂质分析、均匀性检验、稳定性考察和不确定度评定,研制了己烷雌酚纯度标准物质。为保证纯度测量的准确性,采用多家联合定值(HPLC法)对己烷雌酚的纯度进行检验。该标准物质定值结果为99.7%,扩展不确定度为0.6%。     

水中碘离子溶液标准物质研制

研制了水中碘离子溶液标准物质。采用杂质扣除法和硝酸银电位滴定法两种不同原理的方法确定原材料碘化钾的纯度。最终确定碘化钾纯度为99. 80%,相对扩展不确定度为0. 26%(k=2);采用重量-容量法配制水中碘离子溶液标准物质,并采用F检验和趋势线检验考查该标准物质的均匀性和稳定性。结果表明,研制的标称值为100 mg/L的水中碘离子溶液标准物质具有良好的均匀性和稳定性,相对扩展不确定度为1%(k=2)。该标准物质可用来校准仪器和评价分析检测方法。     

莫索尼定杂质的合成研究

为有效控制莫索尼定原料药质量、建立质量标准,采用2-甲基-4,6-二氯-5-氨基嘧啶为起始原料,经与N-乙酰基-2-咪唑烷酮缩合,再于不同条件下水解制备了莫索尼定杂质A和杂质B2个有关物质,并对合成工艺进行了优化。采用¹H NMR、¹³C NMR和MS对其进行结构表征确证。优化条件下,杂质A和杂质B总收率分别为44.8%和45.5%(以2-甲基-4,6-二氯-5-氨基嘧啶计),纯度均高于99.2%(HPLC法)。合成工艺合理可行、反应条件温和,制备的杂质纯度高,可作为莫索尼定药物质量控制的杂质对照品。     

叠氮含能化合物生产废水关键组分含量测定研究

叠氮含能化合物废水用碱中和后,采用高效液相色谱法和分光光度法分别测定其中叠氮含能化合物DIANP、二甲亚砜(DMSO)、NaN3的含量。HPLC测定条件:YWG C18柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,10μm),以甲醇和水作为流动相,梯度洗脱,流速1 mL/min,检测波长230 nm。分光光度法测定条件:显色剂为FeCl3,pH 2～3时显色,检测波长460 nm。结果表明,DIANP回收率为97.8%～100.9%,RSD=1.2%(n=5),检出限为1.5 mg/L,标准曲线的线性回归系数r=0.997 7,线性范围为17～859 mg/L;DMSO回收率98.2%～101.9%,RSD=1.5%(n=5);NaN3回收率98.9%～100.5%,RSD=0.6%(n=5),检出限为1.5 mg/L,标准曲线的线性回归系数r=0.999 1,线性范围为5.7～57.0 mg/L,表观摩尔吸光系数901 L/(mol.cm)。该方法已经应用于实际生产线废水的检测和治理,效果良好。     

叠氮硝胺对硝基胍发射药热行为的影响

用叠氮硝胺(DIANP)替换硝基胍(NQ)发射药中部分(质量分数6%)硝化甘油(NG)制备了一种含叠氮硝胺的硝基胍发射药。通过高压差示扫描量热法、爆发点试验、甲基紫试验、真空安定性试验和热加速老化试验研究了DIANP对NQ发射药热行为的影响,用Kissinger方程和Ozawa方程计算了发射药样品分解反应的表观活化能(Ea)。结果表明,少量DIANP使NQ发射药的热安定性稍有改善;Kissinger方程和Ozawa方程计算NQ发射药的Ea值分别为327和318kJ/mol,含DIANP的NQ发射药的Ea值分别为196和194kJ/mol,两者的等动力学点(Tik)为172.9℃,表明DIANP能够降低NQ发射药高温下的分解反应速率,即DIANP在一定程度上可以调节NQ发射药的燃速。根据温度系数法预估的含DIANP的NQ发射药和NQ发射药在30℃下的安全贮存寿命分别不少于31年和23年,表明加入少量DIANP可延长NQ发射药的安全贮存寿命。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Direct observation of freeze-thaw instability of latex coatings via high pressure freezing and cryogenic SEM

Despite its industrial importance, the subject of freeze-thaw (F/T) stability of latex coatings has not been studied extensively. There is also a lack of fundamental understanding about the process and the mechanisms through which a coating becomes destabilized. High pressure (2100 bar) freezing fixes the state of water-suspended particles of polymer binder and inorganic pigments without the growth of ice crystals during freezing that produce artifacts in direct imaging scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of fracture surfaces of frozen coatings. We show that by incorporating copolymerizable functional monomers, it is possible to achieve F/T stability in polymer latexes and in low-VOC paints, as judged by the microstructures revealed by the cryogenic SEM technique. Particle coalescence as well as pigment segregation in F/T unstable systems are visualized. In order to achieve F/T stability in paints, latex particles must not flocculate and should provide protection to inorganic pigment and extender particles. Because of the unique capabilities of the cryogenic SEM, we are able to separate the effects of freezing and thawing, and study the influence of the rate of freezing and thawing on F/T stability. Destabilization can be caused by either freezing or thawing. A slow freezing process is more detrimental to F/T stability than a fast freezing process; the latter actually preserves suspension stability during freezing. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004 in Chicago, IL. Tied for first place in The John A. Gordon Best Paper Competition.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Bark and Ambrosia Beetles in the Southeastern US

In 2002–2004, we examined the flight responses of 49 species of native and exotic bark and ambrosia beetles (Coleoptera: Scolytidae and Platypodidae) to traps baited with ethanol and/or (−)-α-pinene in the southeastern US. Eight field trials were conducted in mature pine stands in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina. Funnel traps baited with ethanol lures (release rate, about 0.6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to ten species of ambrosia beetles (Ambrosiodmus tachygraphus, Anisandrus sayi, Dryoxylon onoharaensum, Monarthrum mali, Xyleborinus saxesenii, Xyleborus affinis, Xyleborus ferrugineus, Xylosandrus compactus, Xylosandrus crassiusculus, and Xylosandrus germanus) and two species of bark beetles (Cryptocarenus heveae and Hypothenemus sp.). Traps baited with (−)-α-pinene lures (release rate, 2–6 g/day at 25–28°C) were attractive to five bark beetle species (Dendroctonus terebrans, Hylastes porculus, Hylastes salebrosus, Hylastes tenuis, and Ips grandicollis) and one platypodid ambrosia beetle species (Myoplatypus flavicornis). Ethanol enhanced responses of some species (Xyleborus pubescens, H. porculus, H. salebrosus, H. tenuis, and Pityophthorus cariniceps) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene in some locations. (−)-α-Pinene interrupted the response of some ambrosia beetle species to traps baited with ethanol, but only the response of D. onoharaensum was interrupted consistently at most locations. Of 23 species of ambrosia beetles captured in our field trials, nine were exotic and accounted for 70–97% of total catches of ambrosia beetles. Our results provide support for the continued use of separate traps baited with ethanol alone and ethanol with (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common bark and ambrosia beetles from the southeastern region of the US.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比,介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。